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More on Genetics
______________________- use desired traits to produce the next generation-example-selectively breeding dogs,horses,plants
______________________crossing dissimilar individuals—often useful in plants
________________________-continued breeding of of individuals w/similar characteristics
Selective breeding hybridization
inbreeding
Mutations are a source of genetic variation DNA extraction-add chemicals that cause DNA
to uncoil from histones and burst out of nucleus
________________________________-making changes in the DNA code of an organism
_________________________________are used to cut DNA into fragments and gel electrophoresis is used to compare ____________________,or gene composition
Genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
genomes
________________________-DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
__________________In the process of transforming bacteria,the foreign DNA is joined to this small,circular DNA
_____________________-contain genes from other species---used for making insulin….
A _____________is a member of a population of genetically identical cells from a single source
___________________________is a picture of chromosomes arranged in ordered pairs
Recombinant DNA
plasmids
transgenics
clone
karyotypes
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end
Section 13-2
Restriction Enzymes
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Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end
Section 13-2
Restriction Enzymes
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DNA plus restriction enzyme
Mixture of DNA fragments
Gel
Power source
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
Section 13-2
Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis
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Fluorescent dye
Single strand of DNA
Strand broken after A
Strand broken after C
Strand broken after G
Strand broken after T
Power source
Gel
Section 13-2
Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
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Human Cell
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
Sticky ends
DNA recombination
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
Section 13-3
Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
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Recombinant plasmid
Gene to be transferred
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Cellular DNA
Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells
Plant cell colonies
Complete plant is generated from transformed cell
Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome
Section 13-3
Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation
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Cloning
Section 13-4
Flowchart
A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.
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A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor
Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
EmbryoThe embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.Foster
Mother
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
Cloned Lamb
Egg Cell
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
Section 13-4
Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal
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karyotypes
_______________________-chart that shows a relationship within a family,usually tracking one trait
pedigree
A circle represents a female.
A square represents a male.
A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage.
A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.
A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait.
A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.
A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.
Section 14-1
Figure 14-3 A Pedigree
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HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS- Rh-single gene w/2 alleles---+ and
-/+ is dominant ABO blood groups – genes---
IA,IB,and I or A,B,O
Phenotype(Blood Type Genotype
Antigen on Red Blood Cell
Safe Transfusions
To From
Section 14-1
Figure 14-4 Blood Groups
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Autosomal Disorders-Albinism,Cysytic Fibrosis,Galactosemia,PKU,Tay-Sachs
Achondroplasia,Huntington’s.hypercholesterolemia,Sickle-cell disease
23 pairs of human chromosomes Xx=female and xy=male
Sex-linked genes:
colorblindness is on x chromosome-rarely expressed in females
hemophilia on x muscular Dystrophy
Chromosomal Disorder:
___________________-homologous chromosomes fail to separate
__________________-trisomy 21 Turners-only x Klinefelter’s xxy,xxxy,xxxxy
nondijunction Down syndrome
Chromosome # 7
CFTR gene
The most common allele that causes cystic fibrosis is missing 3 DNA bases. As a result, the amino acid phenylalanine is missing from the CFTR protein.
Normal CFTR is a chloride ion channel in cell membranes. Abnormal CFTR cannot be transported to the cell membrane.
The cells in the person’s airways are unable to transport chloride ions. As a result, the airways become clogged with a thick mucus.
Section 14-1
Figure 14-8 The Cause of Cystic Fibrosis
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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Section 14-2
Nondisjunction
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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Section 14-2
Nondisjunction
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Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Section 14-2
Nondisjunction
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Father(normal vision)
ColorblindNormal vision
Mother (carrier)
Daughter(normal vision)
Son(normal vision)
Daughter(carrier)
Son(colorblind)
Section 14-2
Male
Female
Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
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Father(normal vision)
ColorblindNormal vision
Mother (carrier)
Daughter(normal vision)
Son(normal vision)
Daughter(carrier)
Son(colorblind)
Section 14-2
Male
Female
Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
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DNA fingerprinting
Restriction enzyme
Chromosomes contain large amounts of DNA called repeats that do not code for proteins. This DNA varies from person to person. Here, one sample has 12 repeats between genes A and B, while the second sample has 9 repeats.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into fragments containing genes and repeats. Note that the repeat fragments from these two samples are of different lengths.
The DNA fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis. The fragments containing repeats are then labeled using radioactive probes. This produces a series of bands—the DNA fingerprint.
Section 14-3
Figure 14-18 DNA Fingerprinting
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Normal hemoglobin gene
Bone marrow cell
Chromosomes
Genetically engineered virus
Nucleus
Bone marrow
Section 14-3
Figure 14-21 Gene Therapy
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Human Genome project-analyze human DNA sequence
Last blank is stem cells