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Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Radisson Blu
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 1 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 Emission
IntroductionCO2 Emission
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Poland
Mold
ova
Mac
edon
ia
Greec
e
Serb
ia
Czech
Rep
ublic
Bosnia-
Her
zegov
ina
Germ
any
Turkey
Irelan
d
United K
ingdom
Bulgar
ia
Neth
erlan
ds
Roman
ia
Portu
gal
Spain
Belaru
s Ita
ly
Luxem
bourg
Ukrain
e
Slove
nia
Cypru
s
Denm
ark
Estonia
Malt
a
Mon
teneg
ro
Belgiu
m
Croati
a
Slova
kia
Finlan
d
Hungar
y
Austria
Latvia
France
gCO
2/kW
h
Figure : Mean CO2 emission during power generation in chosenEuropean countries
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 2 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 Emission
I Electricity consumption = development level of the region
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 3 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 Emission
Question? How we are supposed to do and how to reduce CO2
emission and at the same time not limit the power generation,which is in today’s world determinant of living standards andthe level of development of each country?
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 4 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 separation methods
Methods of CO2 separationCO2 separation methods
Capture efficiency
Green electricity (if produced)
CCS without emissionsCO
CCSwith reductionCOavoided CONet
2
22 =
CO2 reduction with CCS
CO2 emissions without CCS
Heat supply
Industry
Total CO2 produced
Figure : Evaluation of CCS measures (Haugen et all 2011)
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 5 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 separation methods
Methods for separation of carbon dioxide:
I absorption—the physical and chemical
I adsorption,
I membrane separation
I cryogenic separation.
Technology used for many years in industrial scale processes arebased on absorption—MEA (monoethanolamine)
I energy consumption from 0.1 to 0.8 kWh/kgCO2 .
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 6 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
CO2 separation methods
Conclusion! The application of these methods on a large scalewill lead to significant energy (loss of power and efficiency) andinvestment costs.
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 7 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation
I MCFC reduce the CO2 emission and increasing the efficiencyof electrical power and the system
e−
e− e−Direct Current (DC)
e−
e−
e−
e−
e−
e−
e−
O2
CO2
CO2
O2H2
CO2
H2O
CO=2
AnodeElectrolyte
CathodeCO2 + H2O
N2 + O2 + CO2
Figure : Working principles of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 8 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
I Fuel cells produce electricity in electrochemical processesI There are many various types of fuel cells
Figure : Inside the MCFC stack
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 9 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
Watercondensation
CatalyticBurner
MCFC
AdditionalAir
120◦C
400◦C
300◦C
400◦C
630◦C
15% CO2
6.5% CO2
HX-4HX-3
HX-2 HX-1
H2O CH4
O2
H2O
CO2
Coal FiredBoiler
Figure : MCFC for CO2 separating from coal fired boiler
I We create the hybrid system
I There is an additional source of electricityI Increase in the amount of electricity generated
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 10 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
I A significant reduction CO2
I Increase in total efficiency
Figure : Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells—the layers
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 11 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
Conclusion! The proposed solution is free from drawbacks inother ways CO2 separation and does not consume any energyfrom plant to which it is applied.
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 12 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
(a) MCFC single cell test facility (b) MCFC single cell used for testsFigure : Single cell laboratory stand
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 13 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Current density, A/cm²
CO
2 s
ep
ra
tio
n f
ac
tor
Experiment
Reference point
+ Hard Coal
Reference point
+ Hard Coal+Air
Reference point
+ Hard Coal+ Air
Optimized
Figure : CO2 separation factor for the analyzed cases
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 14 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
CO2 separationmethods
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Current density, A/cm²
Eff
icie
nc
y,
%
Experiment
Reference point
+ Hard Coal
Reference point
+ Hard Coal +Air
Reference point
+ Hard Coal + Air
Optimized
Figure : Fuel cell efficiency for the analyzed cases
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 15 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
The state-of-the-artI MFCF operates at 650 ◦C
I Low enough to use metalsI High enough to CH4 → H2 (the system can be fed by
Natural Gas)I High enough for avid to use noble metals (platinum) for
catalysisI MCFC specifications:
I Electrolyte thickness of 1 mmI Nickel catalyst (vs. platinum)
I The thickness of the electrodes ≈1 mm—a tape-castingmethod for manufacturing
I No heat cycle (there is no limit Carnot efficiency)I No moving partsI Lack of noise
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 16 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Higher efficiency requires new materials
I Chemical composition
I cathode, anode, electrolyte
Figure : Chemical composition of the anode material
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 17 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
I Structure
I size and shape of powder particles
I porosity
I surface treatment
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 18 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Figure : Structure of anode material
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 19 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Summary
1. MCFC-based power plants reach the capacity of hundreds ofMW
2. MCFCs are able to separate CO2 from the flue gas reachinghigh performance
3. 25 years Ansaldo Fuel Cell research—”know-how”
3.1 MCFC fuel cell stacks3.2 A NG reformer (hydrogen production)3.3 Auxiliary equipment (demi station, etc.)
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 20 of 21
Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Proposal
1. Demonstration of highly efficient innovative CCS system
1.1 Capture—Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell1.2 Storage—a Norwegian partner needed
2. MCFC
2.1 Mobile demonstration laboratory—in situ at a powerplant
2.2 Optimizing system design for CO2 capture2.2.1 material aspects2.2.2 architecture aspects2.2.3 power plant integration
2.3 Unknown issues investigation2.3.1 dust influence (if any)2.3.2 sulfur dioxide influence2.3.3 lifetime
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 21 of 21