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© OMICRON
Modeling of Multifunctional Modeling of Multifunctional Substation Devices Substation Devices
Dr. Alexander ApostolovLos Angeles, CA
Page: 2© OMICRON
IntroductionIntroduction
• IEC 61850 is now an approved international standard
• It allows the development of a new generation of distributed applications
• The successful implementation requires:
• Good understanding of the principles of the standard (No Ignorance!)
• Teamwork• Ambition
Page: 3© OMICRON
ObjectsObjects• An object is “.. a thing that can be seen and
touched; material thing that occupies space .. “.Webster New World Dictionary of the American Language
• In object-oriented design (OOD) an object is an abstraction of real world entities and functions in a problem domain.
• Problem Domain is the application or process that is being modeled by Object Oriented representation (Classes and Objects) – power system protection and control.
• Objects are encapsulated — that is, they contain both their code and their data, making them more easier to maintain
Page: 4© OMICRON
Classes and ObjectsClasses and Objects
• A class is a template for the creation of objects, the description of one or more objects with the same definitions for information and behavior.
• An object is defined as an instance of a class• Objects represent information and behavior :
• properties (or components, attributes) • Data that describe an object
• services (or methods, and events)• Methods are things you can tell the object to do• Events are things the object does
Page: 5© OMICRON
Class ExampleClass Example
Page: 6© OMICRON
Class ExampleClass Example
Page: 7© OMICRON
Class Instance ExampleClass Instance Example
Page: 8© OMICRON
Classes and ObjectsClasses and Objects
Page: 9© OMICRON
Substation Communications Substation Communications ArchitectureArchitecture
Substation Computer
IED IED IED
Switch
Substation HMI
Router
IED IED IED IED
Switch
SCADA Master
WAN
Page: 10© OMICRON
System Communications System Communications ArchitectureArchitecture
IED
Switch
Analysts
WAN
Substation 1
Substation 2
Substation i
Substation j
SubstationGateway
EMS
SCADA ServerISD
EMS
Traders
IED IED
IED
Page: 11© OMICRON
Function DefinitionsFunction Definitions
• Functions in the substation are performed by the protection, control, monitoring and recording system.
• A function can be divided into sub-functions and functional elements.
• The functional elements are the smallest parts of a function that can exchange data.
• These functional elements in IEC 61850 are called Logical Nodes
Page: 12© OMICRON
Logical Node GroupsLogical Node Groups
• System Logical Nodes LN Group: L • Logical Nodes for protection functions LN Group: P • Logical Nodes for protection related functions LN
Group: R • Logical Nodes for control LN Group: C • Logical nodes for generic references LN Group: G • Logical Nodes for interfacing and archiving LN
Group: I• Logical Nodes for automatic control LN Group: A
Page: 13© OMICRON
Logical Node GroupsLogical Node Groups
• Logical Nodes for metering and measurement LN Group: M
• Logical Nodes for sensors and monitoring LN Group: S
• Logical Nodes for switchgear LN Group: X • Logical Nodes for instrument transformers
LN Group: T • Logical Nodes for power transformers LN
Group: Y • Logical Nodes for further power system
equipment LN Group: Z
Page: 14© OMICRON
Relay Object ModelsRelay Object ModelsObject ModelsObject Models
Page: 15© OMICRON
IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional HierarchyProtection
IEDDeviceIdentity
Over-current
Ground Definite time #1 Pickup Value
Function
Function
Phase
Negat. Seq.
Inverse time
Instant.
Time delay
Directio-nality
Minimum
Maximum
Step
FunctionControl
Sub-FunctionControl
Device Functional HierarchyDevice Functional Hierarchy
Page: 16© OMICRON
IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional Hierarchy
IEC 61850 Server ClassIEC 61850 Server Class
Page: 17© OMICRON
IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional Hierarchy
IEC 61850 Server ClassIEC 61850 Server Class
Page: 18© OMICRON
IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional Hierarchy
IEC 61850 Logical Device ClassIEC 61850 Logical Device Class
Page: 19© OMICRON
IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional HierarchyIEC 61850 Logical Node ClassIEC 61850 Logical Node Class
Page: 20© OMICRON
IEC 61850 Data ClassIEC 61850 Data Class
Page: 21© OMICRON
Logical Nodes Information Logical Nodes Information CategoriesCategories
Page: 22© OMICRON
Functional ConstraintsFunctional Constraints• The property of DataAttribute that shows
its use is a Functional Constraint (FC). • Some more commonly used are:
•CO – control•SP – set point•CF – configuration•DC – description•SG – setting group•MX – measurements
Page: 23© OMICRON
Object HierarchyObject HierarchyServer
Logical Device
Logical Device
Logical Device
Logical Node
Logical Node
Logical Node
Data Data Data
Data Attribute
Data Attribute
Data Attribute
Page: 24© OMICRON
Nested Nested DataAttributesDataAttributes
DATAInstance
DataAttr DataAttr
DAComp DAComp
DAComp DAComp
Page: 25© OMICRON
Nested Nested DataAttributesDataAttributes
Page: 26© OMICRON
Data path exampleData path exampleMMXU1.A.phsB.cVal.mag.f• MMXU1: instance of LN class MMXU defined in
Part 7-4 • A: instantiation of the Composite DATA class WYE
(defined in 7-3) • phsB: value of the current in phase B as a Simple
Common DATA class of type CMV (defined in 7-3 )• cVal: is the complex value of the current in phase
B (of the Common DataAttribute type Vector)• mag: this object represents the magnitude of the
complex value (type AnalogValue - defined in 7-3) • f is a DataAttributeComponent which is of the
basic type FLOATING POINT (defined in 7-2)
Page: 27© OMICRON
Common data classes for Common data classes for measurandmeasurand informationinformation
•Measured value (MV)•Complex measured value (CMV)•Sampled value (SAV)•WYE•Delta (DEL)•Sequence (SEQ)•Harmonic value (HMV)•Harmonic value for WYE (HWYE)•Harmonic value for Delta (HDEL)
Page: 28© OMICRON
Metering and Measurement Metering and Measurement Logical NodesLogical Nodes
• Differential measurements Name: MDIF• Harmonics or interharmonics Name: MHAI• Non phase related harmonics or interharmonics
Name: MHAN• Metering Name: MMTR• Non phase related Measurement Name: MMXN• Measurement Name: MMXU• Sequence & imbalance Name: MSQI• Metering Statistics Name: MSTA
Page: 29© OMICRON
Measured values attributes in Measured values attributes in MMXUMMXU
Name Type DescriptionPPV DEL Phase to phase voltagesPhV WYEPhase to ground voltagesA WYEPhase currentsW WYEPhase active power (P)VAr WYEPhase reactive power (Q)VA WYEPhase apparent power (S)TotW MV Total Active Power (Total P)TotVAr MV Total Reactive Power (Total Q)TotVA MV Total Apparent Power (Total S)TotPF MV Average Power factor (Total PF)Hz MV FrequencyPF WYEPhase power factorZ WYEPhase Impedance
Page: 30© OMICRON
Protection Logical NodesProtection Logical Nodes
Page: 31© OMICRON
Protection Logical NodesProtection Logical Nodes
Page: 32© OMICRON
Logical Nodes DataLogical Nodes Data
Page: 33© OMICRON
Setting DataSetting Data
Page: 34© OMICRON
Overcurrent Protection LN Overcurrent Protection LN PTOCPTOC
Page: 35© OMICRON
Setting AttributesSetting Attributes
Page: 36© OMICRON
ServicesServices
Page: 37© OMICRON
Distributed ApplicationsDistributed Applications
PD2
LNn
LD1
F2
PD1
LN4
LNn
LD1
F1
F3
LN1
LN2
LN3
LN4
LN1
LN2
LN3
Page: 38© OMICRON
Measuring Functions Measuring Functions DecompositionDecomposition
IARC IHMI
MMTR MMXU
TVTR TCTR
SubstationLevel
BayLevel
ProcessLevel
Page: 39© OMICRON
Multifunctional IED Object Multifunctional IED Object ModelModel
Server
LN1
LN2
LN3
LN4
LNn
LD1
Page: 40© OMICRON
Multifunctional IED Object Multifunctional IED Object ModelModel
PQM IED
LN(i)
MMXU1
LD1
MMTR1
MMHI1
MSTA1
MMXU2
MMHI2
MSTA2
HV
MV
hv
mv
Page: 41© OMICRON
Multifunctional IED Object Multifunctional IED Object ModelModel
ServerLD1
LD2
LD3
LD4
LD5
LD6
Page: 42© OMICRON
Distance FunctionDistance Function
Distance
FaultDetection
FaultedPhaseSelection
DirectionalDetection
DistanceCharact.
Compensation Power SwingDetection
I> V< Z< ΔV ΔI
ΔV, ΔIPolarized
V V0 V2 I0
ΔI/dtdZ/dt
K0 I0mut Ich Iload
Line Impedance
Setting Criteria
CCVT
SIR
VT Supervision
Page: 43© OMICRON
Distance FunctionDistance FunctionDistance
Zone
Complex Simple
MhoOhm
Direction
Characteristic
Ohm
LoadEncroachment
Rbl Xbl rbl xbl Mho
Rbl rbl LXbl LxblOhm
Page: 44© OMICRON
Load EncroachmentLoad Encroachment
Ohm
LoadEncroachment
Rbl rbl LXbl Lxbl
Page: 45© OMICRON
Distance Zone Settings Distance Zone Settings ––Configuration ModelConfiguration Model
Page: 46© OMICRON
Distance Zone Settings Distance Zone Settings ––Characteristic ModelCharacteristic Model
Page: 47© OMICRON
Distance Zone Settings Distance Zone Settings ––Characteristic ModelCharacteristic Model
Page: 48© OMICRON
R
X
PoRchMod
PoRchModPolar Reach Module
PoRchAng Polar Reach Angle
OfsModReverse Offset Module
OfsAngReverse Offset Angle
RisRchModResistive Reach Module
RisRchAngResistive Reach Angle
ReaRchModReactive Reach Module
ReaRchAngReactive Reach Angle
PlrMth Polarizing Method
PlrVal Polarizing Value
OfsMod RisRchMod
RisRchAng
ReaRchAng
ReaRchMod
OfsAng
PoRchAng
Mho Characteristic ModelMho Characteristic Model
Page: 49© OMICRON
R
X
Negative Reactance Angle 2NReaAng2
Positive Characteristic AnglePCharAng
Negative Characteristic AngleNCharAng
Negative Reactance Angle 1NReaAng1
Negative Reactance ReachNReaRch
Negative Resistive Angle 1PRisAng1
Negative Resistive ReachNRisRch
Positive Reactance Angle 2PReaAng2
Positive Reactance Angle 1PReaAng1
Positive Reactance ReachPReaRch
Positive Resistive Angle 1PRisAng1
Positive Resistive ReachPRisRch
PCharAng
NCharAng
Z
x
r
z
Quadrilateral Characteristic Quadrilateral Characteristic ModelModel
Positive Resistive Angle 2PRisAng2
Negative Resistive Angle 2PRisAng2