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10/23/17
1
Effect of dietary supplementation of two forms of a B-vitamin and Choline blend on the performance of
Holstein calves during the transition and early postweaning period
Rodrigo Molano1, Christiane Girard2 and Mike Van Amburgh1
1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
1
Dairy Replacement Raising
Adequate nutrition and management
Enhanced Growth
ê Time to target weights
ê Rearing cost
Pre-weaningWeaning-Breeding
Soberon et al, 2012
Per kg ADG
+ 2300 Kg + 8200 Kg
éMilk Production1st to 3rd Lact.
éProfitability
2
Transition PhaseEfficiency and Cost of Growth
Age, months
BW In
crea
se, %
Pre
viou
s BW
Kertz et al, 1998
3
Feed
Cos
t per
Kg
BW G
aine
d, $
The “Post-Weaning Slump”
Days relative to weaning
Ave
rage
Dai
ly G
ain,
kg/
dAdpated from Terré et al, 2006
4
Weaning
10/23/17
2
Transition PeriodAdaptations
Pre-Ruminant
Glucose and Fatty Acids
16% Body O2
GlycolysisKetogenesis
Ruminant
Short Chain Fatty Acids
26% Body O2
GluconeogenesisUreagenesis
Hepatic Metabolism
Post-absorptive Nutrient Supply
Baldwin et al., 2004Huntington and Archibeque, 1999
Rumen 30% forestomach Rumen 70% forestomachGIT
Development
Donkin and Hammon, 20055
Amino Acids Non-protein Nitrogen
B-Vitamins and Choline
Micronutrients
Water-soluble: No stored
Do not supply energy or protein but help with their metabolism
Enzymatic cofactors
=
Metabolic Facilitators
B1 Thiamin: Energy metabolism
B2 Riboflavin: Redox reactions (FAD, FMN)
B3 Niacin: 200 reactions (NAD, NADP)
B5 Pantothenic Acid: Fatty Acid metabolism
B6 Pyridoxine: Protein metabolism
B7 Biotin: Carboxylation
B9 Folic Acid: Single-Carbon metabolism
B12 AA, C3 and Single-Carbon metabolism
Choline: Single-Carbon metabolism,
Cellular membrane structure
6
Intermediary MetabolismTransition Calf
B6
Non Essential
AA
Ammonia
EssentialAA
N-Free residue
Methionine cycle Folate
cycle
Choline
Cys
Gly
SAM
Met
B9
B12
B3
B3B2
B6
B6
B6
One-Carbon Metabolism Ureagenesis
De novoFatty AcidSynthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Protein Synthesis
Molano, unpublished
B12
7
B-Vitamins In RuminantsRuminal Synthesis
Bechdel et al., 1928
RuminantsSynthetized by
Rumen MicrobesTrue
Deficiencies Uncommon
Ruminal Synthesis and Escape of
Dietary Sources Meet B-Vitamin Requirements
NRC, 2001
B2
B1
B3
B5
B6B7
B9
B12
?
8
10/23/17
3
Transition Calf: B-vitamins Sufficient?Folic Acid
9
B9
éBlood Hemoglobin
éBlood Packed Cell Vol.
Adapted from Dumoulin et al., 1991
Facilitating Transition to RuminantNutritional Strategies
Question of Study
Are B-vitamins and Choline limiting performance during the transition
period?
10
B2
B1
B3
B5
B6B7
B9
B12
?
B-Vitamins and Choline in RuminantsRuminal Degradation
Zinn et al. 1987Sharma and Erdman, 1989Santschi et al. 2005 Girard et al., 2010Castagnino et al. 2015
Rumen Protected Forms of B-Vitamins:
CholineErdam and Sharma, 1991;
Pinotti et al., 2003
PyridoxineBonomi et al, 1998
Folic AcidBonomi et al, 2003
BlendsSacadura et al., 2008
11
Experimental Design
CURC 61 d 1 d 90
d 63
Weaning
d 49Milk Replacer 28% CP 15% Fat1.6 kg Solids/d Max, 3X/d
Calf Starter Ad LibitumFormulated with CNCPS v 7.0
Treatments (Estimated Req.)Provided orally every day
Measurements / SamplingDaily DMI (MR & Starter)
WeeklyBody Weight and HeightBlood
RoutinelyMilk ReplacerCalf Starter
12
d 21
No B-Vitamin or Choline
Unprotected B-Vitamin & Choline Blend
Rumen Protected B-Vitamin & Choline Blend
10/23/17
4
Statistical Analysis
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Week
Period Preweaning PostweaningWeaning
Blood parametersBody weightHeight
Yijlk= TRTi + Wkj + TRT:Wkij + Wk3l + Calfk + Eijlk
Yi= TRTi + EiIntakesRates of growthFeed Efficiency “lm ()” and “lmer ()” Functions
13
Protein SynthesisB-Vitamin and AA are Interrelated
14
Adapted from CK-12 HS Biology Textbook
Amino Acid Balance
AA Requirements Van Amburgh et al., 2015
CNCPS v7. AA Supply predictionsHiggs and Van Amburgh., 2016
Ingredient composition (% of DM) Starter Item Starter Milk replacer Whole Milk
DM, % 86.6 94.7Pellet
Treated soybean meal 19.8Chemical composition (% of DM)
Wheat middlings 19.3 Crude protein 25.5 28.5Canola meal solvent 6.6 Crude fat 2.96 15Dextrose 3.3 aNDFom 25.1 -Dried whey 5.9 Starch 17.8 -Blood meal 4.0 Soluble fiber 6.36 -Methionine analog 0.7 Sugars 14.1 -Minerals 1.8 Ash 8.18 -Fat 0.7 Calcium 0.96 1Vitamin ADE premix 0.3 Phosphorus 0.63 0.71Monensin 0.03 Cobalt, mg/kg 1.4 1.22Flavor/odor enhancer 0.1 Vitamin A, IU/kg3 7,273 16,530Pellet Binder 1.0 Vitamin D, IU/kg3 2,424 5,510
Flaked corn 20.1 Vitamin E, IU/kg3 29.9 110.2Beet pulp shreds 13.2 ME, Mcal/kg 2.5 4.6Molasses 3.3 B-Vitamin concentration (mg/kg DM)
Thiamin 3.9 17.3 3.3Riboflavin 5.3 29.9 12.2Niacin 75.6 152 9.5Pantothenic acid 14.4 91.7 25.9Pyridoxine 4.19 9.36 4.4Biotin 0.57 0.85 0.3Folates 0.89 1.04 0.56Vitamin B12 0.005 0.096 0.05
Choline, mg/kg DM 1,260 1,600 1,080
TreatmentsB-Vitamin and Choline Requirement Estimation
1. Whole Milk B-Vitamin concentration as a base
2. Extrapolation of Niacin and Pyridoxinefrom Swine (BW0.75 basis)
3. Adjustment of Folic acidand B12 considering published studies
16
Dumoulin et al., 1991Lévesque et al., 1993Graulet et al., 2007
NRC, 2012
10/23/17
5
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
GrainDMIcorrespondingtovitamindose,g
Capsules assembled and administered:
4,823
Rumen Protected
BlendRPBV
NonProtected
BlendUPBV
PlaceboCTRL
Fat
RPBV
UPBV
CTRL
0.28 % DMIFrom starter
B-VitCho
B-VitCho
Fat Fat
0.39 % DMI from starter
TreatmentsB-vitamin and Choline Blends Supplementation
17
AnimalsDams and Calves
18
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DM
I, Kg
DM
/d
Age, wk
CTRLUPBVRPBV
ResultsDry Matter and Energy Intake
Milk replacer
Starter
1.6 kg DM/d offered
WeaningP > 0.35
19
0.81
1.21.41.61.8
22.22.42.62.8
33.23.43.63.8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Esti
mat
edin
take
of T
reat
emen
tsov
er th
e C
ontr
ol
Age, weeks
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin - Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine
Folic acid
Choline
Weaning
ResultsB-vitamins and Choline Intake
20
10/23/17
6
Vitamin B12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Estim
ated
inta
keof
Tre
atem
ents
over
the
Con
trol
Age, weeks
ResultsVitamin B12 Intake
Weaning
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Plas
ma
fola
te, n
g/m
L
Plas
ma
Vita
min
B12,
pg/
mL
Age, weeks
a
ab
b
x
xy
y
CTRLUPBVRPBV
What happened to the additional RP Folic acid?
Rapidly cleared?
Not released at its site of absorption?
a and b differ P < 0.1x and y differ P < 0.05
Ruminal synthesis diminished effect of supplementation?
Supplements Effectiveness:UPBV was not completely degradedRPBV was released in the intestine
Appropriate rumen conditions for Vitamin B12 synthesis- pH- Cobalt levels
ResultsPlasma Vitamin B12 and Folate
Weaning
Mature heifers on pastureGrace et al., 2014
1 mg free Folic acid/kg BW Girard et al., 1992
22
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Plas
ma
BHB,
mM
ol/L
Age, weeks
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Plas
ma
Ure
aN
itrog
en, m
g/dL
Age, weeks
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Hem
atoc
rit, %
blo
odvo
lum
e
Weaning
Weaning
ResultsOther Blood Parameters
CTRLUPBVRPBV CTRL
UPBVRPBV
P = 0.71
P = 0.69
P = 0.59
23
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Wei
ght,
kg
Hei
ght,
cm
Age, wk
Weaning
Birth weight: 42.8 kg
84.6 kg
133.7 kg
2X Birth Weight
3X Birth Weight
ResultsBody Weight and Stature
Hip
Shoulders
Body Weight
CTRLUPBVRPBV
P > 0.20
24
10/23/17
7
ResultsBody Weight and Stature
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ave
rage
Dai
ly G
ain,
kg/
d
Age, weeks
Weaning
ResultsAverage Daily Gain
CTRLUPBVRPBV
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Cru
dePr
otei
n, g
/d
Met
abol
izab
le E
nerg
yin
take
, Mca
l/d
Age, weeks
Weaning
CTRLUPBVRPBV
ME
Crude Protein
P > 0.45 P > 0.53
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
ResultsFeed Efficiency
Preweaning
Ave
rage
Dai
ly G
ain/
Dry
Mat
ter I
ntak
e
Weaning Post-Weaning
CTRLUPBVRPBVSmith, 2002Eckert et al., 2015
Amino Acid Balancing?
P > 0.45
27
Why were our results different?
28
Other nutrients sufficiency?
50% DM/d from liquid feed offeredWeaned calves 2 wks earlier
Solid feed 17% CP
The B-vitamin and choline requirements depend on the levels of several nutrients
in the diet McDowell, 2000
Dumoulin et al., 1991
Enrichment with a mixture offolic acid, B2 and B6 resulted in a partial
reverse of growth suppression caused by a reduced protein diet
Debski et al., 2006
10/23/17
8
Conclusions
29
Dairy calves could obtain sufficient B-vitamins and choline from the diet
and rumen synthesis to support optimal performance.
B2B1 B3
B5B6
B7B9
B12
ChoNo,Under the conditions
of this study
Question of Study
Are B-vitamins and Choline limiting performance during the transition
period?
Days relative to weaning
Ave
rage
Dai
ly G
ain,
Kg/
d
Adpated from Terré et al, 200630
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.9 kg DM MR/d MaxWeaned Earlier (46 d)Weaning shorter and less gradual
”Post-weaning Slump” can be Reduced
Acknowledgments
Dr. Essi EvansTechnical Advisory Services
Jeff TikofskyPurina Animal Nutrition, LLC
Van Amburgh Lab
Supporters
31
Lauren HillSarah Hetrick
Courtney HoffAlanna Staffin
CURC Staff
CURC
ZenRakuRen