Western Expansion- people move West, Indian land is confiscated› Conflict and Compromise: Slavery

expands with the movement of people West causes political compromises (Missouri Compromise)

Industrialization- factories, cities, immigration

Transportation- networks increase, roads (Turnpikes), canals, steamboats (Fulton), railroads increase in this period

After the War of 1812 and the downfall of the federalist party (Hartford Convention) there is a huge feeling of Nationalism- › The idea of loyalty or devotion to a

nation, or › Pride in one’s country, usually excessive

Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the Federal Government:

Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national university

Military Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the

United States -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816- › became economically strong› McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the

Bank was legal and states could not tax it. Protective Tariff- During Embargo,

manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and faster

Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the

tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.

Monroe won by some of the biggest electoral college totals in U.S. political history; Federalist Party did not even exist by 1820

Note the addition of five new states between 1816 and 1820; reflects the growth of the U.S.

“Era of Good Feelings” Is a common term related to the period of time where there was a drastic reduction of political infighting, (Federalists are all but extinct)› International problems are drastically reduced› High level of Nationalism and optimism

People in the US are on the move economically, and geographically (Westward Expansion)

› Nationalism- The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or Pride in one’s country, usually excessive Americans look inward to develop- West/transportation/economic development/ Problem-sectionalism continues

Follows Madison’s Platform Now Supported large navy Supported Charter of Second Bank of

US Protective Tariff Internal Improvements

Similar to Madison’s Platform ideas (Clay is associated with supporting plan)

1. Protective Tariff- to pay for improvements

2. National Bank- organize finances of the government

3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen)

In the years before 1819 European countries were disrupted by Napoleon’s War-

American goods- cotton and agriculture were in high demand, causing prices to rise› Cotton 1815-.20 cents lb› 1816-.30 cents lb› 1818-.33 cents lb

Causes land prices to rise, many land speculators and farmers borrow $ to buy land,

When the price of goods goes down due to reduced demand, farmers, speculators and banks go broke- this causes a depression for 6 years.

Three Congressmen will help temper Sectional Interests and help make compromises for a generation.

Congressman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

1812-1852

By the 1820s, three distinct regions were emerging in America

The North was characterized by: › growing industry (especially textile mills in New England)› urbanization (ex: New York City)› increasing immigration (especially from Germany and

Ireland)› reform movements to better society, including abolition

movements› support for strong national government, including the

“American system”› Daniel Webster of Massachusetts emerged as a leading

spokesman of this region

Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

1811-1850

The South was based on:› support for states’ rights and a weak national government› commitment to the continuation and expansion of slavery› the growth of “King Cotton” as the major money maker › a hierarchical society, in which wealthy planters dominated

society and had most of the political power› opposition to tariffs and federal support for infrastructure;

these policies only benefitted the North and West› Supported the idea of “Nullification”› John C. Calhoun of South Carolina emerged as the major

spokesman

Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky

1811-1849 (died in office)

This region included the entire Trans-Appalachian region but eventually became associated with the Midwestern and Far Western states and territories

The West’s interests were based on:› westward settlement by pioneers› agricultural boom due to the growing demand for grain to

feed Americans› a positive economic relationship with the Northeastern states,

which provided manufactured goods in exchange for food› support for tariffs and infrastructure projects to tie the country

together› neutrality on the slavery issue› Henry Clay of Kentucky emerged as the spokesman for this

region

John Quincy Adams, the son of President John Adams, of Massachusetts.

Secretary of State for Monroe Follows a Nationalist policy

1. Expand American Territory2. Reduce European Influence in the

Western Hemisphere

Adams negotiated British-American Convention (Treaty of 1818 ) set a final settlement to the border of Canada- 49° parallel – legitimacy of Louisiana Purchase

Adams-Onis Treaty (Spain) 1819- › Florida, after War of 1812, › Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson protect

the Georgia border› Seminole Indians in Florida- › Adams was able to get the Spanish to sell

Florida to US in exchange for assumption of American Claims from the Napoleonic Wars

Latin America was in the process of gaining independence from Spain

European powers threatened to reassert control in the Western Hemisphere

Adams wrote:› No (New) European Colonization in Western Hemisphere› Isolation (US will not intervene in European Wars)› Non-Intervention (Europeans were to keep their hands

off the Americas) Significance/Effects- Americans will cite the

Monroe Doctrine in future issues of Foreign Policy British Support

Adams: “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.”

“Our policy in regard to Europe … is not to interfere in the internal concerns of its power.”

1819 Missouri wants to enter the Union as a slave state

The issue of Slavery emerges again North and South don’t want to lose

power (i.e., votes in Congress (states had entered in pairs slave/free especially the Senate))

1819- 11 free and 11 slaves states

Henry Clay works out a deal,› Missouri enters the union as a slave state› Maine enters as a free state› Territory of the Louisiana purchase above

36°30’ could not have slavery The Compromise resulted in stability of

the Union…for now It also resulted in increased

sectional/political division

Jackson, Adams, Clay, Crawford No clear majority in Electoral College According to the 12th amendment, House of Reps choose between the top three

candidates with the highest number of electoral votes Clay throws support to Adams Jackson won the popular vote, popular in the WEST as

a military hero- stood for slavery, nationalism, protective tariff

John Quincy Adams wins Jackson will claim a “Corrupt Bargain” was struck

between Adams and Clay- appointed Secretary of State)

Resulted in the SPLITING OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

Democratic Party, Supporters of Jackson will unite (Closer to Jeffersonian Republicans)

Whig Party Supporters of Henry Clay (closer to Federalists)› 1. Protective Tariff- to

pay for improvements› 2. National Bank-

organize finances of the government

› 3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen)