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ScienceScience

ExperimentExperiment

GuideGuideBYAURORALIPPER

Supercharged ScienceSupercharged Sciencewww.SuperchargedScience.com

Focusing onwonder, discoveryand exploration.


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Thank You for

requesting our

Science Activity

& Experiment

Guide. We

hope you will

find it to be both

helpful and

insightful in

sparking young

minds in the

field of science!

Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.co2

Do you rememberyour first experience

with electricity? Thethrill when somethingyou built yourselfactually worked? Canyou recall a teacherthat impressed youbeyond words?

First, let us thank

you for seeking out afield that is true toyour passion, andfurthermore, one thatserves others.

In this book, were

going to share withyou the secrets tolearning and doing realscience. Well takeyou through severaldifferent scienceexperiments from avariety of sciencefields.

Think of this activitybook as the IdeaBook, meaning thatwhen you see anexperiment you reallylike, just take it andrun (along with all its

variations). Forexample, if you findyourself drawn tocrystals, our ideas arejust the beginning. Trygrowing your crystalsin different colors, atdifferent temperatures,with and without

seeded objects, varythe acidic levels (doesvinegar work betterthan a baking sodasolution?) and so forth.

A Word About

Safety

Make sure you workwith someone whosbeen successful beforewhen youre workingwith new stuff youreunsure about. Thisgoes for heating upliquids, condensinggases, and working

with other things thatcould run away andlead to trouble.

Lets Begin...

IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com 3

TTABLEABLEOFOFCCONTENTSONTENTS

Introduction..2

Air Pressure..4

Aerodynamics..6

Roller Coaster Physics.8Bubblology..10

Crystal Farming...12

Volcanoes.14

An Interview16

Whats Next.20

The future belongs to those that believe in thebeauty of their dreams.

~Eleanor Roosevelt


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com4

There's air surrounding

us everywhere, all atthe same pressure of14.7 psi (pounds persquare inch). It's the sameforce you feel on your skinwhether you're on theceiling or the floor, underthe bed or in the shower.

An interesting thing

happens when youchange a pocket of air

pressure - things start tomove. This difference inpressure that causesmovement is what createswinds, tornadoes,airplanes to fly, and someof the experiments we'reabout to do right now. Animportant thing toremember is that higherpressure always pushesthings around. (Meaninglower pressure does not"pull", but rather that wethink of higher pressure asa "push".)

Another interestingphenomenon occurs

with fast-moving airparticles. When air movesfast, it doesn't have timeto push on a nearbysurface, like an airplanewing. It just zooms by,barely having time totouch the surface. The airparticles are really in arush. Think of really busy

people driving fast in theircars. They are so busydoing other things anddriving fast to getsomewhere that they don'thave time to just sit andrelax.

Air pressure works thesame way. When the airzooms by a surface (likean airplane wing) like fastcars, the fast air has notime to push on thesurface and just sit there,so not as much air weightgets put on the surface.Less weight means lessforce on the area. (Thinkof "pressure" as force on agiven area or surface.)

This causes a less (orlower) pressure regionwherever there is fasterair movement.

Activity: Magic WaterGlass TrickFill a glassone-third with water.Cover the mouth with anindex card and invert(holding the card in place)over a sink. Remove yourhand from the card. Voila!Air pressure is pushing onall sides of both the glassand the card (atmosphericpressure). Recall thathigher pressurepushes,and when you have adifference in pressure,

things move. This pressuredifference causes storms,winds, and that card tostay in place.

Activity: Fountain BottleSeal a 2-liter soda waterbottle (half-full of water)with a lump of claywrapped around a longstraw, sealing the straw tothe mouth of the bottle.Blow hard into the straw.

As you blow air into thebottle, the air pressureincreases. This higherpressure pushes on thewater, which gets forcedup and out the straw.

Activity: Ping Pong

Funnel Insert a ping pongball into a funnel and blowhard. (You can tilt your

head back so that the ballend points to the ceiling.Can you blow hard enoughso when you invert thefunnel, the ball staysinside? Can you pick up aball from the table?

As you blow into thefunnel, the air where the

ball sits in the funnelmoves faster andgenerates lower airpressure than the rest ofthe air surrounding theball. This means that thepressure under the ball islower than the surroundingair which is, bycomparison, a higher

AAIRIRPPRESSURERESSURE


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com 5pressure. This higherpressure pushes the ballback into the funnel nomatter how hard you blow

or which way you hold thefunnel.

Activity: Squished SodaCan Heat an empty sodacan (large beer cansactually will work better ifyou have one) in a skilletwith a few tablespoons ofwater in the can over a hotstove. Have a shallow dishwith about inch of icewater handy (enoughwater to make a seal withthe top of the can). Whenthe can emits steam, grabthe can with tongs andquickly invert it into thedish.

CRACK! The air in the can

was heated, and thingsthat are hot tend toexpand. When you cool itquickly by taking it off thestove onto a cold plate,

the air cools down andshrinks, creating a lowerpressure inside. Since thesurrounding air outside of

the can is now higher, itpushes on all sides of thecan and crushes it.

Activity: SquishedBalloon Blow a balloon upso that it is just a bitlarger than the opening ofa large jam jar and can'tbe easily shoved in. Lighta small wad of paper towelon fire and drop it into thejar. Place the balloon ontop. When the fire goesout, lift the balloon andthe jar goes with it!

The air gets used up bythe flame and lower the airpressure inside the jar.The surrounding air

outside, now at a higherpressure than inside thejar, pushes the ballooninto the jam jar.

Activity: Jumping Paper

Take an empty water or sodbottle and lay it downhorizontally on a table.

Carefully set a small waddeup ball of paper towel in themouth of the bottle. (The bshould be about half the sizof the opening.) Blow hard

and try to get the paper to into the bottle!

Why is this so impossible?You're trying to force more into the bottle, but there's nroom for the air already insto go except back out themouth of the bottle, takingthe paper ball with it.

Activity: Kissing Balloons

Blow up two balloons. Attaca piece of string to eachballoon. Have each hand hoone string so that the balloo

are at nose-level, 6" apart.Blow hard between theballoons and watch themmove!

The air pressure is lowered you blow between theballoons (think of the airmolecules as ping pong bal they balls don't have

enough time to touch theballoon surface as they zooby). The air surrounding theballs that's not really movinis now at a higher pressureand pushes the balloonstogether.


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Every flying thing,whether it's an

airplane, spacecraft,soccer ball, or flying kid,experiences fouraerodynamic primaryforces: lift, weight, thrustand drag. An airplane usesa propeller or jet engine togenerate thrust. The wingsto create lift. The smooth,

pencil-thin shapeminimizes drag. And themolecules that make upthe airplane attributes tothe weight.

Let's find out what are

all the parts of an

airplane for. You'll needto get a cheap balsa wood

airplane for this next part -check out your local drugstore or toy store. I'veeven found them ingrocery stores for about$2.

Take the balsa wood

airplane and try to flyjust the body (no wingsor fins). It flips all over the

place. Try flying just thelarge wing (no body).Somersaults! Now slidethe large wing into thebody and fly (fewersomersaults, but stillsickening to fly in!). Nowadd a horizontal stabilizer(elevator) tail, and whenyou throw it, add a slight

curve so the plane"fishtails" in the air (like acar) but did you noticethat there are no moresomersaults? Add thevertical tail (rudder) andsee how it now steersstraight no matter how tocurve-throw it.

Sneaky Tip: if you

remove the metal clip onthe nose beforehand, youcan add it last to really seewhat it's for notice wheremost of the weight iswithout the clip?

Activity: Helicopters Cutout a paper rectangle 5 by2 inches. Cut lengthwisedown the strip, stoppingabout an inch before theend. Tape this uncut inchto the end tip of a popsiclestick. Fold the bunny-earflaps down in oppositedirections. Throw off abalcony and watch it whirland gyrate!

Optional: You can notch

the end of the popsiclestick to make a sling-shothelicopter. Make a quickslingshot launcher bylooping a rubber band toanother popsicle stick end.

Activity: ButterflyingCups Tape two Dixiepaper cups together,bottom-to-bottom. Chain

together six rubber bands.Loop one end of therubber band chain overyour thumb and hold yourarm out horizontallystraight, palm up.

Drape the remainder ofthe chain along your arm.Place the taped butterflycups at the free end (near

your shoulder) and slowlywind the rubber bandsaround the middle sectionof the cups.

When you wind near theend, stop, stretch thechain back toward yourelbow, make sure therubber band comes fromthe underside of the cupsand release. The cupsshould rotate quickly andtake air, then gracefullydescend down for a lightlanding. Try making onewith four cups.

Activity: Hot Air

Balloons Shake out agarbage bag to its

maximum capacity. Tape(use duct or masking tape)the open end almost-closed you still want asmall hole the size of thehair dryer nozzle. Use thehair dryer to inflate thebag and heat the air inside(make sure you don't meltthe bag).

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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com 7

When the air is at itswarmest, release yourhold on the bag while youswitch off the hair dryer. Itshould float up to theceiling and stay there for a

while.

This experiment worksbest on cold mornings. Thegreater the temperaturedifference between thebag's air and thesurrounding air, the longerit will float.

Activity: ParachutesAttach a piece of floss orthin string to the fourcorners of a tissue. Attacha stick, a small wad ofstones wrapped in anothertissue, a pinecone, etc. tothe centers of the string.Practice dropping thesefrom the balcony and seewhich falls slowest with

which load.

Activity: Ring Thing Cutan index card into thirdslengthwise. Loop one stripinto a circle and tape endstogether. Place tworemaining strips togetherend-to-end and tape, thenloop into large circle and

tape in place. Place a pieceof tape across one end ofa straw and gently secureone ring to the tape.

Repeat on the other endwith remaining ring. Makesure the two rings areconcentric (you can seethrough both like atelescope). Throw it small-end-first!

Activity: Free Form

Machines Make an

obstacle course with someor all the followingdifferent challenges:

Hit a target balloon(arm the machines withopened paper clips)

Go over and under asuspended length ofstring

Make it through a hulahoop suspendedvertically or horizontally

Dangle large paperairplanes (made from11x17" paper, or two8.5x11" papers tapedtogether to make an

11x17") from theceiling for a dogfight'to earn points if you tagone

Shoot through thebasketball hoop, anddive into a basket.

Tips for

Successful Learnin

Learn from someone

who has already done it

successfully before, and a

them how long they waite

before seeing results.

When making household

repairs,servicing the famcar or other domestic

equipment, include your

child. Natural scientific anmechanical skills can be

discovered and developed

this way, and many scient

principles can be

demonstrated in firsthandand practical ways.

The definition of insanitydoing the same thing oveand over again andexpecting different results

~Albert Einst


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The reason why thingsbounce, fly, zoom, and

splat are described bythe Laws of Physical Motionmost kids learn in their highschool physics class. But

you don't have to wait untilyour kid hits puberty tohave fun with physics youcan start right now. Kids

across the globe use the

law of gravitation everydayto put the zing in theirgames, from basketballgames to skateboarding.

Let's find out how they doit.

Let's take a look at the

first law of motion. Whenyou place a ball on thefloor, it stays put. A

science textbook will tellyou this: An object at resttends to stay at rest unlessacted upon by an externalforce. Your foot is the

external forcekick it!

What about when theball whacks intosomething? Checking

back in with the science

textbook: An object inmotion tends to stay inmotion unless acted upon

by an external force. Afteryou kicked the ball(external force), it fliesthrough the air until it

smacks into something.

But there are two other

forces acting on the ballthat you can't see.One

force is air resistance. Theball is hitting the airmolecules when it fliesthrough the air, which slows

it down. The other force isgravitational. Gravity isinherent in anything thathas mass (including you!),

but you need something the

size of a planet before youcan begin to see the effectsit has on other objects. Ifyou tossed your ball in

space (away from anynearby gravitational pullslike black holes orgalaxies), it would continue

in a straight line forever.There aren't any moleculesfor it to collide with, and no

gravitational effects to pullit off-course.

There is one more ideathat you'll need to

understandacceleration. A ball at resthas a position you can charton a map (latitude,longitude, and altitude), but

no velocity or acceleration.

It's not moving. When youdecide to stir things up andkick the ball, that's when it

gets interesting. Thesecond your toe touches theball, things start to change.Velocity is the change in

position. If you kick theball ten feet, and it takesfive seconds to go the

distance, the average speedof the ball is 2 feet per

second (about 1.4 MPH).

The trickier part of thisscenario has to do with

acceleration, which isthe change of velocity.When you drive on thefreeway at a constant 65

MPH, your acceleration is

zero. Your speed does notchange, so you have noacceleration. Your positionis constantly changing, but

you have constant speed.When you get on thefreeway, your speedchanges from zero to 65

MPH in ten seconds. Youracceleration is greatestwhen your foot first hits the

gas when your speedchanges the most.

There's an interestingeffect that happens

when you travel in acurve.You can feel theeffect of a different type ofacceleration when yousuddenly turn your car to

the right you will feel a

push to the left. If you aregoing fast enough and youtake the turn hard enough,

you can get slammedagainst the door. So - whopushed you?

Think back to the firstlaw of motion. An objectin motion tends to stay in

RROLLEROLLERCCOASTEROASTERPPHYSICSHYSICS


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com 9motion unless acted uponby an external force. This

is the amazing part thecaris the external force.

Your body was the object inmotion, wanting to stay in

motion in a straight line.The car turns, and yourbody still tries to maintainits straight path, but the car

itself gets in the way.When you slam into the cardoor, the car is turningitself into your path, forcing

you to change direction.

This effect is true whenyou travel in a car or in aroller coaster. It's the

reason the water stays inthe bucket when you swingit over your head. Physicalmotion is everywhere,

challenging toddlerslearning to walk as well asOlympic downhill skiers to

go the distance.

Bucket Splash Fill abucket half-full with water.Grasp the handle and swing

it over your head in a circlein the vertical direction. Tryspinning around whileholding the handle out infront of your chest to swing

it in the horizontal plane.

Vary your spin speed to findthe minimum!

Activity: Roller CoasterPhysics This is the bestway to learn about physics.All you need is a handful of

marbles, several pieces of foam pipe insulation, afew rolls of masking tape,

and a crowd of participants.

To make the roller coasters,you'll need foam pipe

insulation, which is sold bythe six-foot increments at

the hardware store. You'llbe slicing them in halflengthwise, so each piecemakes twelve feet of track.

Pipe insulation comes in allsizes, so bring your marbleswhen you select the size.

The size fits most

marbles, but if youre usingball bearings or shootermarbles, try it out at thestore. (At the very least

youll get smiles andinterest from the hardwarestore sales people.)

Slit most of the tracklengthwise (the hard way)with scissors. Youll find it

is already sliced on oneside, so this makes yourtask easier. Leave a fewpieces uncut to become

tunnels for later roller

coasters.

The next step is to join yourtrack together beforeadding all the features like

loops and curves. Join two

tracks together in butt-jointfashion and press a piece ofmasking tape lengthwise

along both the inside andthe underside of the track.A third piece of tape shouldgo around the entire joint

circumferentially. Make thisconnection as smooth aspossible, as your high-

speed marble roller coaster wtend to fly off the track at th

slightest bump.

You can create all kinds oroller coaster maneuvers:

Loops

Camel-Backs (think hump Whirly-Birds (take a loop

and make it horizontal)

Corkscrew (spread a basiloop apart)

Jump Track Pretzel (tie a loose knot)

TroubleshootingIf yourmarble is flying off the tracklook very carefully for whereflies off:

Does the track change

position with the weight of thmarble, making it fly offcourse? Make the track mor

rigid by taping it to a surface

Is the marble jumping ov

the track wall? Increase youbank angle (the amount of tw

the track makes along its

length).

When all else fails, make

tunnel section by taping

another piece on top the matrack. Spiral-wrap the tapealong the length of both piec

to secure them together.


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If you pour a fewdroplets of water onto a

sweater or fabric,you'llnotice the water will justsit there on the surface ina ball (or oval, if the dropis large enough). If youtouch the ball of waterwith a soapy finger, theball disappears into thefibers of the fabric! What

happened?

Soap makes water

"wetter" by breaking

down the water's

surface tension by abouttwo-thirds. The force thatkeeps the water droplet ina sphere shape is calledsurface tension. It's the

reason you can fill a cup ofwater past the brimwithout it spilling over.Water becomes "wetter"because without soap, itcan't get into the fibers ofyour clothes to get themclean. That's why youneed soap in the washingmachine.

Soap also makes waterstretchy. If you've evertried making bubbles withyour mouth just using spit,you know that you can'tget the larger, fist-sizedspit-bubbles to formcompletely and detach tofloat away in the air.Water by itself has too

much surface tension, toomany forces holding themolecules together. Whenyou add soap to it, theyrelax a bit and stretch out.Soap makes water stretchand form into a bubble.

The soap molecule

looks a lot like a snake

it's a long chain that

has two very differentends. The head of thesnake loves water, and thetail end loves dirt. Whenthe soap molecule find adirt particle, it will wrap itstail around the dirt andhold it there.

Activity: Best Bubble

Solution Gently mixtogether 12 cups coldwater in a shallow tub withone cup green Dawn (orclear Ivory) dish soap.

If its a hot dry day, add afew tablespoons ofglycerin. (Glycerin can befound at the drug store.)

You can add all sorts ofthings to find the perfectsoap solution: lemonjuice, corn syrup, maplesyrup, glycerin to namea few. Each will add itsown properties to thebubble solution.

The absolute best time tomake gigantic bubbles ison an overcast day, rightafter it rains. Bubbles

have a thin cell wall thatevaporates quickly indirect sun, especially on alow-humidity day. Theglycerin adds moisture anddeters this rapid thinningof the bubbles cell wall.

Activity: Zillions of Tiny

Bubblescan be madewith strawberry baskets.

Simply dip the basket intothe bubble solution andtwirl around. You can alsouse plastic six-pack sodacan holders.

Activity: TrumpetBubblesare created byusing a modified a waterbottle. Cut off the bottomof the bottle, dip the largeend in the soap solution,put the small end to yourlips and blow. You canseparate the bubble awayfrom the trumpet byrolling the large end upand away from yourbubble.

Activity: Bubble Castles

are built with a straw anda plate. First, spreadbubble solution all over asmooth surface (such as aclean cookie sheet, plate,or table top).

Dip one end of a straw inthe bubble solution andblow bubbles all over the

BBUBBLOLOGYUBBLOLOGY


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com1surface. Make largerdomes with smaller onesinside. Notice the bubblechanges shape and size

when it connects withanother.

Activity: Stretch andSquish! Get one hand-sized bubble in each hand.Slap them together (sothey join, not pop!). Whatif you join them together sl o w l y?

Activity: Light Showisone of the favorites when Iteach this class. Find aBIG flashlight and stand iton end (or use a thin onewith three clothespins).

Rub soap solution all otherthe bottom of anuncolored plastic lid (likefrom a coffee can).

Balance the lid, soapy sideup, on the flashlight (or onthe spring-typeclothespins).

Blow a hemisphere bubbleon top of the lid. Find adark room, turn on theflashlight, and blow gentlyalong the side of the

bubble and watch thecolors swirl.

Activity: Weird Shapesare the simplest way toshow how soap makeswater stretchy. Dip arubber band completely inthe soap solution and pullit up. Stretch the rubber

band using your fingers.Twist and tweak into allsorts of shapes. Note thatthe bubble always finds away of filling the shapewith the minimum amountof surface area.

Activity: Moebius

Bubble Make one by

cutting open a thick rubberband or " thick ribbon,give one end a half-twist,and reattach it together.

Activity: Polygon

Shapes allow you to makesquare and tetrahedralbubbles. Create different3D shapes by bending pipecleaners made into cubes,

tetrahedrons, or whateveryou wish.

You can also use strawsthreaded onto string madeinto 3D triangular shapes.Notice how the film alwaysfinds its minimum surfacearea. Can you makesquare bubbles? (Hint: Yes!)

Activity: Gigantic Bubble

Using the straws and stringthread two straws on threefeet of string and tie off.

Grasp one straw in each haand dip in soap solution. Ua gentle wind as you walk tmake BIG bubbles. Find aithermals (warm pockets ofair) to take your bubbles upup, UP!

Kid-In-A-BubbleIn a childplastic swimming pool, pou

your best bubble solution.Lay a hula hoop down, maksure there is enough bubblesolution to just cover thehoop.

Have your child stand in thepool (use a stool if you donwant to get your feet wet),and lift the hoop! For a morpermanent project, use an

car tire sliced in halflengthwise (the hard way) thold the bubble solution.

I have not failed. I havjust found 10,000 waysthat wont work.

~Thomas Edis


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Crystals are formedwith atoms line up in

patterns and solidify.There are crystalseverywhere in the formof salt, sugar, sand,diamonds, quartz andmore!

When making crystals,

there is a very special

kind of solution tomake. It's called a "supersaturated solid solution".What does that mean?Here's an example: If youconstantly add salt by thespoonful to a cup of water,you'll reach a point wherethe salt doesn't disappear(dissolve) anymore and

forms a lump at thebottom of the glass.

The point at which it

begins to form a lump isjust past the point of

being a saturated

solution. If you heat upthe saltwater, the lumpdisappears. You can nowadd more and more salt,

until it can't take anymoresalt (you'll see anotherlump starting to form atthe bottom). This is now asuper saturated solidsolution. Mix in a bit ofwater to make the lumpdisappear. Your solution isready for making crystals.But how?

If you add somethingfor the crystals to cling

to, like a rock or a stick,crystals can now grow. Ifyou "seed" the object(coat it with the stuff youformed the solution with,like salt or sugar), theywill start forming faster.

TIP: If you keep the

solution in a warm place,crystals will grow faster.

If you have too muchsalt (or other solid)

mixed in, your solutionwill crystallize all at thesame time and you'll get ahuge rock that you can'tpull out of the jar. If youhave too little salt, thenyou'll wait forever forcrystals to grow. Findingthe right amount to mix intakes time and patience.

Activity: GeodesA geodeis a crystallized mineraldeposit, and are usuallyvery dull and ordinary-looking on the outside,

until you crack them open!

An eggshell is going to beused to simulate a gasbubble found in flowinglava. By dissolving alumin water (real life usesminerals dissolved inground water) and placingit into your eggshell (in

real life, its a gas bubblepocket), you will be leftwith a geode. (Note:these crystals are not for

eating, just looking.)

Make sure your eggshellsare clean. Fill a small cupwith warm water anddissolve as much alum inthe water as you can tomake a saturated solution(meaning that if you addany more alum, it will only

fall to the bottom and notdissolve).

Fill the eggshells with thesolution and set aside.Observe as the solutionevaporates over the nextfew days.

When the solution hascompletely evaporated,

you will have a homemadegeode. If no crystalsformed, then you had toomuch water and notenough alum in yoursolution.

Activity: GemstonesFilla clean glass jar withsaturated solution made

CCRYSTALRYSTALFFARMINGARMING


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Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com1above and leave it for twodays. Strain it and savethe water for later. Keepthe crystals!

Activity: String CrystalsFill another glass jar withspare saturated solution,and suspend a crystal(from experiment above)with string from the jarlid. Lower it into thesolution and wait severaldays. (Seed the string forquicker growth.)

Activity: Rock CandyWere going to takeadvantage of the processof crystallization to makecandy. You are going tomake a super saturatedsolution of sugar and useit to grow your ownhomemade sugar candycrystals.

A super saturated solutionis one that has as muchsugar dissolved in thewater as possible. (If wedidnt heat the water, wedwind up with only asaturated solution.)

Boil three cups of water in

a large pot on the stove.Add eight cups of sugar,one cup at a time, slowlystirring as you go.

The liquid should be thickand yellowish. Turn offthe heat and let it sit forfour hours (until the temp.is below 120 degrees F).

Pour the sugar water

solution into clean glassjars and add a coupledrops of food coloring (forcolored crystals). Tie astring to a skewer, restingthe skewer horizontallyacross the jar mouth.

Activity: Salt StalactitesMake a saturated solution

from warm water andEpsom salts. (Add enoughsalt so that if you addmore, it will not dissolvefurther.)

Fill two empty glass jarswith the salt solution.Space the jars a foot aparton a layer of foil or on acookie sheet.

Suspend a piece of yarn orstring from one jar to theother. Wait impatiently forabout three days. Astalactite should form fromthe middle of the string!

Educational Gift Ide

Today, a whole range ofeducationally approved toys

and games are are available.Consider these items: giving asubscription to a scientificmagazine (Scientific American,Popular Science, PopularMechanics, MAKE Magazine), easy-to-assemble crystal radio,general science kit, binoculars(Orion's 10x50 UltraViews areoutstanding), an aquarium orterrarium (I use a pickle jar

myself), a chemistry set, a modairplane, a biography of aninventor (Tesla, Einstein, orEdison), a microscope (ObservIV by GreatScopes is excellent)telescope (my personal OrionSkyView Pro telescope isincredible for the price) anddefinitely a magnifying glassachances are, you already haveone hiding somewhere in your

home!


14/22


If you've everwondered what makes

the Earth burp and spitmagma, you're in theright place. This article isfor those who want toshake up volcanoes usingchemical reactions and airpressure.

The first thing to do is

to mix up your ownvolcano dough. You canchoose from the followingtwo mixtures. TheStandard Volcano dough isakin to "play dough", andthe Earthy Volcano doughlooks more like the realthing.

Either way, you'll needa few days on the shelf ora half hour in a lowtemperature oven to bakeit dry. You canalternatively use a slab ofclay if you have one largeenough.

Activity: Standard

Volcano Dough Mix

together 6 cups flour, 2cups salt, cup vegetableoil, and 2 cups of warmwater. The resultingmixture should be firm butsmooth. Stand the wateror soda bottle in theroasting pan and mold thedough around it into avolcano shape.

Activity: Earthy VolcanoDough Mix 2 cups flour,2 dirt, 1 cup sand, 1 cups salt and water. Youmix all the dry ingredientstogether and then addwater by the cup until themixture sticks together.

Build the volcano aroundan empty water bottle on

a disposable turkey-styleroasting pan. It will dry intwo days if you have thetime, but why wait? Youcan erupt when wet if themixture is stiff enough!(And if it's not, add moreflour until it is.)

Activity: Soda

Volcanoes Fill the bottlemost of the way full withwarm water and a bit ofred food color. Add asplash of liquid soap and cup baking soda. Stir

gently. When ready, addvinegar in a steady streamand watch that lava flow!

Activity: Air Pressure

Sulfur VolcanoesWrapthe dough around thetubing into an ice-cream-cone-shape and slap theice-cream-end down intoyour roasting pan tray.

Push and pull the tubefrom the bottom until theother end of the tube isjust below the volcano tip.

Using your fingers, shapethe inside top of thevolcano to resemble asmall Dixie cup. Yoursolution needs a chamberto mix and grow in beforeoverflowing down themountain.

The tube goes at thebottom of the clay-cup

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space. Be sure the volcanois SEALED to the cookiesheet at the bottom. Youwont want the solutionrunning out of the bottomof the volcano instead ofpopping up out the top!

Activity: Make yourchemical reactants.

Solution 1: In one bucket,fill halfway with warmwater and add one to twocups baking soda. Addone cup of liquid dish soapand stir very gently so youdont make too many

bubbles.

Solution 2: In a differentbucket, fill halfway withwater and place one cup ofaluminum sulfate (find thisat the gardening section ofthe hardware store). Addred food coloring and stir.

Putting it all together:Practice your breathing:count ONE (and pour inSolution 1), TWO (inhaleair only!), and THREE(pour in Solution 2 as youput your lips to the tubeand puff as hard as youcan!). Lava should not

only flow but burp and spitall over the place!

Cool Volcano Fact

The largest volcano in the worldMauna Loa. It has a volume of

about 40,000 cubic kilometers, an above-sea level area of 512square kilometers.

Most people consider Kilauea iHawai'i to be the most active. Ithas erupted more than 50 timessince the late 1700's whenwesterners arrived. A few claimthat Piton de La Fournaise onReunion Island in the Indian ocis the most active.

Volcanoes are used to makeelectricity by heating water! Itscalled geothermal energy and tcountries currently using thistechnology include: the USA,Iceland, Japan, Guatemala, NeZealand. Geothermal energy isusually considered a "clean andrenewable" resource, but its noalways the case, as smellychemical compounds areconstantly released into theatmosphere by a geothermal pl

A new idea must not bejudged by its immediateresults.

~Nikola Te

If you are interested in learning more ways to

inspire curiosity and spark creativity in your

child, you will find our Science Mastery

Program enormously valuable. You can find out

more about our science learning programs at:

www.SuperchargedScience.com


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"Tell us a bit aboutyourself."

"I attended Cal Poly

State University in San

Luis Obispo, California,where I obtained aBachelor's Degree inMechanical Engineering(with a minor inMathematics and seniorproject in Rocket Science)in June 1996. While inCalifornia, I received anAir Force sponsorship to

pursue further studies in aMaster's program withEdward Air Force Base inDryden, California. I wasalso a student pilot andshortly thereafter receivedmy private pilot license."

"In June 1997, I

completed a Master'sDegree in Mechanical

Engineering at Cal PolyState University, with athesis in flow patterns of F-15 engines and with 4.0GPA and was awardedGraduation withDistinction."

"In Fall 1997, I became

one of the youngest

instructors in the

engineering departmentat Cal Poly State

University, where I taughtlectures in Statics,Dynamics, EngineeringSystems, and labs in FluidMechanics, Vibrations, andEngineering Design."

"What kind of teacher

were you in college?"

"A student once told methis: "I can get an A in

your class, or an A in all

my other classes.."andthey picked mine!Although my classes werefilled with textbookproblems andmathematical formulas,

they had a very uniquefeel to them. I workedhard to set up the learningenvironment so learningfelt good, which is no

small task with college-agestudents. I also workedvery hard at setting up thelecture into small, bite-sized pieces anyone couldgrasp by relating it to whatthey already knew. Forexample, I would explainsupersonic flow by relatingit to something they deal

with everyday likefreeway traffic. Einsteinhimself said that if youcouldn't explain somethingin simple terms, you didnot truly understand it atall."

"I am a big believer in

getting outside of theclassroom and into the

environment. Mysophomore level Dynamicsclass went to Six FlagsMagic Mountain for theirexam and analyzed rollercoasters and other rideswith homemadeaccelerometers, heightmeters, and g-force

AANNIINTERVIEWNTERVIEWWWITHITHAA

SSUCCESSFULUCCESSFULSSCIENCECIENCETTEACHEREACHERAurora Lipper, mechanical engineer, university instructor, rocket scientist,

airplane pilot, astronomer, and director of Supercharged Science, a science

education company, shares her story.


17/22

Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com1indicators they craftedthemselves. The point wasto get the students out ofthe classroom and into

real life situations. And Iam happy to report mostmy students did stellar oncommon final exams("common final" refers tothe idea that if there aremultiple classes taught bydifferent instructors, thesame exam is given to allstudents).

"How did you get into

teaching kids?"

"Thinking I was goingto teach university

classes for the rest of

my life, I needed toobtain a Ph.D.. I began mydoctorate studies at

Stanford University in theHigh Temperature GasDynamics Lab(Combustion) and spentmy free time at the localchildren's museum in theSan Francisco Bay Area.

"After six months, I

realized that studying ina dark corner about asubject no one really caredabout (Simultaneous LaserSpectroscopy andSchlieren Photography ofHypersonic CombustionFluid Flow... See? Not allthat interesting.) for thenext seven years was notthe fastest track to making

the biggest impact onyoung minds.

"I returned to the

university and taught

for several years as aninstructor while creatingmy own unique set ofphysical science lessons.Then I had a radical idea:what if I packaged myuniversity classes intosomething school kidscould learn?

"Teaching elementaryschools about

supersonic combustiondid not seem like a

good idea at first.Butafter awhile, I realizedhow much physical sciencewas really needed in alllevels of public schools,and was able to create anamazing program thatinspired thousands of kidsto experiment with scienceon their own.

"What are you working onnow?"

"I enjoyed some

wonderful experiences

with kids and parentswhen I created Camp Kinea summer science camp for12 year olds in my local are

I first planned to offer campfor 48 kids, but soon had toadd enough space toaccommodate over 200. Wenow teach this camp tothousands of kids across thcountry.

"I have now taken the

opportunity to have a

wider range of students

I dedicate my work toeducating and inspiringfamilies and teachers throumy science educationbusiness, SuperchargedScience. My company evolvas an expression of a valueam committed to in my lifeand want to offer others:envisioning, empowering, a

taking massive action.

"Many parents andteachers have learned th

teaching strategies neededfor self-motivated learningthrough my intensiveworkshops and seminars. Ishare a unique perspective overcoming the stressful anoverwhelming tasks ofteaching science in ameaningful and impactful wthrough my experiences as instructor, speaker, androcket scientist."


18/22


"What traits do you think

can help someone succeedat their science

education?"

"Determination,resilience, and acuity.

Most people give up

just before what they aretrying to do actually

works. Edison triedthousands of times beforehe got that light bulb towork, and every "failure"was recorded as asuccess... he knew whichelements burned and forhow long (or exploded),just in case he'd need it inthe future (which he did!).

"As for acuity - know

what you are getting.Observe your resultscarefully. Why did theroller coaster fly off thetrack? Too fast or tooslow? Asking betterquestions gets betterresults. Just saying 'Itdidn't work!' does not getyou anywhere."

It doesn't matter how beautifulyour theory is, it doesn't matterhow smart you are. If it doesn'tagree with experiment, it's notright.

~Richard Feynman

"How does someone do a

great science experiment?"

"I figure there are three

basic steps to doing

great scienceexperiments: first, figureout what you want to do.Have a clear vision aboutwhat you want to test or

try out. Second, have aplan for doing it. Designthe experiment, map it outso you know what to do.Third: measure yoursuccess. Lots of people,scientist or not, skip thisvital step.

"Think of yourself in an

airplane.Before youleave the ground, youknow exactly where youare headed (this is yourvision). You made sure

you have enough fuel, andyou didn't forget yourpassengers (you mappedout a plan). Did you know

an airplane is off-course95% of the time? Theairplane course-corrects tokeep it headed in the rightdirection... it doesn't checkonce in awhile - it's anongoing process(measuring success)."

"Who would a student

contact if they want to doscience experiments?"

"One of the most

difficult aspects of ascience experiment is

becoming overwhelmed bythe magnitude of variables(things you can vary ineach experiment). Another

is not knowing where tofind materials.

"Get in touch with your

local college or

AANNIINTERVIEWNTERVIEWWWITHITHA SA SUCCESSFULUCCESSFUL

SSCIENCECIENCETTEACHEREACHER CONTINUEDCONTINUED


19/22

Supercharged Science SuperchargedScience.com1universities. There isusually someone in thephysics or engineeringdepartment who either has

kids or likes kids, and arewilling to help you findnew resources for yourchild. Your localcommunity section in thenewspaper can be aresource area as well."

"The Supercharged

Science website is a

great place to get

started. By downloadingthe free resources, youcan get scienceexperiment informationdelivered to you -experiments you can doright now at home with thethings you have Mostexperiments require localgrocery store items."

What do you recommendfor a parent with no

science skills looking forways to help their child?"

"Remember that your

job is not to know

everything. Your job is toplay with the kids. Thismeans going to the librarytogether with your child,getting science experimentbooks, and making time tojust be with your child.

"When they ask you,"What's happening?" whenthey rub a balloon on theirhair and stick it to thewall, you should turn right

around and say, "Gosh.I'm not sure. It looks likethat balloon just stuckthere. Did you glue it?"

"What additional tips

would you be willing tooffer someone interested

in expanding theirclassroom curriculum?"

"If you truly want to be

successful in your

science classroom,youcan start by creating avision of what you want. Isit a mad scientist lab withbeakers of coloredsubstances constantlyburping and bubbling? Is ita student-run interactiverobotics lab, where theyrun it part time as a hands-on museum open to thepublic? What do you reallywant to create?

"Get creative by visiting

local colleges with your

ideas and requests. Put aad online or in the universitpaper looking for energetic

physics students to help yobuild an astronomy lab on troof or design an interactiveslime lab that refills itself.Visit the library and fill yourcard with as many resourceas you can. Totally immerseyourself in the process, andyou will be amazed anddazzled by the results."


20/22


There you have itmanydifferent science ideas tohelp focus your child onwonder, discovery, and

exploration.

If youre searching foreven more science foryour child, know that youcan provide an outstandingscience education more

quickly, easily, andinexpensively than youthink.

Many families are veryfrustrated with current

quality of science

education available

because the scienceexperiments on the

market are poorlydesigned, expensive torefill, difficult toimplement, and are limitedin their capacity to ensureunderstanding.

Some of the areas thatparents are concerned

about are that they havea child who is thirsty tolearn more science, butthey have no idea whereto fulfill this need.

Many parents feelembarrassed or unable

to respond when their

child asks questions

about science they

simply can't answer.Other parents don't have aclear, big-pictureperspective of how scienceworks. Many families reallydon't have the budget tokeep buying "scienceactivities" which are hardto understand, havedirections that are difficultto follow, and contain

materials that areimpossible to get refills forfurther study.

Most science kits andbooks do not accurately

represent what it is

really like to be a

scientist or engineer.Perhaps the greatest

concern of all is that theirchild will get turned off to

science at an early stagebecause of frustratingexperiences like these.

Imagine a child who

can't sleep at nightbecause they are so

excited about the next

day's activities... andthose activities spark moreideas! Imagine having thepeace of mind in knowingyour child is learning evenwithout your help, because

you ignited your child'sinterest in a way that maylast their entire life.

This same child willpatiently explain

everything to you and

doesn't expect you to

know all the answers.Imagine having a child

who is turned on by lifeand tries to fix the broken

WWHATHATSSNNEXTEXT??


21/22


things in your house. Thissame child will turn toiletpaper tubes into workingradios, Tupperwarecontainers into laser lightshows, and launch sodabottles a hundred feet in

the air as rockets. usingstuff from around thehouse.

For years, the bridge

between the adult

scientist-career world

and the child science-education world has

had no bridge.Sciencemuseums and books arebeing created to fill thegap, but it simply isn'tenough to visit a museumonce a year nor to buybooks when you have noone to ask questions to.For many years, there hasbeen a wall between thosewho understand and utilize

the wonders of scienceand the rest of the worldwho buy groceries andfrequent family soccer

games.

The key steps tosuccess in sparking a

child's interest in

science in a lasting way

are to first get yourhands on the right

information.Everyonesells a science book full ofexperiments, but you will

have questions that gounanswered, science ideasthat still don't make sense,and you won't be able tofind the materials youneed.

Or worse, you buy

science books for yourkids, and years later find

them on a dusty shelfwhile your now-high-school-age-kids are fillingout college applicationsand unsure which careerpath to choose - nowthat's a set-back.

You need to get your

hands on the rightinformation and deliver

it in the right way at theright time to your child.

We have a scienceprogram filled with well-written experiments thatrequire parts from local

stores, shopping lists for eaassembly, science articles aresources plus unlimitedsupport as long as you need

it.

Since 1996, Aurora Lippe(founder and owner of

Supercharged Science) h

been sparking the minds

young scientists inelementary schools

through university level.

What we offer is a widevariety of products and

services that will put you ontrack to getting interested ilearning science in an

outstanding and lasting way

The next step is to check

out our Science MasteryProgram, which will give yeverything you need to creaan outstanding scienceeducation program that wildazzle your child and set ththinking. (All you need to dadd the kids.)

Visit our website to find out more



22/22

Focusing on wonder, discovery, and exploration.

SSUPERCHARGEDUPERCHARGEDSSCIENCECIENCE

Since 1999, our team has sparked the minds of thousandsof K-12 students in physics, chemistry, and engineering.

Supercharged Science offers exciting hands-on scienceworkshops, science kits, and complete learning programsfor families everywhere.

(805) 617-1789


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