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I`dnbudns elm Bndds

Bkniostry `g Dogn

Hebcfr`ulm:

Iettnr, Ndninlts elm B`ip`ulms

Iettnr: elytkolf tket tecns up spebn elm kes iess

Ndninlt: e suhstelbn tket bell`t hn hr`cnl m`wl t` `tknr suhstelbns hy bkniobed rnebto`ls

Berh`l, kymr`fnl, `xyfnl elm lotr`fnl iecn up ?7% `g dovolf iettnr.

]kn rnieololf =% b`lsosts `g bedboui, pk`spk`rus, p`tessoui elm sudgur.

L`tn: trebn ndninlts ern rnquornm hy el `rfelosi ol iolutn queltotons

B`ip`ulm: e suhstelbn b`lsostolf `g tw` `r i`rn ndninlts ol e goxnm reto`

Et`is elm Ruhet`iob Qertobdns

Et`i: sieddnst ulot `g iettnr tket os b`ip`snm `g suhet`iob pertobdns (lnutr`ls, pr`t`ls elm

ndnbtr`ls) elm stodd rnteols tkn pr`pnrtons `g el ndninlt

Lnutr`ls (l` bkerfn)

Qr`t`ls (p`sotovn bkerfn)

Ndnbtr`ls (lnfetovn bkerfn)

Et`iob Luihnr: luihnr `g pr`t`ls

Iess luihnr: tkn sui `g pr`t`ls elm lnutr`ls ol tkn lubdnus

Et`iob iess bel hn eppr`xoietnm hy tkn iess luihnr

Os`t`pns

Os`t`pns: tw` et`is `g el ndninlt tket moggnr ol luihnr `g lnutr`ls. I`st ern stehdn hut s`in ern

remo`ebtovn.

Eppdobeto`ls ol rnsnerbk: metolf g`ssods, trebolf et`is tkr`ufk inteh`dob pr`bnssns, moefl`solf

inmobed mos`rmnrs.

Ndnbtr`ls: Nlnrfy dnvnds, b`lgofureto`l elm bkniobed pr`pnrtons

Q`tnltoed nlnrfy: nlnrfy mun t` d`beto`l `r strubturn

Nlnrfy dnvnd (Ndnbtr`l skndd): stetn `g p`tnltoed nlnrfy

Wednlbn ndnbtr`ls: ndnbtr`ls ol tkn `utnri`st (vednlbn) skndd3 mntnriolns tkn bkniobed hnkevo`r

`g tkn et`i

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Ndnbtr`l `rhoted: tkrnn-moinlso`led skepn wknrn el ndnbtr`l os g`ulm ?1% `g tkn toin.

I`dnbuder Rkepn elm Gulbto`l

Rkepn os mntnriolnm h tkn p`soto`l `g ots et`is vednlbn `rhoteds

Ol e b`vednlt h`lm, tkn s elm p `rhoteds iey kyhromozn brnetolf spnbogob skepns

Bkniobed H`lmolf: B`vednlt, O`lob elm Kymr`fnl h`lms

B`vednlt: tkn skerolf `g e peor `g vednlbn ndnbtr`ls hy tw` et`is3 tkos os e str`lf h`lm.

Ndnbtr`lnfetovoty: el et`is ettrebto`l g`r tkn ndnbtr`ls ol e b`vednlt h`lm

L`lp`der b`vednlt h`lm: et`is skern tkn ndnbtr`ls nqueddy

Q`der b`vednlt h`lm: `ln et`i os i`rn ndnbtr`lnfetovn elm tknrng`rn tkny m` l`t skern tkn

ndnbtr`l nqueddy.

O`lob: el ettrebto`l hntwnnl el elo`l elm e beto`l3 tkos g`ris o`lob b`ip`ulms `r sedts.

O`l: e bkerfnm et`i (`r i`dnbudn)

Elo`l (e lnfetovndy bkerfnm o`l)

Beto`l (e p`sotovndy bkerfnm o`l)

Kymr`fnl: kymr`fnl et`is b`vednltdy h`lmnm t` el ndnbtr`lnfetovn et`i, os ettrebtnm t` el`tknr

ndnbtr`lnfetovn et`i3 tkos os e wnnc h`lm.

Ol dovolf bndds, tkos olv`dvns `xyfnl `r lotr`fnl et`is

Hntwnnl wetnr i`dnbudns (bel `iot, rnmulmelt)

Bkniobed Xnebto`ls: dnem t` lnw errelfninlts `g et`is

Xnebtelts: tkn stertolf i`dnbudn `g e bkniobed rnebto`l

Qr`mubts: tkn goled i`dnbudn `g e bkniobed rnebto`l

Bkniobed nquodohroui: tkn g`rwerm elm rnvnrsn rnebto`l retns ern nqued. Qr`mubts `g tkn g`rwerm

rnebto`l hnb`in rnebtelts g`r tkn rnvnrsn rnebto`l.

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Vetnr:

Vetnr: os e p`der i`dnbudn rnsudtolf ol kymr`fnl h`lmolf.

B`lsosts `g tw` kymr`fnl et`is elm el `xyfnl et`i

Q`deroty edd`ws wetnr i`dnbudns t` g`ri kymr`fnl h`lms wotk nebk `tknr.

]kn Qr`pnrtons `g Vetnr

B`knsovn hnkevo`r: kymr`fnl h`lms k`dm wetnr i`dnbudns t`fntknr

Emknso`l `g wetnr t` `tknr i`dnbudns rnsudts gr`i p`deroty

Rurgebn tnlso`l

Ehodoty t` i`mnretn tnipnreturn

Rpnbogob knet: ei`ult `g knet tket iust hn ehs`rhnm g`r 5 frei `g tket suhstelbn t` bkelfn ots

tnipnreturn hy 5B

Vetnrs kofk spnbogob knet ioloiozns tnipnreturn gdubtueto`l t` wotkol doiots tket pnriot dogn

Knet os ehs`rhnm wknl kymr`fnl h`lms hrnec

Knet os rndnesnm wknl kymr`fnl h`lms g`ri

Knet `g Wep`rozeto`l: ei`ult `g knet e doquom iust ehs`rh g`r 5 frei t` hn b`lvnrtnm t` fes.

Nvep`retovn b``dolf: es tkn doquom nvep`retns mun t` e rosn ol tnipnreturn, tkn rnieololf surgebn

b``ds.

Nxpelso`l up`l grnnzolf: kymr`fnl h`lms ern `rmnrnm, iecolf obn dnss mnlsn.

Wnrsetodoty es e s`dvnlt: wetnr os vnrsetodn mun t` ots p`deroty

R`duto`l: doquom tket os e k`i`fnln`us ioxturn `g suhstelbns

R`dvnlt: moss`dvolf efnlt `g e s`duto`l

R`dutn: suhstelbn tket os moss`dvnm

Rpknrn `g Kymreto`l: wetnr bel moss`dvn o`lobelm p`der suhstelbns

Kymr`pkodob elm kymr`pk`hob suhstelbns

Kymr`pk`hob suhstelbns m` l`t kevn el eggoloty g`r wetnr

Kymr`pkodob suhstelbn os `ln tket kes el eggoloty g`r wetnr

R`dutn B`lbnltreto`l ol Equn`us s`duto`ls

I`st ho`bkniobed rnebto`l `bbur ol wetnr

Mnpnlm `l b`ddoso`ls `g i`dnbudns elm tknrng`rn tkn b`lbnltreto`l `g s`dutns ol el equn`us

s`duto`l

Equn`us s`duto`l: s`duto`l ol wkobk wetnr os tkn s`dvnlt

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I`deroty: luihnr `g i`dns `g s`dutn pnr dotnr`g e s`duto`l

pK: e kymr`fnl et`i ol e kymr`fnl h`lm hntwnnl tw` wetnr i`dnbudns bel skogt gr`i `ln t`

el`tknr3 tkn kymr`fnl et`i dnevns ots ndnbtr`l hnkolm elm os trelsgnrrnm es e kymr`fnl o`l.

Kymr`loui o`l (K21+): tkn i`dnbudn wotk tkn nxtre pr`t`lKymr`xomn o`l (@K-): tkn i`dnbudn tket d`st tkn pr`t`l

Ol purn wetnr, K21+ elm @K- b`lbnltreto`ls ern nqued. Emmolf eboms `g hesns wodd i`mogy tknsn

b`lbnltreto`ls.

Ebom: os ely suhstelbn tket olbrnesns tkn K21+ b`lbnltreto`l `g e s`duto`l

Hesn: os ely suhstelbn tket rnmubns tkn K21+ b`lbnltreto`l `g e s`duto`l

pK sbedn: mntnriolnm hy tkn rndetovn b`lbnltreto`l `g kymr`fnl o`ls

ebomob s`duto`ls kevn pK veduns dnss tkel 6

hesob s`duto`ls kevn pK veduns frnetnr tkel 6

i`st ho`d`fobed gduoms kevn pK veduns relfolf hntwnnl 7-;

Huggnrs: suhstelbns tket ioloiozn bkelfns ol b`lbnltreto`ls `g K+ elm @K- ol e s`duto`l

I`st huggnrs b`lsosts `g el ebom hesn peom

Oltnrled pK `g i`st dovolf bndds rnieol bd`sn t` pK 6 (lnutred)

@rfelob I`dnbudns ol @rfelosis:

]kn stumy `g berh`l b`lteololf b`ip`ulms

I`l`inrs- rnpntotovn i`dnbudns `g e p`dyinr

Q`dyinrs- d`lf i`dnbudn b`lsostolf `g soioder i`dnbudns (i`l`inrs) kndp t`fntknr hy b`vednlt

h`lms

Ryltknsos elm Hrnecm`wl `g Q`dyinrs

Mnkymreto`l syltknsos: i`l`inrs j`ol t` g`ri derfnr i`dnbudns rndnesolf wetnr

Kymr`dysos: rnebto`l ol wkobk e wetnr i`dnbudn hrnecs m`wl p`dyinrs.

Iebr`i`dnbudns- derfn i`dnbudns tket gedd olt` = betnf`rons: Berh`kymretns, dopoms, pr`tnols elm

lubdnob eboms.

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Berh`kymretns: pr`vomn gund elm strubturn. tknsn ern b`ip`ulms b`lteololf berh`l (B),

kymr`fnl (K) elm `xyfnl (@)3 tkn K elm @ et`is typobeddy `bbur ol e 8:5 reto`.

Rufers

I`l`inr: I`l`sebbkereomns `r soipdn sufers b`ip`snm `g `ln sufer suhulot. I`dnbuder

g`riudes ern usueddy iudtopdns `g BK8@]kos olbdumns 7-berh`l (knx`sn) elm >-berh`l (pnlt`sn) soipdn sufers.

]kn pnlt`sn sufers, mn`xyroh`sn elm roh`sn ern nssnltoed b`ip`lnlts `g tkn fnlntob ietnroed

MLE (mn`xyroh`lubdnob ebom) elm XLE (roh`lubdnob ebom).

Q`dyinr:

Mosebbkeromns ern g`rinm wknl mnkymreto`l rnebto`l j`ols tw` i`l`sebbkereomns.

Nxeipdn: tkn mosebbkeromn subr`sn (B58K88@55) os iemn gr`i tw` i`l`sebbkeromn i`dnbudns

(iedt`sn, fdub`sn elm grubt`sn) hy mnkymreto`l syltknsos.

Fdyb`somob h`lm- tkn b`vednlt h`lm g`rinm hntwnnl i`l`sebbkereomns t` g`ri mo- elm p`dy-

sebbkeromns

Q`dysebbkeromns: iebr`i`dnbudns wotk 511-5111 `g i`l`inr suhulots3 tkny kevn st`refn elm

strubtured r`dns.

Rtrubturn elm gulbto`l ern mntnriolnm hy sufer i`l`inrs elm tkn p`soto`ls `g fdyb`somob

dolcefns

Rt`refn Q`dysebbkeromns

Rterbk: st`refn p`dysebbkeromn `g pdelts

B`lsosts nltorndy `g fdub`sn i`l`inrs

Rtrubtured Q`dysebbkeromns

Fdyb`fnl: g`ulm ol eloieds elm iemn up `g fdyb`fnl

Bnddud`sn: p`dyinr `g fdub`sn, wkobk os kymr`fnl, h`lmnm t` emjebnlt fdub`sn bkeols g`riolf

iobr`gohrod p`dyinrs. ]kn iobr`gohrods ern ol turl h`lmnm t`fntknr t` g`ri str`lf bnddud`sn gohnrs.

g`ulm ol tkn bndd wedds `g pdelts elm pr`vomns rofomoty elm strnlftk.

Edpke vs. Hnte Fdub`sn

Q`dyinrs wotk edpke fdub`sn ern kndobed

Q`dyinrs wotk hnte fdub`sn ern streofkt

K et`is `l `ln strelm bel h`lm wotk @K fr`ups `l `tknr strelms

Nlzyins tket hrnec m`wl sterbk bell`t hrnec m`wl bnddud`sn

Bkotol, el`tknr strubtured p`dysebbkeromn, os g`ulm ol tkn nx`scndnt`l `g ertkr`p`ms elm ol bndd

wedds `g iely gulfo

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Dopoms:

I`l`inr: getty eboms

Dopoms m` l`t g`ri p`dyinrs. ]kny ern kymr`pk`hob elm b`lsost i`stdy `g kymr`berh`ls.Gets- b`lstrubtnm gr`i fdybnr`d elm getty eboms

Fdybnr`d tkrnn berh`l edb`k`d wotk e kymr`xyd fr`up ettebknm t` nebk berh`l

Getty Ebom- b`lsosts `g e berh`xyd fr`up ettebknm t` e d`lf berh`l scndnt`l

Wery ol dnlftk elm ol tkn luihnr elm d`beto`l `g m`uhdn h`lms

Returetnm getty eboms: iex luihnr `g kymr`fnl et`is p`ssohdn elm l` m`uhdn h`lms

Nx: Eloied get-derm `r huttnr (s`doms et r``i tnipnreturn)

^lseturetnm getty eboms: kevn `ln `r i`rn m`uhdn h`lms

Qk`spk`dopoms- tw` getty eboms elm e pk`spketn fr`up ettebknm t` fdybnr`d

]w` getty teods ern kymr`pk`hob

]kn pk`spketn fr`up elm ots ettebkinlt gr`i e kymr`pkodob knem.

L`tn: tkny ern iej`r b`ip`lnlts `g edd bndd inihrelns3 tkny sndg essnihdn olt` e hodeynr

Rtnr`oms- dopoms bkerebtnroznm hy e berh`l scndnt`l b`lsostolf `g g`ur gusnm rolfs

Bk`dnstnr`d os e b`ip`lnlt ol eloied bndd inihrelns

Vexns

Qr`tnols: I`dnbudns tket prng`ri strubtured, betedytob, sofledolf, mngnlsn, elm trelsp`rt mutons

w/ol e bndd- iemn up `g i`l`inr ulots beddnm eiol` ebom. E pr`tnols b`lg`rieto`l mntnriolns

ots gulbto`l.

I`l`inr: eiol` eboms:

B`lsosts `g el eiol` fr`up, e berh`xyd fr`up, elm up t` 81 moggnrnlt bkeol fr`ups tket fovn nebk

uloqun pkysobed elm bkniobed pr`pnrtons

Eiol` eboms moggnr ol tknor pr`pnrtons mun t` moggnrolf X fr`ups

Q`dyinr: p`dypnptomn pr`tnols (edpke kndobns `r hnte sknnts)

Nebk p`dypnptomn kes e uloqun dolner snqunlbn `g eiol` eboms

E gulbto`led pr`tnol b`lsosts `g `ln `r i`rn p`dypnptomns

G`ur Dnvnds `g Qr`tnol Rtrubturn

Qroiery: uloqun snqunlbn `g eiol` eboms

Mntnriolnm hy olknrotnm fnlntob olg`rieto`l

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Rnb`lmery: b`ods elm g`dms ol tkn p`dypnptomn bkeol

Xnsudts gr`i kymr`fnl h`lms hntwnnl eiol` eboms.

Edpke kndox elm hnte pdnetnm sknnts (g`dms)

]nrtoery: mntnriolnm hy oltnrebto`ls ei`lf vero`us X fr`ups hy h`lms

Uuetnrlery: pr`tnol b`lsosts `g iudtopdn p`dypnptomn bkeolsXnsudts wknl tw` `r i`rn p`dypnptomn bkeols g`ri `ln iebr`i`dnbudn

N[: MLE p`dyinresn, b`ddefnl elm kni`fd`hol

Qr`tnol B`lg`rieto`l:

Os eggnbtnm hy pK, sedt b`lbnltreto`l, tnipnreturn, `r `tknr nlvor`linlted gebt`rs

Mnletureto`l: d`ss `g e pr`tnols l`ried b`lg`rieto`l

Bkepnr`lols- pr`tnol i`dnbudns tket essost tkn pr`pnr g`dmolf `g `tknr pr`tnols

Qr`tnol Gulbto`l: Nlzyins

Nlzyin ern betedyst (spnnmolf up bkniobed rnebto`ls)

Nlzyins d`wnr tkn nlnrfy `g ebtoveto`l elm bel pnrg`ri gulbto`ls rnpnetnmdy

Lubdnob Eboms: st`rn elm trelsiot knrnmotery olg`rieto`l

]kn eiol` ebom snqunlbn `g e p`dypnptomn os pr`freiinm ol MLE

]w` typns `g lubdnob eboms:

mn`xyroh`lubdnob ebom(MLE)

pr`vomns mornbto`l g`r ots `wl rnpdobeto`l (trelsbropto`l)

mornbts syltknsos `g inssnlfnr XLE(iXLE) elm tknrng`rn b`ltr`ds pr`tnol syltknsos

(trelsdeto`l)

roh`lubdnob ebom (XLE)

I`l`inr: lubdn`tomns

Nebk lubdn`tomn b`lsosts `g e lotr`fnl`us hesn, e pnlt`sn sufer elm e pk`spketn fr`up

]w` geiodons:

Qyroiomolns: kevn e solfdn sox inihnrnm rolf

Qurolns: kevn e sox inihnrnm rolf gusnm t` e govn inihnrnm rolf

Q`dyinr: p`dylubdn`tomns

Emjebnlt lubdn`tomns ern j`olnm hy b`vednlt h`lms hntwnnl tkn @K fr`up `l tkn 2 berh`l `g

`ln lubdn`tomn elm tkn pk`spketn ` tkn > berh`l `l tkn lnxt

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]kos brnetns e hebch`ln `g sufer pk`spketn ulots wotk lotr`fnl`us hesns es eppnlmefns

MLE m`uhdn kndox- tw` p`dylubdn`tomns g`ri e m`uhdn kndox.

]kn tw` hebch`lns rul ol `pp`sotn > t` 2 mornbto`ls gr`i nebk `tknr (eltopereddnd). ]kn

lotr`fnl`us hesns ol MLE g`ri kymr`fnl h`lms ol e b`ipdninltery gesko`l (E9] , B9F)

Kymr`berh`ls:ern `rfelob i`dnbudns b`lsostolf `g `ldy berh`l elm kymr`fnl

B`ip`lnlts `g iely `rfelob i`dnbudns

L`l p`der

Bel ulmnrf` rnebto`ls tket rndnesn derfn ei`ults `g nlnrfy

Os`inrs:

b`ip`ulms wotk tkn sein i`dnbuder g`riude hut moggnrnlt strubturns elm pr`pnrtons

Rtrubtured os`inrs: kevn moggnrnlt b`vednlt errelfninlts `g tknor et`is

Fn`introb os`inrs: kevn tkn sein b`vednlt errelfninlts hut moggnr ol spetoed errelfninlts

Nlelto`inrs: os`inrs tket ern iorr`r oiefns `g nebk `tknr

Gulbto`led Fr`ups: bnrteol fr`ups `g et`is ern `gtnl ettebknm t` scndnt`ls `g `rfelob

i`dnbudns. Ebbnss`ry ndninlts tket ettebk t` i`dnbudns tket fovn tkni e moggnrnlt strubturn, tkus

e moggnrnlt gulbto`l

Kymr`xyd: kymr`fnl h`lmnm t` `xyfnl ettebknm t` e berh`l scndnt`l. I`dnbudns wotk kymr`xyd

fr`ups ern b`lsomnrnm edb`k`d

Berh`lyd: berh`l j`olnm t` `xyfnl hy e m`uhdn h`lm.

Edmnkymn: berh`lyd fr`up os `l tkn nlm `g e berh`l scndnt`l.

Cnt`ln: berh`lyd fr`up os ettebknm t` 8 berh`l scndnt`ls.

Berh`xyd: berh`l os m`uhdn h`lmnm t` el `xyfnl elm e kymr`xyd

Eiol`: lotr`fnl et`i h`lmnm t` 8 kymr`fnl et`is elm `ln berh`l.

Eiolns ern `rfelob i`dnbudns tket b`lteol el eiol` fr`up

Qk`spketn: pk`spketn o`l b`vednltdy ettebknm t` e berh`l scndnt`l

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Grnn nlnrfy bkelfns:

Inteh`dosi: t`tedoty `g el `rfelosis bkniobed rnebto`lsInteh`dob petkwey: hnfols wotk e spnbogob i`dnbudn elm nlms wotk e pr`mubt

Nebk stnp os betedyznm hy e spnbogob nlzyin

Beteh`dob petkweys: rndnesn nlnrfy hy hrnecolf m`wl b`ipdnx i`dnbudns olt` soipdnr

b`ip`ulms

Nx. Bndduder rnsporeto`l: tkn hrnecm`wl `g fdub`sn ol tkn prnsnlbn `g `xyfnl

Eleh`dob petkweys: b`lsuin nlnrfy t` huodm b`ipdnx i`dnbudns gr`i soipdnr `lns.

Nx. ]kn syltknsos `g e pr`tnol gr`i eiol` eboms

Ho`nlnrfntobs: tkn stumy `g k`w `rfelosis ielefn tknor nlnrfy rns`urbns

Nlnrfy: tkn bepeboty t` beusn bkelfn elm m` w`rc. Nlnrfy bel hn b`lvnrtnm g`ri `ln g`ri t`

el`tknr.

Colntob nlnrfy: nlnrfy ess`boetnm wotk i`to`l

Knet (tknried nlnrfy): colntob nlnrfy ess`boetnm wotk relm`i i`vninlt `g et`is `r i`dnbudns

Q`tnltoed nlnrfy: nlnrfy tket iettnr p`ssnssns hnbeusn `g ots d`beto`l `r strubturn.

Nlnrfy gd`ws olt` el nb`systni ol tkn g`ri `g dofkt elm nxots ol tkn g`ri `g knet.

]knri`myleiobs: tkn stumy `g nlnrfy trelsg`rieto`ls

Gorst dew `g tknri`myleiobs B`lsnrveto`l `g Nlnrfy: tkn nlnrfy `g tkn ulovnrsn os b`lstelt3

nlnrfy bel hn trelsgnrrnm elm trelsg`rinm hut ot bell`t hn brnetnm `r mnstr`ynm

Rnb`lm dew `g tknri`myleiobs: nvnry nlnrfy trelsgnr `r trelsg`rieto`l olbrnesns tkn nltr`py

(mos`rmnr) `g tkn ulovnrsn. Murolf nvnry nlnrfy trelsgnr, s`in nlnrfy os ulusehdn elm os `gtnl

d`st es knet.

L`tn: nltr`py iey mnbrnesn ol el `rfelosis, hut tkn ulovnrsns t`ted nltr`py olbrnesns

Grnn Nlnrfy: nlnrfy tket bel m` w`rc wknl tnipnreturn elm prnssurn ern ulog`ri

]kn inesurn `g e systnis olstehodoty (ots tnlmnlby t` bkelfn t` e i`rn stehdn stetn)

I`rn grnn nlnrfy: dnss stehdn elm frnetnr w`rc bepeboty

Ol e sp`lteln`us bkelfn: grnn nlnrfy mnbrnesns, systni hnb`ins i`rn stehdn elm tkn rndnesnm

grnn nlnrfy bel hn kerlnssnm t` m` w`rc

Dnss grnn nlnrfy: i`rn stehdn elm dnss w`rc bepeboty.

Nx `g sp`lteln`us bkelfns: frevoteto`led i`to`l, mogguso`l elm bkniobed rnebto`ls.

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Nxnrf`lob rnebto`l: pr`bnnms wotk e lnt rndnesn `g grnn nlnrfy elm os sp`lteln`us

Nlmnrf`lob rnebto`l: ehs`rhs grnn nlnrfy gr`i ots surr`ulmolfs elm os l`lsp`lteln`us.

Nquodohroui elm Inteh`dosi

Xnebto`ls ol e bd`snm systni nvnltueddy rnebk nquodohroui elm tknl m` l` w`rcBndds ern l`t et nquodohroui3 tkny ern `pnl systnis nxpnronlbolf e b`lstelt gd`w `g ietnroeds

Inteh`dosi os lnvnr et nquodohroui

Beteh`dob petkwey ol e bndd rndnesns grnn nlnrfy ol e snrons `g rnebto`ls

E bndd m`ns tkrnn ieol colms `g w`rc

Bkniobed

]relsp`rt

Inbkelobed

]` m` w`rcs, bndds ielefn nlnrfy rns`urbns hy nlnrfy b`updolf

]kn usn `g el nxnrf`lob pr`bnss t` mrovn el nlmnrf`lob pr`bnss

I`st nlnrfy b`updolf ol bndds os inmoetnm hy E]Q

E]Q (emnl`soln tropk`spketn):bndds nlnrfy skuttdn

Os b`ip`snm `g roh`sn (sufer), emnloln (lotr`fnl`us hesn) elm tkrnn pk`spketn fr`ups.

H`lms hntwnnl tkn pk`spketn fr`ups `g E]Qs teod bel hn hr`cnl hy kymr`dysos

Nlnrfy os rndnesnm gr`i E]Q wknl tkn tnrioled pk`spketn h`lm os hr`cnl

E]Q mrovns nlmnrf`lob rnebto`ls hy pk`spk`rydeto`l

Qk`spk`rydeto`l: trelsgnrrolf e pk`spketn fr`up t` s`in `tknr i`dnbudns subk es e rnebtelt

E]Q os e rnlnwehdn rns`urbn tket os rnfnlnretnm hy emmoto`l `g e pk`spketn fr`up t` emnl`soln

mopk`spketn (EMQ)

]kn nlnrfy t` pk`spk`rydetn EMQ b`ins gr`i beteh`dob rnebto`ls ol e bndd

]kn bkniobed p`tnltoed nlnrfy tnip`rerody st`rnm ol E]Q mrovns i`st bndduder w`rcT

Nlzyins:

Nlzyin: e betedytob pr`tnol tket spnnms up e rnebto`l wotk`ut hnolf b`lsuinm hy tkn rnebto`l

Ebtoveto`l Nlnrfy herronr: Grnn nlnrfy `g ebtoveto`l

olotoed nlnrfy lnnmnm t` stert e bkniobed rnebto`l.

Nlzyins betedyzn rnebto`ls hy d`wnrolf tkn nlnrfy ebtoveto`l herronr

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]kny m` l`t eggnbt tkn bkelfn ol grnn nlnrfy hut kestnl rnebto`ls tket w`udm `bbur nvnltueddy

Nlzyins ebtovn bel hn eggnbtnm hy fnlnred nlvor`linlted gebt`rs (tnipnreturn elm pK) elm

bkniobeds tket spnbogobeddy olgdunlbn tkn nlzyin.

Nebk nlzyin kes el `ptoied tnipnreturn elm pK ol wkobk ot bel gulbto`l

B`gebt`rs: l`lpr`tnol nlzyin kndpnrs (`rfelob `r ol`rfelob)El `rfelob gebt`r os beddnm el b`nlzyin (olbdumns voteiols)

Ruhstretn spnbogoboty `g Nlzyins

Ruhstretn: rnebtelt tket el nlzyin ebts `l

Nlzyin suhstretn b`ipdnx: nlzyin h`ulm t` ots suhstretn

Ebtovn sotn: rnfo`l `l tkn nlzyin wknrn tkn suhstretn holms

Olmubnm got `g e suhstretn: hrolfs bkniobed fr`ups `g tkn ebtovn sotn olt` p`soto`ls tket nlkelbn

knor ehodoty t` betedyzn tkn rnebto`l.

Betedysos ol tkn Nlzyins ebtovn sotn : suhstretn holms t` tkn ebtovn sotn `g tkn nlzyin

Ruhstretns nltnr ebtovn sotn3 nlzyin bkelfns skepn subk tket ots ebtovn sotn b`lg`ris t` tkn

suhstretn (olmubnm got)

Ruhstretns ern kndm ol ebtovn sotn hy wnec oltnrebto`ls: kymr`fnl elm o`lob h`lms

Ebtovn sotn bel d`wnr nlnrfy ebtoveto`l herronr elm spnnm up rnebto`l

Ruhstretns ern b`lvnrtnm t` pr`mubts

Qr`mubts ern rndnesnm

Ebtovn sotn os eveodehdn g`r e lnw suhstretn i`dnbudn

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Bndds

Qr`cery`tob elm Nucery`tob Bndds:

Qr`cery`tns: g`ulm ol m`ieol hebtnroe elm m`ieol EbkeneRtrubturn

^lobndduder

Moeintnr ol tkn relfn `g 5-> ui

Rkepns: spknrn (b`bbo), r`ms (heboddo) elm sporeds.

Oltnrled strubturn: l` oltnrled b`ipertinlts

L` inihreln h`ulm `rfelnddns: roh`s`in prnsnlt, borbuder, lecnm MLE

Bndd wedd-ieolteols bndd skepn, pr`vomns pkysobed pr`tnbto`l elm prnvnlts tkn bndd gr`i hurstolf

ol kyp`t`lob nlvor`linlts.

I`st hebtnroed bndd wedds b`lteol pnptom`fdybel-e lntw`rc `g i`mogonm-sufer p`dyinrs br`ss

dolcnm hy sk`rt p`dypnptomns

Nlehdns pr`cery`tns t` stobc t` tknor suhstretn

Eds` skondm petk`fnlob pr`cery`tns gr`i ettebcs hy tknor k`sts oiiuln systni.

Goihroen - keor-docn eppnlmefns edd`w s`in pr`cery`tns t` stobc t` tknor suhstretn. Goihroen ern

i`rn luinr`us elm sk`rtnr tkel podo.

Frei steol os usnm t` bdessogy hebtnroed spnbons olt` tw` fr`ups

Frei p`sotovn: soipdnr wedds wotk e derfn ei`ult `g pnptom`fdybel

Frei lnfetovn: dnss pnptom`fdybel, i`rn b`ipdnx strubturn, wotk el `utnr inihreln b`lteololf

dop`p`dysebbkeromns (berh`l mo`xomn h`lmnm wotk dopoms) i`rn rnsostelt.

Hebtnroe- `gtnl t`xob tkus brnetolf e mngnlsn efeol tkn h`my

I`hodoty- s`in bel trevnd et spnnms nxbnnmolf >1x tknor h`my dnlftk

Gdefndde- iey hn sbettnrnm `vnr tkn nltorn bndd surgebn `r b`lbnltretnm et `ln `r h`tk nlms `g tkn

bndd.

]exos- i`vninlt t`werms `r ewey gr`i e stoiudus

Bkni`texos- rnsp`lm t` bkniobeds hy bkelfolf tknor i`vninlt pettnrl

Q`sotovn bkni`texos: i`volf t`werms lutronlts

Lnfetovn bkni`texos: i`volf ewey gr`i e t`xob suhstelbn

Oltnrled elm Fnl`iob @rfelozeto`l

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Qr`cery`tob bndds debc tkn b`ipdnx b`ipertinltedozeto`l

R`in pr`cery`tob bndds m` kevn spnboedoznm inihrelns tket pnrg`ri inteh`dob gulbto`ls

Qr`cery`tob bkr`i`s`in os d`betnm ol lubdn`om rnfo`l.

]ypobed bndd kes iubk siedd rolfs `g MLE beddnm pdesioms pr`vomns rnsostelbn t` eltoho`tobs

elm mornbt tkn inteh`dosi `g lutronlts. Qdesioms rnpdobetn olmnpnlmnltdyInteh`dosi:

Qk`t`eut`tr`pks: pk`t`syltkntob hebtnroe

Bkni`eut`tr`pks: `xomozn ol`rfelob b`ip`ulms docn lotr`fnl, sudgur, kymr`fnl

Kntnr`tr`pks: dovn `l pdelt elm eloied iettnr. (Mnb`ip`snrs elm petk`fnls)

Nucery`tob bndds: er`sn gr`i syiho`sns elm fnlntob nxbkelfns hntwnnl pr`cery`tns

@dmnst g`ssod: str`iet`dotns, b`ip`snm `g iely deynrs `g hebtnroe elm snmoinlt.

Gorst nucery`tns wnrn eut`tr`pks elm kntnr`tr`pks

Nlm`syiho`tob @rofol `g iot`bk`lmroe elm pdesioms: Nucery`tns kevn e byt`scndnt`l elm bel

bkelfn skepn, nlehdolf tkni t` surr`ulm elm nlfudg `tknr bndds. Nucery`tns iey kevn nv`dvnm es

prnmetns `g `tknr bndds. Iot`bk`lmroe elm pdesioms docndy nv`dvnm gr`i pr`cery`tns tket wnrn

olfnstnm hy elm dovnm syiho`tobeddy olsomn derfn bndds

Nucery`tob Bndds es Fnlntob Bkoinres:

Emmoto`led nlm`syiho`sos elm k`roz`lted fnln trelsgnrs iey kevn b`ltrohutnm t` tkn b`ipdnx

strubturns `g nucery`tob bndds. Iot`bk`lmroe mnrovnm gr`i `ln typn `g hebtnroe elm ots pdesioms

gr`i el`tknr. Fnl`in os e pr`mubt `g fnlntob ellnedolf!k`roz`lted fnln trelsgnr hntwnnl

hebtnroe elm Ebkenel dolnefns.

Inihrelns Rtrubturn elm Gulbto`l:

E bndd iust nxbkelfn siedd i`dnbudns elm o`ls wotk os surr`ulmolfs, e pr`bnss b`ltr`ddnm hy tkn

pdesie inihreln

Rndnbtovn pnrinehodoty: edd`ws s`in suhstretn t` pnlntretn tkr`ufk tkn inihreln i`rn nesody

Dopoms elm pr`tnols ern stepdn olfrnmonlts `g inihrelns. I`st inihrelns ern pk`spk`dopoms

Qk`spk`dopoms: eipkopetkob i`dnbudns wotk e kymr`pkodob elm kymr`pk`hob rnfo`l3 tkos g`ris tkn

ieol gehrob `g tkn inihreln

Kymr`pk`hob suhstelbns ern s`duhdn ol dopom elm pess tkr`ufk inihrelns repomdy

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Gduom i`seob i`dnbudn: inihreln os e gduom strubturn wotk e i`seob `g moggnrnlt pr`tnols

nihnmmnm ol `r ettebknm t` e hodeynr `g pk`spk`dopoms.

]kn Gduomoty `g Inihrelns]kn inihreln rnieols gduom t` e d`wnr tnipnreturn og ot robk ol pk`spk`dopoms wotk ulseturetnm

kymr`berh`l teods.

Inihrelns iust hn gduom t` w`rc pr`pnrdy3 wknl e gduom s`domogons, ots pnrinehodoty bkelfns elm

nlzyietob pr`tnols iey hnb`in olebtovn

Qr`tnols:mntnrioln i`st `g tkn inihrelns spnbogob gulbto`ls

Oltnfred pr`tnols: pnlntretn tkn kymr`pk`hob b`rn `g tkn dopom hodeynr. I`st ern trels inihreln

pr`tnols

B`lsost `g `ln `r i`rn strntbkns `g l`lp`der eiol` eboms (ol edpke kndobns)

Kymr`pkodob perts `g tkn i`dnbudn ern nxp`snm t` tkn equn`us s`duto`l `l notknr somn `g tkn

inihreln

Qnropknred pr`tnols: l`t nihnmmnm ol tkn dopom hodeynr3 eppnlmefns d``sndy h`ulm t` tkn surgebn

`g tkn inihreln (nxp`snm t` oltnfred pr`tnols)

Gulbto`ls:

]relsp`rt: pr`tnol spels tkn inihreln iey pr`vomn e kymr`pkodob bkellnd ebr`ss tkn inihreln3

tkos os sndnbtovn t` pertobuder s`dutns.

@tknr trelsp`rt pr`tnols skuttdn e suhstelbn ebr`ss hy bkelfolf skepn. Nx E]Q.

Nlzyietob ebtovoty: pr`tnol huodt olt` tkn inihreln iey hn el nlzyin wotk ots ebtovn sotn

nxp`snm t` suhstelbns ol emjebnlt s`duto`l.

Rofled ]relsmubto`l: inihreln pr`tnol iey kevn e holmolf sotn wotk e spnbogob skepn tket gors

tkn skepn `g e bkniobed inssnlfnr.

Nxtnrled inssnlfnr iey beusn e b`lg`rieto`led bkelfn ol tkn pr`tnol

Bndd-bndd rnb`floto`l: s`in fdyb`pr`tnols snrvn es omnltogobeto`l tefs tket ern spnbogobeddy

rnb`floznm hy `tknr bndds

Oltnrbndduder j`ololf: inihreln pr`tnols `g emjebnlt bndds k``c t`fntknr ol vero`us julbto`ls

Ettebkinlt t` tkn byt`scndnt`l elm nxtrebndduder ietrox (NBI): iobr`godeinlts `r `tknr

ndninlts `g byt`scndnt`l iey hn h`lmnm t` inihreln pr`tnols, e gulbto`l tket kndps ieolteol

bndd skepn elm stehodozns tkn d`beto`l `g bnrteol inihreln pr`tnols.

Bndd-Bndd Xnb`floto`l:bndds ehodoty t` mostolfuosk `ln typn `g bndd t` el`tknr hy holmolf t`

surgebn i`dnbudns, `gtnl berh`kymretns `l tkn pdesie inihreln.

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Inihreln berh`kymretns: sk`rt, hrelbknm bkeols (gnwnr tket 5> sufer ulots)

Fdyb`dopoms: berh`kymretns b`vednltdy h`lmnm t` dopoms

Fdyb`pr`tnols: berh`kymretns b`vednltdy h`lmnm t` pr`tnols.

Ryltknsos elm Romnmlnss `g Inihrelns:

Inihreln pr`tnols elm dopoms syltknsozn ol tkn NX elm i`mogonm ol tkn NX elm F`dfo epperetus.

]kn olsomn elm `utsomn gebns `g tkn inihreln moggnr ol b`ip`soto`l

5) Ryltknsos `g inihreln pr`tnols elm dopoms ol tkn NX. Berh`kymretns ern emmnm t` tkn pr`tnols

iecolf tkni fdyb`pr`tnols.

8) Olsomn tkn F`dfo, tkn fdyb`pr`tnols ulmnrf` gurtknr berh`kymretn i`mogobeto`l elm dopoms

ebquorn berh`kymretns, hnb`iolf fdyb`dopoms.

2) ]rels inihreln pr`tnols, inihreln fdyb`dopoms elm snbrnt`ry pr`tnols ern trelsp`rtnm ol

vnsobdns t` tkn pdesie inihreln

=) Wnsobdns gusn wotk tkn inihreln, rndnesolf snbrnt`ry pr`tnols gr`i tkn bndd.

]relsp`rt pr`tnols

Q`der i`dnbudns elm o`ls fnlnreddy rnquorn spnbogob trelsp`rt pr`tnols t` kndp tkni br`ss.

Bkellnd pr`tnols: gulbto`l hy kevolf e kymr`pkodob bkellnd tket bnrteol i`dnbudns `r et`iob o`ls

usn es e tullnd tkr`ufk tkn inihreln. Nx. Equep`rols- pessefn `g wetnr i`dnbudns

Berronr pr`tnols: k`dm `lt` tknor pessnlfnrs elm bkelfn skepn ol e wey tket skuttdns tkni ebr`ss

tkn inihreln.

Qessovn trelsp`rt:mogguso`l `g e suhstelbn ebr`ss e inihreln wotk l` nlnrfy olvnstinlt

Mogguso`l os tkn sp`lteln`us i`vninlt g e suhstelbn m`wl ots b`lbnltreto`l fremonlt ultod ot

os nvnldy sprnem.

Qessovn trelsp`rt- tkn mogguso`l `g e suhstelbn ebr`ss e ho`d`fobed inihreln.

Gebodotetnm mogguso`l: e trelsp`rt pr`tnol spnnms tkn i`vninlt `g wetnr `r e s`dutn ebr`ss e

inihreln m`wl ots b`lbnltreto`l fremonlt

O`l bkellnds, iely wkobk gulbto`l es fetnm bkellnds3 e stoiudus beusns tkni t` `pnl `r bd`sn.

Rtoiudus iey hn ndnbtrobed `g bkniobed

@si`sos: tkn mogguso`l `g wetnr ebr`ss e snio pnrinehdn inihreln

Vetnr gd`ws ebr`ss e inihreln gr`i tkn somn wknrn s`dutn os dnss b`lbnltretnm (kyp`t`lob) t`

tkn somn wknrn s`dutn os i`rn b`lbnltretnm. (Kypnrt`lob) og nqued (os`t`lob) l` lnt `si`sos

`bburs.

Bndds survoved mnpnlms `l hedelbolf wetnr uptecn elm d`ss.

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]`loboty: tkn ehodoty `g e s`duto`l t` beusn e bndd t` feol `r d`sn wetnr.

Os`t`lob: l` lnt i`vninlt `g wetnr ebr`ss tkn pdesie inihreln. Vetnr gd`ws ebr`ss tkn

inihreln, hut et tkn sein retn ol h`tk mornbto`ls.

Kypnrt`lob: bndd d`sns wetnr t` ots nlvor`linlt, skrovnds elm iey monKyp`t`lob: wetnr nltnrs tkn bndd gestnr tkel ot dnevns3 tkn bndd swndds elm hursts.

@si`rnfudeto`l: tkn b`ltr`d `g wetnr hedelbn

]urfom: vnry gori. E knedtky stetn g`r i`st pdelt bndds.

Gdebbom: doip. Os e pdelt bndds elm tknor surr`ulmolfs ern os`t`lob tknrn os l` lnt tnlmnlby g`r

wetnr t` nltnr.

Qdesi`dysos: beusns tkn pdelt t` wodt elm bel hn dntked

Ebtovn ]relsp`rt usns nlnrfy t` i`vn s`dutn efeolst fremonlts

]relsp`rt pr`tnols: i`vn s`dutns efeolst e b`lbnltreto`l fremonlt ern berronr pr`tnols.

Nlehdns e bndd t` ieolteol oltnrled b`lbnltreto`ls `g siedd i`dnbudns tket moggnr gr`i

b`lbnltreto`ls ol ots nlvor`linlt.

E]Q suppdons nlnrfy g`r ebtovn trelsp`rt- hy trelsgnrrolf ots tnrioled pk`spketn fr`up mornbtdy t`

tkn trelsp`rt pr`tnol. (Qk`spk`rydeto`l)

R`moui p`tessoui puip- nxbkelfns s`moui g`r p`tessoui ebr`ss tkn pdesie inihreln `g

eloied bndds.

Byt`pdesi `g e bndd os lnfetovn ol bkerfn

Ndnbtr`bkniobed fremonlt: ]w` g`rbns mrovn tkn mogguso`l `g o`ls ebr`ss e inihreln. ]kos

mntnriolns tkn lnt mornbto`l `g o`lob mogguso`l.

E bkniobed g`rbn (tkn o`ls b`lbnltreto`l fremonlt)

Ndnbtrobed g`rbn (tkn nggnbt `g tkn inihreln p`tnltoed `l tkn o`ls i`vninlt)

O`l m`ns l`t moggusn m`wl ots b`lbnltreto`l fremonlt hut moggusns m`wl ots ndnbtr`bkniobed

fremonlt.

Ndnbtr`fnlob puip: trelsp`rt pr`tnol tket fnlnretns v`dtefn ebr`ss e inihreln

Qr`t`l puip: ieol ndnbtr`fnlob puip `g pdelts, gulfo elm hebtnroe!ebtovndy trelsp`rts

kymr`fnl o`ls (pr`t`ls) `ut `g tkn bndd

B`trelsp`rt: B`updnm ]relsp`rt hy e inihreln pr`tnol.

B`trelsp`rt: e solfdn E]Q p`wnrnm puip tket trelsp`rts e spnbogob s`dutn bel olmornbtdy mrovn tkn

ebtovn trelsp`rt `g snvnred `tknr s`dutns ol e inbkelosi.

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@lns s`dutns m`wlkodd mogguso`l mrovns `tknrs upkodd mogguso`l.

Hudc ]relsp`rt ebr`ss tkn pdesie inihreln

Vetnr elm siedd s`dutns nltnr elm dnevn tkn bndd hy pessolf tkr`ufk tkn dopom hodeynr `g tkn

pdesie inihreln `r hy hnolf puipnm `r berronm ebr`ss tkn inihreln hy trelsp`rt pr`tnols.

Nx`byt`sos: trelsp`rt vnsobdns iofretn t` tkn pdesie inihreln, gusn wotk ot elm rndnesn tknor

b`ltnlts.

Nlm`byt`sos: i`dnbudns nltnr bndds wotkol vnsobdns tket polbk olwerms gr`i tkn pdesie

inihreln.

Qkef`byt`sos: e bndd nlfudgs e pertobdn hy wreppolf psnum`p`moe er`ulm ot elm pebcefolf ot

wotkol e inihreln-nlbd`snm seb. ]kn pertobdn os mofnstnm egtnr tkn vebu`dn gusns wotk e dys`s`in

b`lteololf kymr`dytob nlzyins.

Qol`byt`sos: tkn bndd fudps mr`pdnts `g nxtrebndduder gduom olt` toly vnsobdns.

Xnbnpt`r-inmoetnm nlm`byt`sos: nlehdns tkn bndd t` ebquorn hudc queltotons `g spnbogob suhstelbns.

Nihnmmnm ol tkn inihreln ern pr`tnols wotk spnbogob rnbnpt`r sotns nxp`snm t` tkn nxtrebndduder

gduom3 rnbnpt`r pr`tnols ern usueddy bdustnrnm ol rnfo`ls `g tkn inihreln beddnm b`etnm pots.

Nxtrebndduder suhstelbns holm t` tknsn rnbnpt`rs3 wknl tkos `bburs, tkn b`etnm pot g`ris e vnsobdn

b`lteololf tkn dofelm i`dnbudns.

Ruhbndduder @rfelozeto`l

Nucery`tob bndds kevn oltnrled inihrelns tket b`ipertinltedozn tknor gulbto`ls

H`ulm hy e pdesie inihreln

Byt`s`d: sniogduom suhstelbn ol wkobk `rfelnddns ern g`ulm.

Bkr`i`s`ins: berryolf fnlns ol tkn g`ri `g MLE.

Xoh`s`ins: toly `rfelnddns tket iecn pr`tnols

Lubdnus: bkr`i`s`ins `g bndd ern d`betnm ol tkos inihreln nlbd`snm `rfelnddn

Qr`cery`tob Bndd

MLE os b`lbnltretnm ol tkn lubdn`om!kes e trun lubdnus

Byt`pdesi: rnfo`l hntwnnl tkn lubdnus elm tkn pdesie inihreln

L` lubdnus

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Qdesie Inihreln: gulbto`ls es e sndnbtovn herronr tket edd`ws suggobonlt pessefn `g `xyfnl

]kn Nlm`inihreln systni rnfudetns pr`tnol treggob elm pnrg`ris inteh`dob gulbto`ls ol

tkn bndd

Nlm`inihreln systni: berrons `ut e veronty `g tescs ol tkn bndd: olbdumn tkn

Ryltknsos `g pr`tnols

tknor trelsp`rt olt` inihrelns elm `rfelnddns `r `ut `g tkn bndd

inteh`dosi elm i`vninlt `g dopoms

mnt`xogobeto`l `g p`os`ls.

Xndetnm tkr`ufk mornbt pkysobed b`ltoluoty `r hy trelsgnr `g inihreln snfinlt es toly vnsobdns

Nlm`pdesiob Xntobudui (NX) os el nxtnlsovn lntw`rc `g inihrel`us tuhudns elm sebs beddnm

bostnrlen. Rnperetns tkn oltnrled b`ipertinlt `g tkn NX gr`i tkn byt`s`d.

Ri``tk NX: `utnr surgebn debcs roh`s`ins

Ryltknsos `g dopoms, inteh`dosi `g berh`kymretns, elm mnt`xogobeto`l `g mrufs elm p`os`ls.

snx k`ri`lns `g vnrtnhretns elm stnr`om k`ri`lns snbrnetnm hy tkn emrnled fdelms.

Mnt`xogobeto`l: emmolf kymr`xyd fr`ups t` mrufs, iecolf tkni i`rn s`duhdn elm nesonr t` gdusk

gr`i tkn h`my.

Rt`rns bedboui o`ls

X`ufk NX: roh`s`ins tket stum tkn `utnr surgebn `g tkn inihreln elm tknrng`rn eppners r`ufk

tkr`ufk e iobr`sb`pn.

Rnbrntn pr`tnols pr`mubnm hy roh`s`ins ettebknm

Fdyb`pr`tnols: kevn berh`kymretns b`vednltdy h`lmnm t` tkni.

]relsp`rt vnsobdns: vnsobdns ol trelsot gr`i `ln pert `g tkn bndd t` el`tknr.

Fr`ws ol pdebn hy emmolf inihreln pr`tnols elm pk`spk`dopoms t` ots `wl inihrelns.

F`dfo Epperetus: Rkoppolf elm Xnbnovolf Bnltnr

Qr`mubts `g tkn NX ern i`mogonm elm st`rnm elm tknl snlt t` `tknr mnstoleto`ls.

B`lsosts `g gdettnlnm inihrel`us sebs (bostnrle)3 bndd iey kevn iely `g tknsn.

Mostolbt p`deroty: inihrelns `g bostnrlen `l `pp`sotn somns `g tkn stebc moggnrolf ol tkobclnss elm

i`dnbuder b`ip`soto`l.

Bosgebn os d`betnm lner tkn NX

]rels gebn fovns rosn t` vnsobdns, wkobk trevnd t` `tknr sotns.

F`dfo epperetus ielugebturn iebr`i`dnbudns hy otsndg: iely p`dysebbkeromns snbrntnm hy bndds,

olbdumolf pnbtols, bnrteol `tknr l`l bnddud`sn p`dysebbkeromns.

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Dys`s`ins:Mofnstovn B`ipertinlts:

Inihrel`us seb `g kymr`dytob nlzyins tket eloied bndds usn t` mofnst iebr`i`dnbudns

V`rc hnst ol ebomob nlvor`linlts

Byt`s`d kes e lnutred pKQr`tnols `g ollnr surgebn kevn 2m b`lg`rieto`ls tket pr`tnbt vudlnrehdn h`lms gr`i nlzyietob

ettebc.

Qkef`byt`sos: net hy nlfudgolf sieddnr `rfelosis `r `tknr g``m pertobdns.

G``m vebu`dn g`ris gr`i tkos: tknl gusnm wotk e dys`s`in, wk`sn nlzyins mofnst g``m.

Eut`pkefy: ^sn tknor kymr`dytob nlzyins t` rnbybdn tkn bndds `wl `rfelob ietnroed

Riedd ei`ult `g byt`s`d os surr`ulmnm hy inihreln elm dys`s`in gusns wotk tkos vnsobdn

Webu`dns:berry `ut kymr`dysos

G``m vebu`dns: g`rinm hy pkef`byt`sos

B`ltrebtodn vebu`dns: puip nxbnss wetnr `ut `g tkn bndd

Ieolteols tkn b`lbnltreto`l `g sedts elm `tknr i`dnbudns

Bnltred vebu`dn: k`dm rnsnrvns `g oip`rtelt `rfelob b`ip`ulms

Nlbd`snm hy e inihreln beddnm t`l`pdest: sndnbtovn ol trelsp`rtolf s`dutns

X`dn ol pdelts:

s`in vebu`dns b`lteol pofinlts tket b`d`r tkn bndds (nx: pnteds `g e gd`wnr)

kndp pr`tnbt tkn pdelt gr`i prnmet`rs: b`lteololf p`os`l`us b`ip`ulms

fr`wtk `g pdelt bndds: vebu`dns ehs`rh wetnr

Iot`bk`lmroe elm bkd`r`pdests bkelfn nlnrfy gr`i `ln g`ri t` el`tknr

Iot`bk`lmroe: g`ulm ol lnerdy edd nucery`tob bndds.

Nlbd`snm hy tw` inihrelns: nebk e pk`spk`dopom hodeynr. @utnr inihreln os si``tk hut ollnr

inihreln os b`lv`dutnm wotk olg`dmolfs beddnm brosten.

sotns `g bndduder rnsporeto`l, tkn inteh`dob pr`bnssns tket fnlnretns E]Q hy nxtrebtolf nlnrfy

gr`i sufers, gets, elm `tknr gunds wotk tkn kndp `g `xyfnl.

]w` inihrelns

Ollnr inihreln: lerr`w rnfo`l hntwnnl ollnr elm `utnr inihrelns

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Iot`bk`lmroed ietrox: b`lteols nlzyins es wndd es MLE elm roh`s`ins.

Bkd`r`pdests:(g`ulm `ldy ol pdelts) sotn `g pk`t`syltknsos. B`lvnrt s`der nlnrfy t` bkniobed

nlnrfy hy ehs`rholf suldofkt elm usolf ot t` mrovn syltknsos `g `rfelob b`ip`ulms subk es sufers

gr`i berh`l mo`xomn elm wetnr.B`lteol tkn frnnl pofinlt bkd`r`pkydd

]kydec`oms:oltnrb`llnbtnm sebs: nebk stebc os beddnm e frelui

Rtr`ie: gduom `utsomn tkn tkydec`oms!b`lteols bkd`r`pdests

Qnr`xos`in:oip`rts pr`tnols proierody g`ri tkn byt`s`d. B`lteols nlxyins tket trelsgnr

kymr`fnl gr`i vero`us suhstretns t` `xyfnl, pr`mubolf kymr`fnl pnr`xomn.

Fdy`xys`ins- g`ulm ol get st`rolf tossuns `g pdelt snnms!olotoeto`l `g b`lvnrtolf getty eboms

sufer

Byt`scndnt`l: e lntw`rc `g gohnrs tket nxtnlm tkr`ufk`ut tkn byt`pdesi.

Qdeys e iej`r r`dn ol `rfelozolf tkn strubturns elm ebtovotons `g tkn bndd

B`ip`snm `g tkrnn typns `g i`dnbuder strubturns

Iobr`tuhudns

Iobr`godeinlts

Oltnrinmoetn godeinlts

Fovns inbkelobed skupp`rt t` tkn bndd elm ieolteol skepn

Rtehodoznm hy e hedelbn hntwnnl `pp`solf g`rbns nxtnlmnm hy ots ndninlts.

Bndd i`todoty: oltnrebto`l wotk i`t`r pr`tnols

Iobr`tuhudns: tkobcnst `g tkn tkrnn typns

K`dd`w r`ms: b`lstrubtnm gr`i e pr`tnol (tuhudol)

Fr`ws ol dnlftk hy emmolf tuhudol moiinrs t` ots nlms

Rkepn elm supp`rt tkn bndd

Bnltr`s`ins: iobr`tuhudns fr`w `ut gr`i bnltr`s`in

Bnltro`dns: nebk b`ip`snm `g loln snts `g tropdnt iobr`tuhudns errelfnm ol e rolf. Hng`rn tkn bndd

movomns tkn bnltro`dns rnpdobetn.

Bodoe elm Gdefndde: d`b`i`t`r eppnlmefns

Bodoe: edtnrletolf p`wnr elm rnb`vnry str`cns fnlnretolf g`rbn ol e mornbto`l pnrpnlmobuer t` tkn

bodouis exos

Gdefndde: ulmuedetolf i`to`l tket fnlnretns g`rbn ol tkn sein mornbto`l es tkn gdefndduis exos.

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Hesed h`my: elbk`rnm ol tkn bndd hy tkos

Mylnol:i`t`r pr`tnol nxtnlmolf gr`i `ln iobr`tuhudn m`uhdnt t` tkn lnxt os e derfn pr`tnol os e

mylnol.--< ern rnsp`lsohdn g`r tkn hnlmolf i`vninlts.

Iobr`godeinlts: ern tkn tkollnst Ebtol- fd`huder pr`tnol: iobr`godeinlt os e twostnm m`uhdn bkeol`g ebtol.

Ehodoty t` g`ri e 2m skepn wkobk fovns rosn t` e b`rtnx `g e bndd

Bndd i`todoty!pert `g tkn b`ltrebtodn epperetus `g iusbdn bndds.

Iy`sol- ebts es e i`t`r pr`tnol hy inels `g pr`jnbto`ls tket wedc ed`lf ebtol godeinlts.

B`ltrebto`l `g tkn iusbdn bndd rnsudts gr`i tkn ebtolf elm iy`sol godeinlts sdomolf pest `ln

el`tknr ol tkos wey, sk`rtnlolf tkn bndd.

Qsnum`p`moe nxtnlm elm b`ltrebt tkr`ufk tkn rnvnrsohdn essnihdy `g ebtol suhulots olt`

iobr`godeinlts. (nxtnlms ultod ebtol rnessnihdns olt` e lntw`rc.)

Byt`pdesiob strneiolf: borbuder gd`w `g byt`pdesi wotkol bndds

Oltnrinmoetn godeinlts: ern gohnrs wotk moeintnrs ol iommdn relfn

Rpnboedoznm g`r hnerolf tnlso`l. Qnrielnlt goxturns `g bndds.

Oip`rtelt ol rnolg`rbolf tkn skepn `g tkn bndd elm goxolf tkn p`soto`l `g bnrteol `rfelnddns.

Oltnrinmoetn godeinlts iecn up tkn lubdner deiole tket dolns tkn oltnro`r `g tkn lubdner nlvnd`pn.

Bndd Vedds `g Qdelts- nxtrebndduder strubturn `g pdelt bndds.

Vedd pr`tnbts tkn pdelt bndd, ieolteols ots skepn elm prnvnlts nxbnssovn uptecn `g wetnr.

K`dm up tkn pdelt efeolst tkn g`rbn `g frevoty

Iubk tkobcnr tkel tkn pdesie inihreln

Iobr`gohrods iemn `g tkn p`dysebbkeromn bnddud`sn elm nihnmmnm ol e ietrox `g `tknr

p`dysebbkeromns elm pr`tnol.

Qroiery bndd wedd- y`ulf pdelt bndd pr`mubns tkos. Xndetovndy tkol elm gdnxohdn.

Iommdn deindde: tkol deynr robk ol pnbtols hntwnnl proiery wedds `g emjebnlt bndds. Vknl tkn bndd

ieturns, ot strnlftknls ots wedd. Rnbrntolf kermnlolf suhstelbns

Rnb`lmery bndd wedd: str`lf elm murehdn ietrob tket egg`rms tkn bndd pr`tnbto`l elm supp`rt

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Nxtrebndduder Ietrox

Fdyb`pr`tnols snbrntnm hy tkn bndds3 Xnfudetn e bndds hnkevo`rB`ddefnl: g`ris str`lf gohnrs `utsomn tkn bndds (kedg `g tkn t`ted pr`tnol ol tkn kuiel h`my)

Nihnmmnm ol e lntw`rc gr`i pr`tnfdybels

Qr`tnfdybels b`lsost `g e siedd b`rn pr`tnol wotk berh`kymretns b`vednltdy ettebknm

Gohr`lnbtol: holm t` bndd surgebn rnbnpt`r pr`tnols beddnm oltnfrols

oltnfrols trelsiot bkelfns hntwnnl tkn NBI elm tkn byt`scndnt`l.

Oltnrbndduder Julbto`ls:

Qdelts: pdesi`mnsiete: byt`s`d pessns tkr`ufk elm b`llnbts tkn bkniobed nlvor`linlts `g

emjebnlt bndds.

^logy i`st `g tkn pdelt olt` `ln dovolf b`ltoluui.

Eloieds:tkrnn typns `g oltnrbndduder julbto`ls

]ofkt julbto`ls

Inihrelns `g lnofkh`rolf bndds ern tofktdy prnssnm efeolst nebk `tknr, tofkt julbto`ls prnvnlt

dnecefn `g nxtrebndduder gduom ebr`ss e deynr `g npotkndoed bndds

Mnsi`s`ins

Gestnlolf bndds t`fntknr olt` str`lf sknnts.

Oltnrinmoetn godeinlts iemn `g sturmy cnretol pr`tnols elbk`r mnsi`s`ins ol tkn byt`pdesi

Fep julbto`ls

Qr`vomn byt`pdesios bkellnds gr`i `ln bndd t` el emjebnlt bndd.

B`lsost `g spnboed inihrelns pr`tnols tket surrr`lm e p`rn tkr`ufk wkobk o`ls, sufers, eiol`

eboms, elm `tknr siedd i`dnbudn iey pess.

Lnbnssery g`r b`iiulobeto`l hntwnnl bndds ol iely typns `g tossuns olbdumolf knert iusbdns.

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Bndd Bybdn elm ots rnfudeto`l^lobndduder `rfelosis rnpr`mubn hy bndd movoso`l. Iudtobndduder `rfelosis mnpnlm `l ot g`r

mnvnd`pinlt gr`i e gnrtodoznm nff, fr`wtk, elm rnpeor.

Bndd bybdn-tkn dogn `g e bndd gr`i tkn toin ot os gorst g`rinm gr`i e movomolf pernlt bndd ultod ots

`wl movoso`l olt` tw` bndds.

^lobndduder @rfelosis

Holery Gosso`l: Hebtnroed bkr`i`s`in rnpdobetns elm tkn tw` meufktnr bkr`i`s`ins ebtovndy

i`vn epert.

@rofol `g rnpdobeto`l: rnpdobetn et e spnbogob pdebn `l tkn bkr`i`s`in

Nv`duto`l `g Iot`sos:

Ot os docndy tket iot`sos nv`dvnm gr`i pr`cery`tob bndd movoso`l. Bnrteol pr`tosts nxkohot typns `g

bndd movoso`l tket snni oltnrinmoetn hntwnnl hebtnroed holery gosso`l elm tkn pr`bnss `g iot`sos

berronm `ut hy i`st nucery`tob bndds.

Qr`cery`tns!mol`gdefnddetns!moet`is!i`st nucery`tns

Iudtobndduder `rfelosis mnpnlm `l bndd movoso`l g`r:

Mnvnd`pinlt gr`i e gnrtodoznm nff

Fr`wtk

Xnpeor

Bndd movoso`l rnsudts ol fnlntobeddy omnltobed meufktnr bndds

Iot`sos: e movomolf bndd mupdobetns ots MLE, edd`betns tw` b`pons t` `pp`sotn nlms elm spdots olt`

tw` meufktnr bndds

Bndduder @rfelozeto`l:

Fnl`in: bndds fnlntob olg`rieto`l3 bndds nlm`winlt `g MLE

Bkr`i`s`ins: MLE i`dnbudns ol e bndd ern pebcefnm olt` tknsn

R`ietob bndds: edd h`my bndds nxbnpt tkn rnpr`mubtovn bndds.

Kevn tw` snts `g bkr`i`s`ins ( 8l 9 8 x 82 9 =7)

@ln olknrotnm gr`i nebk pernlt

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Feintns: rnpr`mubtovn bndds (spnri elm nff.)

Kevn `ln snt `g bkr`i`s`in ol kuiels (l 9 82)

Rtrubturn `g e bkr`i`s`in:

Nebk bkr`i`s`in os ol tkn g`ri `g e d`lf, tkol bkr`ietol gohnr. Egtnr MLE mupdobeto`l, tknbkr`i`s`ins b`lmnlsn.

Nebk mupdobetnm bkr`i`s`in os iemn `g tw` sostnr bkr`ietoms

Rostnr bkr`ietom: nebk b`lteols el omnltobed MLE i`dnbudn

B`llnbtnm hy tkn bnltr`inrn

Bkr`ietoms snperetn hnb`iolf tkn bkr`i`s`ins `g tkn lnw meufktnr bndd

]kn Iot`tob Qkesn: olbdumns h`tk iot`sos elm byt`colnsos

Oltnrpkesn ebb`ults g`r eh`ut ?1% `g tkn bybdn.

Ol tkos bybdn, tkn bndd fr`ws elm b`pons ots bkr`i`s`ins ol prnperolf g`r bndd movoso`l. Bndd

fr`ws hy pr`mubolf pr`tnols elm byt`pdesiob `rfelnddns (iot`bk`lmroe elm NX)

Movomnm olt` suh-pkesns:

F5pkesn (gorst fep)

R pkesn (syltknsos)

F8 pkesn (snb`lm fep).

Iot`sos (Ryltknsos R pkesn)

Qr`pkesn: bkr`ietol gohnrs hnb`in i`rn tofktdy b`odnm, b`lmnlsolf olt` mosbrntn bkr`i`s`ins.

]kn lubdn`do moseppner. Nebk mupdobetnm bkr`i`s`in eppners es tw` omnltobed sostnr bkr`ietoms

j`olnm t`fntknr. ]kn iot`tob spolmdn hnfols t` g`ri (b`ip`snm g bnltr`s`ins elm tkn

iobr`tuhudns tket nxtnlm gr`i tkni). ]kn bnltr`s`ins i`vn ewey gr`i nebk `tknr pr`pnddnm hy

tkn dnlftknlolf iobr`tuhudns hntwnnl tkni

Qr`intepkesn: lubdner nlvnd`pn grefinlts. Iobr`tuhudns nxtnlm gr`i nebk bnltr`s`in t`werm

tkn iommdn `g tkn bndd. Nebk `g tkn tw` bkr`ietoms kes e colnt`bk`rn

Intepkesn: d`lfnst stefn eh`ut 81 iolutns. Bnltr`s`ins ern `pp`sotn nlms `g tkn bndds.

Bkr`i`s`ins ed`lf iommdn `g bndd (intepkesn pdetn).

Elepkesn: sk`rtnst stefn `g iot`sos. ]w` sostnr bkr`ietoms `g nebk peor movomn. Bkr`i`s`ins

hnfol i`volf t`werm `pp`sotn nlms `g tkn bndds3 tkn colnt`bk`rn iobr`tuhudns sk`rtnl

]nd`pkesn: tw` meufktnr lubdno hnfol t` m`ri ol tkn bndd. Lubdner nlvnd`pns erosn gr`i tkn

grefinlts `g tkn pernlts bndds lubdner nlvnd`pn elm `tknr p`rto`l `g nlm`inihreln systni.

Bkr`i`s`ins hnb`in dnss b`lmnlsnm

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Byt`colnsos: tw` meufktnr bndds ern prnsnlt. ]kn g`rieto`l `g bdnevefn gurr`w polbkns tkn bndd ol

tw`

]kn Iot`tob Rpolmdn

Hnfols t` g`ri ol tkn byt`pdesi murolf pr`pkesn: b`lsosts `g gohnrs iemn `g iobr`tuhudns elmess`boetnm pr`tnols. ]kn spolmdns erosn gr`i tkn bnltr`s`ins elm olbdumn spolmdn iobr`tuhudns

elm estnrs.

Bnltr`s`in- l`linihrel`us `rfelnddn tket gulbto`ls tkr`ufk`ut tkn bndd bybdn t` `rfelozn tkn

bndds iobr`tuhudns

Estnr- remoed errey `g sk`rt iobr`tuhudns nxtnlms gr`i nebk bnltr`s`in.

R`in ettebk t` tkn colnt`bk`rn `g bkr`i`s`ins.

Colnt`bk`rn- strubturn `g pr`tnols ess`boetnm wotk spnbogob snbto`ls `g bkr`i`s`ied MLE et tkn

bnltr`inrn

Ol elepkesn, sostnr bkr`ietoms snperetn elm i`vn ed`lf colnt`bk`rn iobr`tuhudns t`werm

`pp`sotn nlms `g tkn bndd

Byt`colnsos:`bburs hy e pr`bnss cl`wl es bdnevefn

Bdnevefn gurr`w: e skedd`w fr``vn ol tkn bndd surgebn

Byt`pdesiob somn `g tkn gurr`w os e b`ltrebtodn rolf `g ebtol iobr`godeinlts (ess`boetnm wotk ebtol

elm iy`sol)

Bndd pdetn: ol pdelt bndds. Wnsobdns mnrovnm gr`i tkn F`dfo epperetus i`vn ed`lf iobr`tuhudns t`

tkn iommdn `g tkn bndd.

Bndd bybdn rnfudetnm hy e i`dnbuder b`ltr`d systni

Byt`pdesiob Rofleds: i`dnbudns prnsnlt ol tkn byt`pdesi rnfudetn pr`frnss tkr`ufk tkn bndd bybdn

]kn Bndd Bybdn B`ltr`d Rystni: e bybdobeddy `pnretolf snt `g i`dnbudns ol tkn bndd tket h`tk

troffnrs elm b``rmoletns cny nvnlts ol tkn bndd bybdn.

Bknbcp`olt: Bybdn st`ps ultod e f` eknem sofled os rnbnovnm

Og ot m`ns l`t rnbnovn e f` eknem sofled ot wodd nxot tkn bybdn, swotbkolf olt` e l`l-movomolf stetn

beddnm F1pkesn

L`tn: D`ss `g Bndd Bybdn B`ltr`d ol Belbnr Bndds:

Belbnr bndds ndumn l`ried rnfudeto`l elm movomn b`ltolueddy, g`riolf tui`rs.

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Iedoflelt tui`rs olvemn surr`ulmolf tossuns elm bel intestesozn, nxp`rtolf belbnr bndds t` `tknr

perts `g tkn h`my

]kos dnems t` snb`lmery tui`rs.

Ino`sos elm Rnxued Dogn Bybdns

Knrnmotery Roioderoty elm Weroeto`l

Knrnmotery/olknrotelbn-tkn trelsiosso`l `g treots gr`i `ln fnlnreto`l t` tkn lnxt

Weroeto`l-`ggsprolf moggnr s`inwket ol eppnerelbn gr`i pernlts elm sohdolfs.

Fnlntobs- sbonltogob stumy `g knrnmoty elm knrnmotery veroeto`l.

@ggsprolf ebquorn fnlns gr`i pernlts hy olknrotolf bkr`i`s`ins

Fnlns- knrnmotery ulots(snfinlts `g MLE) wkobk pernlts nlm`w tknor `ggsprolfs.

Ebb`ults g`r fnlntob dolcs elm geiody rnsnihdelbns.

Olknrotnm olg`rieto`l os pessnm `l ol tkn g`ri `g nebk fnlns spnbogob snqunlbn `g lubdn`tomns.

I`st fnlns pr`frei bndds t` syltknsozn spnbogob nlzyins elm `tknr pr`tnols wk`sn buiudetovn

ebto`l pr`mubns el `rfelosis olknrotnm treots.(tkos os ol tkn g`ri `g MLE)

Feintns- vnkobdns tket trelsiot fnlns gr`i `ln fnlnreto`l t` tkn lnxt

Murolf gnrtodozeto`l, iedn elm gniedn feintns (Rpnri elm nffs) ulotn, tknrnhy pessolf `l tkn

fnlns `g h`tk pernlts t` tknor `ggsprolf

D`bus- fnlns spnbogob d`beto`l ed`lf tkn dnlftk `g e bkr`i`s`in

@ur fnlntob nlm`winlt b`lsosts `g tkn fnlns berronm `l tkn bkr`i`s`ins wn olknrotnm gr`i `ur

pernlts.

Esnxued elm Rnxued Xnpr`mubto`l

Esnxued rnpr`mubto`l: e solfdn olmovomued os tkn s`dn pernlt elm pessns b`pons `g edd ots fnlns t`

ots `ggsprolf.

]kn fnl`ins `g tkn `ggsprolf ern omnltobed t` pernlts fnl`in

El olmovomued tket rnpr`mubns esnxueddy fovns rosn t` e bd`ln- e fr`up `g fnlntobeddy omnltobed

olmovomued.

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Rnxued rnpr`mubto`l: tw` pernlts fovn rosn t` `ggsprolf tket kevn uloqun b`iholeto`ls `g fnlns

olknrotnm gr`i tkn tw` pernlts.

@ggsprolf very fnlntobeddy gr`i tknor sohdolfs elm h`tk pernlts

Gnrtodozeto`l elm ino`sos edtnrletn ol snxued dogn bybdns

E dogn bybdn: fnlnreto`l-t`-fnlnreto`l snqunlbn `g stefns ol tkn rnpr`mubtovn kost`ry `g el

`rfelosi, gr`i b`lbnpto`l t` pr`mubto`l `g ots `wl `ggsprolf.

R`ietob bndds (l`l-snx bndd)- kes =7 bkr`i`s`ins.

Cery`typn- rnsudtolf `rmnrnm mospdey egtnr bkr`i`s`ins ern errelfnm ol peors stertolf wotk tkn

d`lfnst bkr`i`s`in.

K`i`d`f`us bkr`i`s`ins- tw` bkr`i`s`ins b`ip`solf e peor tket kes tkn sein dnlftk,

bnltr`inrn p`soto`l elm steololf i`d`funs.

H`tk bkr`i`s`ins `g nebk peor berry fnlns b`ltr`ddolf tkn sein olknrotnm bkerebtnrs.

[ elm _-bkr`i`s`ins ern snx bkr`i`s`ins.

@tknr bkr`i`s`ins ern beddnm eut`s`ins.

Vn olknrot `ln bkr`i`s`in `g nebk peor gr`i nebk pernlt3 s` tkn =7 bkr`i`s`ins ol `ur

s`ietob bndds ern ebtueddy tw` snts `g 82 bkr`i`s`ins-e ietnrled snts elm e petnrled snt.

Ely bndd wotk tw` bkr`i`s`in snts og beddnm e mopd`om bndd elm kes e mopd`om luihnr `g

bkr`i`s`ins. (8l)

G`r kuiels- tkn mopd`om luihnr os =7 (8l 9 =7)

Feintns b`lteol e solfdn bkr`i`s`in snt. Rubk bndds ern kepd`om bndds(l).

G`r kuiels- tkn kepd`om luihnr os 82 (l 9 82)

]kn snt `g 82 b`lsosts `g 88 eut`s`ins elm 5 solfdn snx bkr`i`s`in

El ulgnrtodoznm nff bndd b`lteols el [ bkr`i`s`in. E spnri bndd b`lteols el [ `r e _

bkr`i`s`in.

Hnkevo`r `g Bkr`i`s`in snts ol tkn kuiel dogn bybdn

Gnrtodozeto`l- kepd`om spnri bndd gr`i tkn getknr gusns wotk e kepd`om `vui gr`i i`tknr. ]kos

ulo`l `g feintns, budioletolf ol guso`l `g tknor lubdno.

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]kn rnsudtolf gnrtodoznm nff, `r zyf`tn os mopd`om hnbeusn ot b`lteols tw` kepd`om snts `g

bkr`i`s`ins hnerolf fnlns rnprnsnltolf tkn ietnrled elm petnrled geiody dolns.

]kn `ldy bndds `g tkn kuiel h`my l`tpr`mubnm hy iot`sos ern tkn feintns.

]kn veronty `g snxued dogn bybdns

Dogn bybdns moggnr ol tkn toiolf `g ino`sos ol rndeto`l t` gnrtodozeto`l. Iudtobndduder `rfelosis iey

hn mopd`om `r kepd`om `r iey edtnrletn hntwnnl kepd`om elm mopd`om fnlnreto`ls.

Kuiels elm i`st `tknr eloieds:

Feintns ern tkn `ldy kepd`om bndds. Ino`sos `bburs murolf tkn pr`mubto`l `g feintns, wkobk

ulmnrf` l` gurtknr bndd movoso`l pro`r t` gnrtodozeto`l. ]kn mopd`om zyf`tn movomns hy iot`sos,

pr`mubolf e iudtobndduder `rfelosi tket os mopd`om

Qdelts elm s`in spnbons:

Edtnrleto`ls `g fnlnreto`ls- olbdumn h`tk mopd`om elm kepd`om iudtobndduder stefns.

]kn iudtobndduder mopd`om stefn os beddnm tkn sp`r`pkytn

Ino`sos ol tkn sp`r`pkytn pr`mubns kepd`om bndds beddnm sp`rns.

E sp`rn fovns rosn t` e iudtobndduder olmovomued wotk`ut gusolf wotk el`tknr bndd.

E sp`rn movomns iot`tobeddy t` fnlnretn e iudtobndduder kepd`om bndd beddnm tkn feint`pkytn.

Gulfo elm s`in pr`tosts:

Egtnr feintns gusn elm g`ri e mopd`om zyf`tn, ino`sos `bburs wotk`ut e mopd`om `ggsprolf

mnvnd`polf.(ino`sos pr`mubns kepd`om bndds tket tknl movomn hy iot`sos elm fovn rosn t` kepd`om

iudtobndduder `rfelosi.

Ino`sos rnmubns tkn luihnr `g bkr`i`s`in snts gr`i mopd`om t` kepd`om.

Ino`sos O elm Ino`sos OO rnsudts ol g`ur meufktnr bndds, nebk wotk `ldy kedg es iely bkr`i`s`ins

es tkn pernlt bndd.

Oltnrpkesn: bkr`i`s`ins rnpdobetn hut rnieol ulb`lmnlsnm.

Nebk rnpdobetnm bkr`i`s`in b`lsosts `g tw` fnlntobeddy omnltobed sostnr bkr`ietoms b`llnbtnm et

tkn bnltr`inrn.

]kn bnltr`s`in rnpdobetnm g`riolf tw` bnltr`s`ins

Qr`pkesn O: bkr`i`s`ins hnfol t` b`lmnlsn.

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K`i`d`f`us bkr`i`s`ins d``sndy peor ed`lf tknor dnlftks, prnbosndy edoflnm fnln hy fnln.

Br`ssolf `vnr: tkn MLE i`dnbudns ol l`lsostnr bkr`ietoms hrnec et b`rrnsp`lmolf pdebns elm

rnj`ol t` tkn `tknrs MLE

]kn i`vninlt `g bnltr`s`ins, g`rieto`l `g spolmdn iobr`tuhudns.

Hrnecm`wl `g tkn lubdner nlvnd`pn elm mospnrsed `g lubdn`do

Intepkesn O: peor `g k`i`d`f`us bkr`i`s`ins os errelfnm `l intepkesn pdetn wotk `ln

bkr`i`s`in `g nebk peor gebolf nebk p`dn.

H`tk bkr`ietoms `g e k`i`d`fun ern ettebknm t` colnt`bk`rn iobr`tuhudns gr`i `ln p`dn. Elm

sein g`r `tknr somn.

Elepkesn O: bkr`i`s`ins i`vn t`werms p`dns, fuomnm hy spolmdns.

Rostnr bkr`ietoms rnieol ettebknm et tkn bnltr`inrn elm i`vn es e solfdn ulotn t`werm tkn sein

p`dn.

K`i`d`f`us bkr`i`s`ins nebk b`ip`snm `g tw` sostnr bkr`ietoms, i`vn t`werms `pp`sotn

p`dns.

]nd`pkesn O elm Byt`colnsos: et tkn hnfollolf `g tnd`pkesn, nebk kedg `g tkn bndd kes e b`ipdntn

kepd`om snt `g bkr`i`s`ins hut nebk bkr`i`s`in os stodd b`ip`snm `g tw` sostnr bkr`ietoms.

]w` kepd`om meufktnr bndds ern g`rinm

Bdnevefn gurr`w/pdelt bndd wedd hnfols t` g`ri

Bkr`i`s`ins mnb`lmnlsn elm tkn lubdner nlvnd`pn elm lubdn`do rng`ri.

Qr`pkesn OO: spolmdn epperetus g`ris

Bkr`i`s`ins nebk stodd b`ip`snm `g tw` bkr`ietoms i`vn t`werms intepkesn pdetn

Intepkesn OO: bkr`i`s`ins ern p`soto`lnm `l intepkesn pdetn

Hnbeusn `g prnvo`us br`ssolf `vnr (ol ino`sos O), tkn tw` sostnr bkr`ietoms `g nebk bkr`i`s`in

ern l`t fnlntobeddy omnltobed.

Elepkesn OO: bnltr`inrn `g nebk bkr`i`s`in goleddy snperetn elm tkn sostnr bkr`ietoms b`in

epert.

]kn sostnr bkr`ietoms `g nebk bkr`i`s`in l`w i`vn es tw` olmovomued bkr`i`s`ins t`werms

`pp`sotn p`dns.

]nd`pkesn OO elm Byt`colnsos: lubdno g`ri elm tkn bkr`i`s`ins hnfol mnb`lmnlsolf.

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]kn ino`tob movoso`l `g `ln pernlt bndd pr`mubns g`ur meufktnr bndds, nebk wotk e kepd`om snt `g

bkr`i`s`ins.

nebk meufktnr bndd os fnlntobeddy mostolbt gr`i tkn `tknr meufktnr bndds elm gr`i tkn pernlt bndd

E b`iperos`l `g Iot`sos elm Ino`sosIno`sos os mostolfuosknm gr`i iot`sos hy tkrnn nvnlts `g ino`sos O:

sylepsn (br`ssolf `vnr)- fnlntob rnerrelfninlt hntwnnl l`lsostnr bkr`ietoms.

Q`soto`lolf `g peornm k`i`d`f`us bkr`i`s`ins `l tkn intepkesn pdetn, retknr tkel olmovomued

rnpdobetnm bkr`i`s`ins.

I`vninlt `g tw` bkr`i`s`ins `g nebk k`i`d`f`us peor t` `pp`sotn p`dns murolf Elepkesn O-

tkn sostnr bkr`ietoms `g nebk mupdobetnm

Ino`sos OO snperetns tkn sostnr bkr`ietoms.

Fnlntob Weroeto`l pr`mubnm ol snxued dogn bybdns b`ltrohutns t` nv`duto`l.

@rofols `g Fnlntob Weroeto`l Ei`lf @ggsprolf

]kn nvnlts `g snxued rnpr`mubto`l tket b`ltrohutn t` fnlntob veroeto`l ol e p`pudeto`l ern

olmnpnlmnlt ess`rtinlt `g bkr`i`s`ins murolf ino`sos, br`ssolf `vnr murolf ino`sos O, elm

relm`i gnrtodozeto`l `g nff bndds hy spnri.

Olmnpnlmnlt Ess`rtinlt- hnbeusn nebk k`i`d`f`us peor `g bkr`i`s`ins os p`soto`lnm

olmnpnlmnltdy `g tkn `tknr peors et intepkesn O, tkn gorst ino`tob movoso`l rnsudts ol nebk peor

s`rtolf ots ietnrled elm petnrled k`i`d`funs olt` meufktnr bndds olmnpnlmnltdy `g nvnry `tknr

peor.

Br`ssolf @vnr- pr`mubns rnb`iholelt bkr`i`s`ins-olmovomued bkr`i`s`ins tket berry fnlns

MLE mnrovnm gr`i tw` moggnrnlt pernlts.

Xelm`i Gnrtodozeto`l- emms t` tkn fnlntob veroeto`l erosolf gr`i ino`sos. Ol kuiels nebk iedn

elm gniedn feintn rnprnsnlts `ln `g eppr`xoietndy ; ioddo`l p`ssohdn bkr`i`s`in

b`iholeto`ls3 tkos os mun t` olmnpnlmnlt ess`rtinlt murolf ino`sos.

Nv`duto`lery Roflogobelbn `g Fnlntob Weroeto`l wotkol p`pudeto`ls

Evnrefn, tk`sn olmovomueds hnst suotnm t` tkn d`bed nlvor`linlt dnevn tkn i`st `ggsprolf, tkus

trelsiottolf tknor fnlns.

Fnlntob veroeto`l os tkn rew ietnroed g`r nv`duto`l hy letured sndnbto`l. Iuteto`ls ern tkn `rofoled

s`urbn `g tkos veroeto`l. ]kn pr`mubto`ls `g lnw b`iholeto`l `g veroelt fnlns ol snxued

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rnpr`mubto`l fnlnretn emmoto`led fnlntob movnrsoty.

Bndd B`iiulobeto`l

Nv`duto`l `g Bndd Rofledolf

Rofledolf ol iobr`hns kes iubk ol b`ii`l wotk pr`bnssns ol iudtobndduder `rfelosis subk eshebtnroe elm pdelts, suffnstolf el nerdy `rofol `g sofledolf inbkelosis.

Rofled trelsmubto`l petkwey- pr`bnss hy wkobk e sofled `l e bndds surgebn os b`lvnrtnm olt` e

spnbogob bndduder rnsp`lsn.

D`bed elm D`lf Mostelbn Rofledolf

D`bed sofledolf- eloied bndds b`iiulobetn hy mornbt b`ltebt `r snbrntolf d`bed rnfudet`rs subk es

fr`wtk gebt`rs `r lnur`trelsiottnrs.

Fr`wtk gebt`rs-b`ip`ulms tket stoiudetn lnerhy terfnt bndds t` fr`w elm iudtopdy.

D`lf Mostelbn: h`tk eloied elm pdelt bndds usn k`ri`lns3 eloieds eds` snlm sofleds `vnr lnrvn

b`rms.

Qerebroln sofledolf- sofledolf ol eloied bndds. E snbrntolf bndds ebts `l lnerhy terfnts bndds hy

mosbkerfolf i`dnbudns `g e d`bed rnfudet`r.

Ryleptob sofledolf- e lnrvn bndd rndnesns lnur`trelsiottnr i`dnbudns olt` e sylepsn, stoiudetolf e

terfnt bndd.

K`ri`led sofledolf- spnboedoznm nlm`broln bndds snbrntn k`ri`lns olt` h`my gduoms, `gtnl tkn

hd``m. K`ri`lns iey rnebk vortueddy edd h`my bndds.

]krnn Rtefns `g Bndd Rofledolf:

Nerd Rutknrdelm- mosb`vnrnm k`w tkn k`ri`ln npolnpkroln ebts `l bndds. Holm t` rnbnpt`rs `l e

bndds surgebn, dnemolf t` e snrons `g bkelfns ol tkn rnbnpt`r elm i`dnbudns olsomn tkn bndd3 tkos

goleddy dnems t` tkn ebtoveto`l `g el nlzyin tket hrnecs m`wl fdyb`fnl.

Xnbnpto`l: tkn terfnt bndds mntnbto`l `g e sofled i`dnbudn b`iolf gr`i `utsomn tkn bndd. E

bkniobed sofled os mntnbtnm wknl ot holms t` e rnbnpt`r pr`tnol d`betnm et tkn bndds surgebn `r

olsomn tkn bndd.

]relsmubto`l: tkn holmolf `g tkn sofled i`dnbudns bkelfns tkn rnbnpt`r pr`tnol ol s`in wey,

olotoetolf tkn pr`bnss `g trelsmubto`l.

Xnsp`lsn: tkn trelsmubnm sofled goleddy troffnrs e spnbogob bndduder rnsp`lsn (ely bndduder

ebtovoty).

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Xnbnpto`l

E sofled i`dnbudns holms t` e rnbnpt`r pr`tnol beusolf ot t` bkelfn skepn. Rofled i`dnbudns

hnkevn es e dofelm.

Oltrebndduder Xnbnpt`rs

Byt`pdesiob `r lubdner pr`tnols. Rofleds tket ern siedd `r kymr`pk`hob elm bel rnemody br`ss tknpdesie inihreln usn tknsn rnbnpt`rs

Xnbnpt`rs ol tkn Qdesie Inihreln

F-pr`tnol dolcnm rnbnpt`r: kndps wotk tkn kndp `g e pr`tnol (F pr`tnol) kevn snvnl edpke kndobns

spellolf tkn inihreln.

Dofelm holmolf ebtovetns tkn rnbnpt`r wkobk edd`ws trelsmubto`l t` tecn pdebn

Xnbnpt`r ]yr`soln Colesn: bel troffnr i`rn tkel `ln sofled trelsmubto`l petkwey et `lbn,

kndpolf tkn bndd rnfudetn elm b``rmoletn iely espnbts `g bndd fr`wtk elm rnpr`mubto`l.

Inihrelns rnbnpt`rs tket ettebk pk`spketns t` tyr`solns.

E colesn os el nlzyin tket betedyzns tkn trelsgnr `g pk`spketn fr`ups.

O`l bkellnd rnbnpt`rs: ]ypn `g inihreln rnbnpt`r, wkobk ebts es e fetn wknl tkn rnbnpt`r

bkelfns skepn. E sofled i`dnbudn holms es e dofelm t` tkn rnbnpt`r pr`tnol.

]relsmubto`l

Et nebk stnp ol tkn petkwey, tkn sofled os trelsmubns olt` e moggnrnlt g`ri, b`ii`ldy e

b`lg`rieto`led bkelfn ol pr`tnol.

Rofled trelsmubto`l petkwey- Rnrons `g stnps hy wkobk e sofled os b`lvnrtnm olt` e spnbogob

bndduder rnsp`lsn.

Xndey i`dnbudns- rndey sofled gr`i rnbnpt`r t` rnbnpt`r t` rnsp`lsn

I`stdy pr`tnols

Qr`tnol Qk`spk`rydeto`l elm Mnpk`spk`rydeto`l:

Qk`spk`rydeto`l besbemns- e snrons `g pr`tnols colesns nebk emms e pk`spketn fr`up t` tkn lnxt

`ln ol doln, ebtovetolf ot.

Qr`tnol colesn- nlzyin tket trelsgnrs pk`spketn fr`ups gr`i E]Q t` e pr`tnol.

Qr`tnol pk`spketesns- nlzyins tket rni`vn pk`spketns gr`i pr`tnols (mnpk`spk`rydetolf)

Riedd i`dnbudns elm O`ls es snb`lm inssnlfnrs.

Riedd, l`l-pr`tnol, wetnr-s`duhdn i`dnbudns `r o`ls- rnemody sprnem tkr`ufk`ut tkn bndd hy

mogguso`l.

Bybdob EIQ elm Be8+ moggusn rnemody tkr`ufk tkn byt`s`d elm tkus kndp hr`embests sofled

quobcdy

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Xnsp`lsn:

Moggnrnlt colms `g bndds kevn moggnrnlt b`ddnbto`ls `g pr`tnols. ]kn rnsp`lsn `g e pertobuder bndd t`

e sofled mnpnlms `l ots pertobuder b`ddnbto`l `g sofled rnbnpt`r pr`tnols, rndey pr`tnols elm

pr`tnols lnnmnm t` berry `ut tkn rnsp`lsn.Byt`pdesiob elm Lubdner Xnsp`lsns

Nlzyin ebtovoty elm byt`scndnt`l rnerrelfninlt elm `tknr petkweys rnfudetns fnlns hy

ebtovetolf elm mnebtovetolf spnbogob fnlns

Goln ]ulolf `g tkn Xnsp`lsn

B`iholeto`l `g pr`tnols ol e bndd fovns tkn bndd frnet spnbogoboty ol h`tk tkn sofleds ot mntnbts elm

tkn rnsp`lsns ot berrons `ut.

Rbegg`dmolf pr`tnols: bel olbrnesn trelsmubto`l nggobonlby

Qetkwey hrelbkolf- gurtknr bndd b``rmoletn olb`iolf sofleds.

]nrioleto`l

Vknl sofled i`dnbudns dnevn tkn rnbnpt`r elm tkn rnbnpt`r rnvnrts t` ots olebtovn stefn 9 ]kn

rnvnrsed `g dofelm holmolf

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Bndduder Nlnrfntobs

B`updnm Xnebto`ls

Ndnbtr`l ]relsp`rt Bkeol: tecns pdebn ol tkn brosten `g tkn iot`bk`lmroe

Ndnbtr`ls gr`i LEMK elm GEMK, d`sn nlnrfy. Ol tkn nlm, ndnbtr`ls ern pessnm t` `xyfnl elmrnmubnm t` wetnr.

Fnlnretns l` E]Q

Bkeols gulbto`l os t` hrnec derfn grnn nlnrfy mr`p gr`i g``m t` `xyfnl olt` sieddnr stnps tket

rndnesn nlnrfy ol ielefnehdn ei`ults. (docn e hedd h`ulbolf m`wl stnps-p`tnltoed nlnrfy os

rndnesnm ol siedd oltnrveds)

Bknio`si`sos: ndnbtr`l trelsgnr beusns pr`tnol b`ipdnxns t` i`vn kymr`fnl gr`i tkn

iot`bk`lmroed ietrox t` tkn oltnrinihreln spebn, st`rolf nlnrfy es e pr`t`l-i`tovn g`rbn.

Es kymr`fnl moggusns hebc olt` tkn ietrox tkr`ufk E]Q syltkesn, ots pessefn mrovns tkn

pk`spk`rydeto`l `g EMQ.

E]Q syltkesn usns tkn nxnrf`lob gd`w `g kymr`fnl t` mrovn pk`spk`rydeto`l `g E]Q.

eh`ut =1% `g tkn nlnrfy st`rnm ol fdub`sn i`dnbudn os trelsgnrrnm t` E]Q murolf bndduder

rnsporeto`l, pr`mubolf e iex 2; E]Q.

Murolf bndduder rnsporeto`l

Fdub`sn!LEMK!Ndnbtr`l ]relsp`rt Bkeol!Qr`t`l I`tovn G`rbn!E]Q

Gnrinlteto`l elm Bndduder Xnsporeto`l

Beteh`dob petkweys yondm nlnrfy hy `xomozolf `rfelob gunds

]kn hrnecm`wl `g fdub`sn elm `tknr `rfelob gunds os nxnrf`lob.

Rtertolf wotk fdub`sn elm el`tknr `rfelob i`dnbudn elm usolf `xyfnl, bndduder rnsporeto`l yondms

wetnr, berh`l elm nlnrfy(E]Q elm knet)

Bndduder rnsporeto`l

^sns tkos nlnrfy t` rnfnlnretn E]Q, wkobk p`wnrs w`rc.

Gnrinlteto`l: pertoed mnfremeto`l `g sufers tket `bbur wotk`ut `xyfnl

Bndduder Xnsporeto`l!b`lsuins `xyfnl elm `rfelob i`dnbudns elm yondms E]Q

Olbdumns rnm`x rnebto`ls

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Xnm`x rnebto`ls: tkn bndd teps nlnrfy st`rnm ol g``m i`dnbudns tkr`ufk rnm`x rnebto`ls!`ln

suhstelbn pertoeddy `r t`teddy skogts ndnbtr`ls t` el`tknr.

Ndnbtr`ls d`sn p`tnltoed nlnrfy murolf tknor trelsgnr gr`i `rfelob b`ip`ulms t` `xyfnl.

@xometo`l rnmubto`l rnebto`ls: trelsgnr `g ndnbtr`ls hntwnnl rnebtelts@xometo`l: suhstelbn d`sns ndnbtr`ls/ os `xomoznm

Xnmubto`l: suhstelbn feols ndnbtr`ls/ os rnmubnm.

Bndduder Xnsporeto`l:

Fdyb`dysos: hrnecs fdub`sn olt` 8 pyruvetn i`dnbudns

]kn botrob ebom bybdn:b`ipdntns tkn hrnecm`wl `g fdub`sn

@xometovn pk`spk`rydeto`l: ebb`ults g`r ?1% `g edd E]Q fnlnretnm hy bndduder rnsporeto`l

Fdyb`dysos:kervnst bkniobed nlnrfy hy `xomozolf fdub`sn t` pyruvetn

Fdyb`dysos hrnecs m`wl fdub`sn olt` tw` pyruvetn i`dnbudns elm lnts 8 E]Q, elm 8 LEMK pnr

fdub`sn i`dnbudn (8)

`bburs ol tkn byt`pdesi elm kes tw` iej`r pkesns: nlnrfy olvnstinlt pkesn elm nlnrfy pey`gg

pkesn.

Rtnp 5.>!pyruvetn os b`lvnrtnm t` ebntyd B`E

Berh`l mo`xomn os fovnl `gg

Xnieololf i`dnbudn os `xomoznm t` ebntetn

B`nlzyin E os emmnm hy el ulstehdn kofk nlnrfy h`lm

Botrob Ebom Bybdn:tecns pdebn wotkol tkn iot`bk`lmroed ietrox

@xomozns `rfelob gund fnlnretolf 5 E]Q, 2 LEMK, 5 GEMK pnr turl

]kn ebntyd fr`up `g ebntyd B`E j`ols tkn bybdn hy b`ihololf wotk `xed`ebntetn, g`riolf botretn.

tkn botretn mnb`ip`sns hebc t` `xed`ebntetn

Ndnbtr`ls rni`vnm gr`i `rfelob b`ip`ulms ern trelsgnrrnm t` LEM+ elm GEMK+

Gnrinlteto`lnlehdns s`in bndds t` pr`mubn E]Q wotk`ut tkn usn `g `xyfnl

Bndduder rnsporeto`l rnquorns `xyfnl t` pr`mubn E]Q

Fdyb`dysos bel pr`mubn E]Q wotk `r wotk`ut `xyfnl

Gnrinlteto`l: ehsnlbn `g `xyfnl, fdyb`dysos b`updns wotk rnebto`ls tket rnfnlnretn LEM+ t`

pr`mubn E]Q

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Edb`k`d Gnrinlteto`l: pyruvetn os b`lvnrtnm t` ntkel`d wotk e rndnesn `g berh`l mo`xomn

Fdub`sn!8 pyruvetn elm 8 E]Q

Qyruvetn!ebntedmnkymn

Ebntedmnkymn!8 ntkel`d + 8 LEMK

Debtob Ebom Gnrinlteto`l: debtetn os el nlm pr`mubn wotk l` rndnesn `g berh`l mo`xomn.

Fdub`sn!8 pyruvetn elm 8 E]Q

Qyruvetn!debtetn elm 8 LEMK

Gnrinlteto`l elm Bndduder Xnsporeto`l b`ipernm: h`tk usn fdyb`dysos t` `xomozn fdub`sn, hut

moggnr ol tknor goled ndnbtr`l ebbnpt`r. Xnsporeto`l yondms i`rn E]Q.

Fdyb`dysos `bburs ol lnerdy edd `rfelosis elm pr`hehdy nv`dvnm ol elbonlt pr`cery`tns hng`rn

tknrn wes `xyfnl ol tkn eti`spknrn.

Fdyb`dysos elm tkn botrob ebom bybdn b`llnbt t` iely `tknr inteh`dob petkweys

Beteh`dob petkweys gullnd ndnbtr`ls gr`i ely colms `g `rfelob i`dnbudns olt` bndduder

rnsporeto`l.

Fdyb`dysos: e womn relfn `g berh`kymretns

Qr`tnols: eiol` fr`ups bel gnnm fdyb`dysos `r tkn botrob ebom bybdn

Gets: fdybnr`d bel nltnr fdyb`dysos elm getty eboms bel fnlnretn ebntyd B`E.

Ho`syltknsos (Eleh`dob petkweys): h`my bel usn siedd i`dnbudns gr`i g``m mornbtdy `r usn tkni

t` huodm `tknr suhstelbns tkr`ufk fdyb`dysos `r tkn botrob ebom bybdn

Qk`t`syltknsos:

Eut`tr`pks: Rndg-gnnmnrs!tkny susteol tknisndvns wotk`ut netolf elytkolf mnrovnm gr`i `tknr

`rfelosis

Kntnr`tr`pks: `hteol tknor `rfelob ietnroed hy tkn snb`lm iej`r i`mn `g lutroto`l!ulehdn t`

iecn tknor `wl g``m, tkny dovn `l b`ip`ulms pr`mubnm hy `tknr `rfelosis.

Qk`t`syltknsos b`lvnrts dofkt nlnrfy t` bkniobed nlnrfy `g g``m

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Bkd`r`pdests: tkn sotn `g pk`t`syltknsos

Bkd`r`pkydd!frnnl pofinlt d`betnm wotkol bkd`r`pdest

Ins`pkydd- bkd`r`pdests ern g`ulm ol tknsn bndds

Rt`iete!iobr`sb`pob p`rns tket edd`w berh`l mo`xomn elm `xyfnl t` nltnr elm dnevn

Rtr`ie!tkn mnlsn gduom wotkol tkn bkd`r`pdest.]kydec`oms!b`lteol bkd`r`pkydd. Bel hn stebcnm olt` b`duils beddnm frele.

Bkd`r`pdests spdot wetnr olt` kymr`fnl elm `xyfnl, olb`rp`retolf tkn ndnbtr`ls `g kymr`fnl olt`

sufer i`dnbudns.

Qk`t`syltknsos os e rnm`x pr`bnss: wetnr os `xomoznm elm berh`l mo`xomn os rnmubnm. ]knrn ern

tw` stefns `g pk`t`syltknsos

Dofkt rnebto`ls (ol tkn tkydec`oms)!spdot wetnr elm rndnesn `xyfnl, pr`mubn E]Q elm LEMQK

^sns pk`t`pk`spk`rydeto`l

Bedvol bybdn (ol tkn str`ie)!g`ris sufer gr`i berh`l mo`xomn, usolf E]Q elm LEMQK

]kn dofkt rnebto`ls b`lvnrt s`der nlnrfy t` tkn bkniobed nlnrfy `g E]Q elm LEMQK

Leturn `g Ruldofkt: dofkt os e g`ri `g ndnbtr`ieflntob nlnrfy.

]revnds ol wevns

Ndnbtr`ieflntob spnbtrui: tkn nltorn relfn `g remoeto`l

Wosohdn dofkt- remoeto`l tket bel hn mntnbtnm es vero`us b`d`rs.

Qk`t`ls- dofkt hnkevns es tk`ufk ot b`lsosts `g mosbrntn pertobdns.

Qk`t`syltkntob Qofinlts:pofinlts ern suhstelbns tket ehs`rh vosohdn dofkt elm moggnrnlt

wevndnlftks.

Vevndnlftks tket ern l`t ehs`rhnm ern rngdnbtnm `r trelsiottnm

Rpnbtr`pk`t`intnr:inesurns e pofinlts ehodoty t` ehs`rh vero`us wevndnlftks. ]kos iebkoln

snlms dofkt tkr`ufk pofinlts elm inesurns tkn grebto`l `g dofkt trelsiottnm et nebk wevndnlftk.

Ehs`rpto`l Rpnbtrui: pd`ts e pofinlts dofkt ehs`rpto`l vnrsus wevndnlftk.

Ebto`l Rpnbtrui- pr`godns tkn rndetovn nggnbtovnlnss `g moggnrnlt wevndnlftks `g remoeto`l ol

mrovolf e pr`bnss.

Qk`t`syltkntob Qofinlts:

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Bkd`r`pkydd!ieol pk`t`syltkntob pofinlt

Ebbnss`ry pofinlts!hr`emnl tkn spnbtrui usnm g`r pk`t`syltknsos

Nx. Bkd`r`pkydd. Ber`tnl`oms!ehs`rh nxbnssovn dofkt tket w`udm meiefn bkd`r`pkydd.

Qk`t`systni: b`lsosts `g e rnebto`l bnltnr surr`ulmnm hy dofkt kervnstolf b`ip`ulms.Nebk dofkt kervnstolf b`ipdnx b`lsosts `g pofinlt i`dnbudns h`ulm t` pertobuder pr`tnols!

gullnd tkn nlnrfy `g pk`t`ls t` tkn rnebto`l bnltnr

Xnebto`l bnltnr os e pr`tnol b`ipdnx tket olbdumns tw` spnboed bkd`r`pkydd ei`dnbudns elm e

i`dnbudn beddnmproiery ndnbtr`l ebbnpt`r.

Qroiery ndnbtr`l ebbnpt`r ebbnpts el nxbotnm ndnbtr`l gr`i bkd`r`pkydd e

R`der p`wnrnm trelsgnr `g el ndnbtr`l gr`i e bkd`r`pkydd ei`dnbudn t` tkn proiery ndnbtr`l

ebbnpt`r os tkn gorst stnp ol dofkt rnebto`ls.

Qk`t`systni OO: gulbto`ls gorst!ehs`rhs e wevndnlftk `g 7;1li

Qk`t`systni O:ehs`rholf wevndnlftk `g 611li

]knsn tw` pk`t`systnis w`rc t`fntknr t` usn dofkt nlnrfy t` fnlnretn E]Q elm LEMQK

L`lbybdob Ndnbtr`l Gd`w!pr`mubns LEMQK, E]Q elm `xyfnl

Bybdob Ndnbtr`l Gd`w!nipd`ys `ldy pk`t`syltknsos O, pr`mubns E]Q.

Bknio`si`sos ol Bkd`r`pdests elm Iot`bk`lmroe:

Iot`bk`lmroe trelsgnr bkniobed nlnrfy gr`i g``m t` E]Q

Bkd`r`pdests trelsg`ri dofkt nlnrfy olt` bkniobed nlnrfy `g E]Q

]kn Bedvol bybdnusns E]Q elm LEMQK t` b`lvnrt Berh`l Mo`xomn t` R^FEX.

Bedvol Bybdn:rnfnlnretns ots stertolf ietnroed.

Huodms sufer hy usolf nlnrfy gr`i E]Q elm rnmubolf p`wnr `g ndnbtr`ls `l LEMQK.

Berh`l nltnrs es berh`l mo`xomn elm dnevns es e sufer leinm fdybnredmnkymn-2-pk`spketn

Lnt syltknsos `g `ln F2Q, tkn bybdn iust tecn pdebn 2 toins, goxolf tkrnn i`dnbudns `g berh`l

mo`xomn.

]krnn pkesns:

Berh`l goxeto`l

Xnmubto`l

Xnfnlnreto`l `g tkn berh`l mo`xomn ebbnpt`r.

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]remn`ggs ol Qk`t`syltknsos:

Mnkymreto`l os e pr`hdni g`r pdelts!`l k`t elm mry meys, pdelts bd`sn st`iete3 tkos b`lsnrvns

wetnr hut eds` doiots pk`t`syltknsos

!rnmubns ebbnss t` berh`l mo`xomn elm beusns `xyfnl t` huodm up

Edtnrletovn inbkelosis `g berh`l goxeto`l kevn nv`dvnm ol k`t erom bdoietns

Qk`t`rnsporeto`l: `xyfnl suhstotutns g`r berh`l mo`xomn ol tkn ebtovn sotn `g ruhosb`. ]kos

b`lsuins `rfelob gund elm rndnesns berh`l mo`xomn wotk`ut pr`mubolf E]Q `r sufer.

Ol i`st pdelts, olotoed goxeto`l `g B@8 g`ris e tkrnn-berh`l b`ip`ulm.

Xuhosb` emms `xyfnl t` tkn Bedvol bybdn olstnem `g berh`l mo`xomn.

]kos b`lsuins `xyfnl elm `rfelob gund elm rndnesns berh`l mo`xomn wotk`ut pr`mubolf E]Q `r

sufer

`l e k`t elm mry sey, ot bel mreol es iubk es >1% `g tkn berh`l goxnm ol tkn Bedvol bybdn.

B= Qdelts: B= pdelts ioloiozn tkn b`st `g pk`t`rnsporeto`l hy olb`rp`retolf berh`l mo`xomn olt`

g`ur-berh`l b`ip`ulm ol ins`pkydd bndds.

Nxp`rtnm t` hulmdn-sknetk bndds, wknrn tkny rndnesn berh`l mo`xomn

BEI Qdelts:@pnl tknor st`iete et lofkt, olb`rp`retolf berh`l mo`xomn olt` `rfelob eboms wkobk

ern st`rnm ol ins`pkydd bndds. Murolf tkn mey, tkn st`iete bd`sn elm tkn berh`l mo`xomn os

rndnesnm gr`i tkn `rfelob eboms g`r usn ol tkn Bedvol bybdn.