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Morphologie des poissons

Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

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Page 1: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Morphologie des poissons

Page 2: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

Class AgnathaClass ChondrichthyesClass OsteichthyesClass AmphibiaClass ReptiliaClass AvesClass Mammalia

Classification Scheme of the Vertebrates

Page 3: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Chordate Characteristics

Page 4: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Placoderm(395-345)

lamprey & hagfish

Ost

raco

derm

(51

0-=

350

myb

p)

Ost

eich

thye

s (3

95)

Chondrichthyes (370)

(360)

                                                                                                                    

Page 5: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Jaw Development

agnathostome gnathostome

1st appeared 400 mya

Page 6: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyClass Agnatha

• Possess medial nostril, medial fins, notocord rather than vertebral column

• 7 or more pr gill pouches present• Light sensitive pineal eye• Fertilization external• Cartilaginous skeleton• Lack jaws, paired fins, scales• GI track w/out stomach • Lampreys and hagfish• 100 species

Page 7: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Class AgnathaLamprey

ammocoetes

Page 8: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Class AgnathaHagfish

Page 9: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyClass Chondrichthyes

Sharks, skates, rays

Page 10: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyClass Chondrichthyes

• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Electroreception• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)

Sharks, skates, rays

Page 11: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

                                                                                                                                                                  

                  

Basic Anatomy

Page 12: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 13: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyClass Osteichthyes

Page 14: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyClass Osteichthyes

• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid

Page 15: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic Anatomybony fish

Page 16: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

anus

Internal Anatomy

Page 17: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Common Measurements

Page 18: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Basic AnatomyBasic AnatomyCoelacanth

• Swim bladder modified to lungs• Paired appendages• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmoic strategy• Electric sense• Bony head• Scales and teeth• May have given rise to terrestrial tetrapods

Page 19: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

General Life Style Categoriesa. pelagic cruisers1. occurring in water column far away from the bottom (benthic)

environment2. often referred to as "blue water"3. includes tuna, billfish, blue sharks, mackerel sharks (great

whites and mako sharks)

Fish Adaptations and Life Styles

Page 20: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

b. demersal

1. bottom-associated fishes, but not usually sitting on the bottom

2. rely on the benthic environment as a source of food, place to reproduce, and/or place of refuge, etc.

3. includes most reef fishes (e.g., butterfly fishes, surgeon fishes, wrasses, parrot fishes, etc.)

Page 21: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

c. benthic

1. bottom-dwelling fishes that spend the majority of time sitting on the bottom

2. includes flatfishes, lizard fishes, many scorpion fishes, many hawkfishes, gobies, etc.

Page 22: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

tuna

1) fusiforma) = torpedo-shaped b) allows minimal drag while swimmingc) best shape for a pelagic cruise

Body shapeBody shape

Page 23: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

2) compresseda) laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes &

surgeonfishes)b) allows for maneuverability in surge environmentsc) useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reefd) exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the

body as benthic fishes

Page 24: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

3) elongated or attenuateda) long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels)b) seen in demersal fish that either hover

motionless in the water)c) seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that

hide in holes in the reef

Page 25: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

4) depresseda) dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes,

scorpionfishes & gobies)b) broad ventral surface facilitates resting on

the bottomc) seen in many benthic fishes

Page 26: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Body Coloration

1) source of colora) pigment color - chromatophores for yellows,

reds, oranges, browns, & blacksb) structural color - iridophores (reflection) &

light refraction for blues, silvers, & rainbows

Page 27: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

2) patterns

a) countershading

1) dark blue or black dorsally, white or silvery ventrally

2) results in blue water "camouflage“

3) observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers

Page 28: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

b) camouflage1) matching the background coloration2) usually involves having irregular dark

blotches and spots3) typically seen in benthic fishes, especially

benthic ambush predators (e.g., frogfishes, gobies, & many scorpionfishes)

4) some fishes (e.g., flatfishes) may exhibit rapid color changes in response to different backgrounds

Page 29: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

b) camouflage

5) matching downwelling light

Cookie cutter shark

Hatchet fish

Page 30: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

c) disruptive coloration

1) color pattern breaks up the silhouette of the fish

2) may involve dark bars across the eye and tail region

3) seen in many demersal fishes such as butterfly fishes

Page 31: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

d) bars and stripes1) bars are vertical (e.g., manini)2) stripes are horizontal (e.g., ta'ape)3) seen frequently in schooling demersal

fishes4) may confuse potential predators by

making it difficult to select individual prey from the school

Page 32: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

 e) misdirection

1) false eye spots, etc.2) observed in many demersal butterfly fishes

Page 33: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

f) advertising coloration1) bright, obvious color patterns2) possible functions

a) advertising a cleaning station (e.g., cleaner wrasses)

b) advertising a warning (e.g., nohu)c) advertising for mates (e.g., male

parrotfishes)

Hawaiian cleaner wrasse Nohu

Page 34: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

g) mimicry1) imitating other creatures2) seen in a few demersal and benthic fishes3) examples

a) blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus) mimics cleaner wrasses

b) shortnose wrasse mimics Potter's angel which sports a defensive spine

Page 35: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

g) mimicry4) leafy sea dragon (Australia)

                                     

Page 36: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

h) uniform red coloration

1) most often observed in deep-dwelling or night active demersal fishes

2) examples include opakapaka, oweoweo, menpachi, & squirrelfishes

Page 37: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

i) noctural versus diurnal color changes

j) male versus female color differences

k) juvenile versus adult color differences

Bluehead wrasse

Dragon wrasse

Stoplight parrotfish

Page 38: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 39: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

1. vision 2. hearing – inner ear; swim bladder

amplifies in some fish 3. olfaction –  olfactory sacs; taste buds 4. lateral lines of fish – detect vibrations

in the water 5. Electrical Sense: ampullae of

Lorenzini (sharks and rays) – sensitive to electric currents

6. geomagnetic sensory system (long distance migration- tuna)

Page 40: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 41: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

• Locate prey• Find a mate• Migration

Page 42: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

• Find a mate

Page 43: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

1. Anadromous- salmona) can return to the same stream in which

they hatched b) may use land features, currents, salinity,

temperature, the sun or magnetic field to get close to land

c) sense of smelld) die after spawning e) young return to the sea

2. catadromous –freshwater eels 3. Extensive migration-anatomical basis for

magnetotaxis -- magnitite

Page 44: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 45: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

pores

• Detects weak magnetic fields produced by other fish• May also detect geomagnetic orientation

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Page 46: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Paddlefish

Page 47: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

knifefish

Page 48: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Electric eel (really a knifefish) Electric ray

Page 49: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 50: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

The source of propulsion for virtually all fish comes from:

1. Undulation of the body

2. Paired Fins: • Pectoral • Pelvic

3. Unpaired Fins: • Caudal • Dorsal • Anal

4. A combination of the above

Types of Fins

Page 52: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Dorsal & Anal Fin Propulsion

Page 53: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Anal Fin Propulsion

Black ghost knifefish

Page 54: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Pectoral Fin Propulsion

Page 55: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Dorsal fin

Bowfin

Sea horse

                                                       

     

Knifefish

Page 56: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Pectoral Fin

Frogfish

Page 57: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Walking catfish

             

Page 58: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Mudskipper

Page 59: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Sphere

Disk

teardrop

Laminar flow and turbulence

Hydrodynamics:Effects of shape on drag

Page 61: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Fastest Fish

                                                    

43.4 mph leaping

68 mph, leaping

Blue-fin tuna

Sailfin

Page 62: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Tuna- long distance swimmer

Snapper- short bursts

Page 64: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 66: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

               

Countercurrent Exchange

Page 67: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class
Page 68: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Respiratory and Circulatory System

Page 69: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Ram Jet Ventilation

Page 70: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Buccal Pump Ventilation

Page 71: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Page 72: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Feeding Behavior

Suction feedingSlingjaw wrasse

Page 73: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

• Blubber

• Swim bladder

• Pneumatophore

Organisms adaptation to buoyancy in water

             

                        

Page 74: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

• Air chambers

• Large liver & heterocercal tail

• Buoyancy Compensator Device

(BCD)

Organisms adaptation to buoyancy in water

             

                        

Page 75: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Physostomous Gas Bladder

air

Page 76: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Rete mirable

Physoclist gas bladder

Page 77: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

• Missing in fish that swim fast or

change depth rapidly (Tuna)• Benthic fish (blennies, hawkfish,

stonefish…)• Sharks, skates, rays• Deep water fish

Page 78: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Osmoregulation- the control of the concentration of body fluids.

Diffusion- movement of substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis- diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Page 79: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Marine Fish: hypoosmotic

H2O continually leaves body

continually drinks seawater

excretes salt through gills produces small

amts of dilute urine

Less salt than external

environment

Page 80: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Freshwater Fish: hyperosmotic

H2O continually enters body

does not drinks water

produces large amts of dilute urine

More salt than external

environment

Page 81: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Shark and Coelacanth: ureoosmotic

Maintains high levels of urea and TMAO in blood

excretes salt through rectal gland

coelacanth

Page 82: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Hagfish: ionosmotic

nonregulator

Seawater concentration = internal concentration

Page 83: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Osmolarity- measure of total solutes(dissolved particles)

Ions FW m osmol/l SW m osmol/lNa+ 1 470 Cl- 1 550Ca++ variable 10 Total 10 1000

Osmolarity in Freshwater and Saltwater

Page 84: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

  Habitat Na+ Cl- Urea

seawater sw 478 558  

hagfish (Myxine) sw 537 542  

lamprey fw 120 96  

Goldfish (Carassius) fw 115 107  

Toadfish (Opsanus) sw 160    

Crab-eating frog (Rana) sw 252 227 350

Dogfish sw 287 240 354

freshwater ray fw 150 149 <1

coelacanth sw 197 199 350

Page 85: Morphologie des poissons. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class

Inquiry

1. Describe the uses of a countercurrent exchange system.

2. Describe 4 strategies of osmoregulation.3. Describe the differences between the

two types of swim bladders.4. What is the difference between buccal

pump and ram jet ventilation?5. Describe the difference between

anadromous and catadromous.