Modern AfricaMonday 5-2-2011

RAP

- What event happened on Sunday that makes many people feel that justice was served?

- Do you feel that justice is served or that we can feel safer?

Africa TodayCh. 23.2: pages 711-715

• North Africa

• Algeria– Military leaders took control but fighting soon

developed between the government and the Islamic opposition.

– Since 1999 they have promised to cooperate.

Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya

• Since the 1980s and 90s, Morocco and Tunisia had strong stable governments.

• Libya has had Qaddafi in power and has had problems or issues with the West.– In 1999, he agreed to turn over two fugitives

accused of blowing up a Pan Am airliner in 1988, over Lockabie Scotland.

– Terrorist activities– Current civil unrest.

Nigeria

• Military rule

• Relied on oil for economic prosperity

• 1970s—Nigeria grew wealthy from oil. – Military leaders set goals to rebuild

thecountry.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Country’s name changed to Zaire• Mobutu Sese Seko dictator• Rebellion took hold by guerrilla forces in 1996.• In May 1997, Mobutu gave up power and fled

abroad…Laurent Kabila named himself the new leader and changed the name to …. Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Kabila banned political parties.• In 1998 rebels tried to overthrow Kabila--- peace

talks began in 1999.

Rwanda and Burundi

• Ethnic tensions turned to violent conflict during the 1990s.

• Under Belgian colonial rule– Tutsi were favored over Hutu

• Independence in 1962– Hutu left to rule

• In 1994—– Hutu led Rwandan government battled Tutsi guerrillas.– Genocide—Hutu killed more than 500,000 people

• In 1996– conflict broke out in Burundi between the Tusi led government and Hutu rebels.

Ethiopia and Somalia

• Civil war and drought in the 1990s.

• Somalia– Civil war– Rival clans– 1992 UN coalition of military forces led by the

US to protect relief organizations.– 1995, coalition forces had withdrawn from

Somalia– famine, rival clan leaders fighting, no peace.

Challenges in Africa

• Unity– Pan-Africanism – African leaders sought to

promote cooperation among all nations of the continent.

– 1963-formed the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

• Backed nationalist movements to rid themselves of colonialism.

• Goals –economic growth and development• Plan to create an all-African free trade area

Challenges• Economic development

– Move from rural economies into world of mining, manufacturing, and service industries.

– Learn to read and write– Repair infrastructure– Get away from colonial legacy

• Cash crops—grown for profit and exported• Leaders tried to remedy the imbalance from only one or

two resources—get rid of one-product economies.

– Towards socialism and away from capitalism=colonialism.

Challenges

• Soaring population

• Disease – Aids

• Severe droughts

• Desertification – the transformation of fertile areas into desert.

• Erosion – due to overgrazing livestock, planting and harvesting trees.

HOPE

• Literacy rates are up.• Education is helping to raise the standard

of living.• Realize they need to produce their own

food, its own tools, its own weapons….need to rely on themselves.

• Artists and writers have built on the foundation of African pride to help deal with modern problems.