Chapter Seven: Monroe to Jackson

Chapter Seven:Monroe to TylerU.S. History to 1877Mr. Chancery

7.1 The Monroe AdministrationElection of 1816Era of Good FeelingsClay's American SystemExpansionPanic of 1819Missouri CompromiseThe Election of 1820 Monroe Doctrine

Alabama Course of Study5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781.7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War.8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

Election of 1816James Monroe became the Democratic Republican candidate and won the election.Daniel Tompkins became the new Vice President.It was the last election in which a Federalist ran for the presidency.

Era of Good FeelingsAfter the Federalist Party died out, the Republican Party was virtually the only political party.The Era of Good Feelings lasted from 1816 to 1824.Though only one party existed, the Republicans were divided on several political issues.American nationalism (devotion to ones nation) grew.

Clay's American System

After the War of 1812, Republicans realized the need for a stronger national government.Henry Clay proposed the American System. The proposal had 3 parts to it:Henry ClayClay's American System

The 1st National Bank's charter had expired and was not renewed.Congress created the 2nd National Bank in 1816.Clay also proposed the Tariff of 1816. It would protect American manufacturing by driving the prices of foreign goods up.The 3rd part of Clay's American System called for internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.).They would promote commerce and help unite the nation.President Madison had vetoed the third part of the American System.Henry ClayExpansionNew states were entering the Union:Louisiana became a state in 1812.Mississippi became a state in 1817.Alabama became a state in 1819.

Expansion

The Seminoles raided settlements in northern Georgia.President Monroe ordered Jackson to punish the Seminoles.Jackson chose to invade Spanish Florida in order to follow his orders.

Andrew JacksonExpansion

Spain was preoccupied with uprisings in its other colonies. Spain feared it would eventually lose Florida. Spain agreed to give up Florida for $5 million and some other provisions.The agreement was called the Adams-Onis Treaty (Treaty of Florida).

John Quincy AdamsPanic of 1819In 1819, America experienced its first economic depression.The Panic of 1819 was caused by London banks demanding repayment of loans to American banks. American banks demanded repayment of loans to the American public.Many Americans who had borrowed too much money and were unable to repay the loans.

Missouri CompromiseIn 1819, Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state.At the time, the Union was divided into 11 free and 11 slave states.If Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, Southern states would become more powerful than the northern states.

Missouri CompromiseHenry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise.Missouri would enter the U.S. as a slave state.Maine would enter as a free state.All new states created above 36 30' N latitude (the southern border of Missouri) would have to be free states.Congress decided to maintain the status quo.

Henry Clay

The Election of 1820

James Monroe and Daniel Tompkins won again.No candidate ran against Monroe.

Daniel TompkinsMonroe DoctrinePresident Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine in a speech on December 2, 1823.The Monroe Doctrine has four main parts:The U.S. would not get involved in European affairs or wars.The U.S. recognized the European colonies already in the Western Hemisphere.

James MonroeMonroe DoctrineThe U.S. would not allow any more European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.Hostile European actions taken against a nation in the Western Hemisphere would be considered as an attack on the U.S.Every President since Monroe has followed the Monroe Doctrine to some extent.

John Quincy AdamsThe John Quincy Adams Administration

The Election of 1824A Split in the Republican PartyAdams' Accomplishments

John Quincy Adams

Alabama Course of Study5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781.7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War.8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

The Election of 1824There were four main Republican candidates:Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury William CrawfordMonroe's Secretary of State John Quincy AdamsGeneral Andrew JacksonSpeaker of the House Henry Clay

The Election of 1824John C. Calhoun ran for the vice presidency.Jackson received the most votes but failed to gain a majority.According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives chooses the president from the top three candidates when no one receives the required majority.

John C. CalhounThe Election of 1824Clay was eliminated but helped Adams win.Adams then appointed Clay as Secretary of State. The office of Secretary of State was a stepping stone to the presidency.Jackson's supporters would accuse Adams for making a corrupt bargain with Clay.

Henry ClayA Split in the Republican Party

Adams' supporters called themselves National Republicans.Jackson's supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans and later shortened their name to Democrats.Historians call Jackson's supporters Jacksonian Democrats.

John Quincy AdamsAndrew JacksonAdams' AccomplishmentsAdams pushed for a stronger national government and internal improvements.Jackson's supporters tried to block most of Adams' programs.Adams was able to get approval for some internal improvements.He extended the National Road further west.He improved some rivers and harbors.Adams would seek reelection in 1828, but would lose to Andrew Jackson.

John Q. Adams became a U.S. representative and accomplished his greatest feats after his presidency.

7.3 The Jackson Administration

Jacksonian EraElection of 1828The Spoils SystemThe Nullification CrisisJacksons Indian PolicyElection of 1832The Rise of the Whig Party

Alabama Course of Study5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781.7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War.8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

Jacksonian Era

Andrew Jackson dominated American politics during this time period.The period of time from 1824-1848 is known as the Jacksonian Era or the Age of Jackson.

Election of 1828John Quincy Adams ran for reelection.Andrew Jackson ran against him and became the 7th president.John C. Calhoun had served as Adams vice presidentHe ran on Jacksons ticket in 1828.

John C. Calhoun in 1822The Spoils System

After his election, Jackson replaced many government officials with people who had supported him.Other presidents had also done this.Jackson was the first to openly support and justify the spoils system.

Andrew JacksonThe Nullification CrisisJust before Jackson took office, Congress passed the Tariff of 1828.The tax benefited Northern manufacturing.The tax hurt the South because they relied more on imported goods.The South condemned the Tariff of 1828 and renamed it the Tariff of Abominations.

The Nullification CrisisVice President John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest.It stated that the states could nullify federal laws that they considered unconstitutional.Calhoun became a defender of states rights.

John C. Calhoun in 1822The Nullification Crisis

In 1832, Congress passed another tariff.South Carolina declared the tariff null and void.South Carolina also threatened to secede from the Union.Jackson considered these actions as treason and asked Congress to pass the Force Bill.The Force Bill gave Jackson the power to use military force to collect the tariff.

Andrew JacksonThe Nullification Crisis

The Great Compromiser Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833.The compromise was passed and would lower tariffs over the next 10 years.South Carolina backed down but nullified the Force Bill in the process.

Henry ClayJacksons Indian PolicyIn 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.Native Americans would be relocated to the west of the Mississippi River.The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole peoples were ordered to move.

Jacksons Indian PolicyThe Cherokee refused to relocate.They had adopted many practices of the white Americans. They sued the state of Georgia for their right to stay.American missionary Samuel Austin Worcester acted as their lawyer to the Supreme Court.Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in the Cherokees favor.Andrew Jackson said John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!

John MarshallLook up now!What was the name of the court case in which the Native Americans sued?Check out Chapter 8, Section Five in America: Pathways to the Present.Look up now!What was the name of the court case in which the Native Americans sued? Your book calls it Worcester v. Georgia.

Jacksons Indian PolicyIn 1838, Jackson ordered the Cherokee to relocate to the Oklahoma Territory. During the 116-day journey, the Cherokee were forced to march over a thousand miles with little time to rest.They faced the cold and diseases.About 1 out of every 4 Cherokee people who made the journey died.This journey has become known as the Trail of Tears.

Jackson when in the militaryThe Bank War

Jackson opposed the creation of the second national bank.He blamed it for the Panic of 1819.The charter for the second Bank of the United States would expire in 1836.Henry Clay and others pushed for Congress to renew the charter in 1832.The Bank War

Clay hoped to make the bank an issue in the election of 1832.Congress passed the bill, but Jackson vetoed it.The bank would expire in 1836. Jackson moved to destroy the bank before then.He removed federal funds and placed them in state banks.Election of 1832Henry Clay ran as the National Republican candidate.Andrew Jackson ran with Martin Van Buren as his new running mate.For the 1st time in American history, a third party entered the presidential campaign.The Anti-Masonic Party was formed and nominated William Wirt for president.The Anti-Masonic Party was never a major party.They opposed the Freemasons, a secret society with some religious connotations.Jackson won.

The Rise of the Whig PartyAfter the election of 1832, the National Republican Party began to die.A growing number of Americans began to oppose the immensely popular Jackson for two main reasons:Jacksons policies concerning the national bank Jacksons excessive use of presidential power including the veto. His opponents started calling him King Andrew I.Jacksons opponents joined together to form the Whig Party.

Look up now!From where does the Whig Party get its name?Your book reads, The American Whigs saw themselves as defenders of liberty against a powerful executive.Your book should explain that the name for the Whig Party came from a British political party who opposed the king.7.4 The Van Buren, Harrison, and Tyler Administrations

Martin Van Buren

William Henry HarrisonJohn TylerElection of 1836The Panic of 1837The Election of 1840President John Tyler

Alabama Course of Study5. Identify key cases that helped shape the U. S. Supreme Court.6. Describe relations of the U. S. with Britain and France from 1781.7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War.8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

The Election of 1836

Andrew Jackson chose not to run for a third term.He supported his vice president Martin Van Buren to be the Democratic candidate for president.The Whig Party was growing in strength.The Whig Party was held together by one main factor: hatred of Andrew Jackson.The Whig Party got its name from a political party in England who opposed the powerful king.The Whig Party could not decide on a single candidate to run, so they nominated three candidates.Martin Van Buren clearly won.

Political cartoon showing Jackson carrying Van Buren into officeThe Panic of 1837The defining issue during Van Burens administration was the Panic of 1837.Andrew Jacksons policy helped create the problem.Jackson killed the second Bank of the United States.The national Bank had helped regulate the economy.The Panic of 1837 started an economic depression.One result was increased unemployment.Another result of the Panic of 1837 was poverty.The depression would hurt Van Buren in the Election of 1840.

The Election of 1840The Democrats nominated Martin Van Buren again.The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler as vice president.Harrison was a war hero.Harrison was nicknamed Tippecanoe because he defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tyler was actually a former Democrat who was chosen because he could attract Southern Democratic voters.They used the catchy slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler, too to campaign.

The Election of 1840Though Harrison was born into a wealthy family, his campaign portrayed him as common man.Harrisons campaign has been named the Log Cabin Campaign.The E.C. Booz Company produced whiskey distributed in bottles shaped like log cabins to support Harrisons Log Cabin Campaign.(The term booze came to refer to whiskey as a result.)

The Election of 1840Harrison won the election and delivered his inaugural address.The weather was very cold, and Harrison refused to wear a hat or coat while delivering the speech.His speech lasted for almost two hours.He caught pneumonia and died a month later.

President John TylerTyler was the first vice president to become president through the death of the president while in office.The Whigs never intended for Tyler to become president.Neither Tyler nor the Whigs were able to accomplish much during Tylers presidency.Tyler vetoed a great deal of the Whigs programs, including a push for a third national bank.

John Tyler7.5 SectionalismThe North The South

Alabama Course of Study5. Identify key cases that helped shape the U. S. Supreme Court.6. Describe relations of the U. S. with Britain and France from 1781.7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War.8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

The NorthThe northeast economy was based on industrialization.Some young, unmarried women were allowed to work outside the home in factories.Women provided a cheap labor source for factory owners.Young people started migrating to the industrial centers in order to find work.

The NorthThe migration resulted in the rise of cities in the North.People started working longer hours.Cities began to provide public services such as education and health care.Cities grew too fast and were not able to accommodate the needs of the people.

The NorthWorkers faced poor environments and low wages.Workers sometimes organized strikes to gain better conditions and wages.Strikes often forced factory owners to meet the demands of the workers in order to resume production.The first national labor union was formed in 1834.

The SouthThe Souths economy was based on agriculture.Cotton was the main product of the South.Southern geography was ideal for growing cotton.The international slave trade contributed to the establishment of slavery in the South.The Constitution (Article I, Section 9, Clause 1) stated that the international slave trade could not be prohibited by Congress until 1808.In 1808, Congress did end the importation of slaves in 1808.

The SouthSlavery was somewhat different on small farms than on large plantations.Slaves often worked alongside their masters on small farms.Slaves on large plantations faced harsher conditions.Slaves were considered to be property rather than human.Slaves kept just healthy enough to work.Slave revolts were sometimes organized to resist the institution of slavery.