Model Based Power System Using Smart Grid

MODEL BASED POWER SYSTEM USING

SMART GRID

by

Muhammad Huzaifa Butt 1JV220BU11VZ

Bilal Shabbir 1JV220C211W7

Syed Ijlal Haider 1JV220BW11W1

A thesis submitted to the

Electrical Department

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Faculty of Engineering

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOGY

Mirpur Azad Jammu & Kashmir

August, 2015

ii

Copyright © 2010 by MUST Student

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior

Written permission of Project Holders or designated representative.

iii

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the research work titled “MODEL BASED POWER SYSTEM

USING SMART GRID” carried out by “Muhammad Huzaifa Butt, Bilal Shabbir,

and Syed Ijlal Haider”, Registration No “1JAV220BU11VZ” “1JV220C211W7”

“1JV220BW11W1” under the supervision of Engr. Shahbaz Baig at Mirpur University

of Science and Technology, Mirpur is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis

for the degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering.

Supervisor: ------------------------------

External Examiner: ------------------------------

Project Coordinator: ------------------------------

Chairman: ------------------------------

Dean: ------------------------------

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

On the submission of our project, we would like to extend our appreciation and heartfelt

thanks to our supervisor Mr. Shahbaz Baig, Lecturer Faculty of Engineering, for

constant motivation and support during the course of our work. We truly appreciate and

value his esteemed guidance and encouragement from the beginning to the end of this

project. We also thank Engr. Shabbir Mirza, Chairman Electrical Engineering

Department, for giving us the opportunity to carry out a project of our own choice. The

faculty members of Mirpur University of Science and Technology has provided us with

the knowledge and assistance that constructed the foundation required in us to initiate

and follow through a project such as this, and for that we are grateful to all the teachers,

officers, and staff of the Electrical Engineering Department. Finally we would like to

express our gratefulness towards our parents and Almighty Allah for being there with

us thick and thin.

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DECLARATION

It is declared that this is an original piece of our own work, except where otherwise

acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been submitted in any form for

another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for tertiary education

and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree from this or any

other University or Institution.

Muhammad Huzaifa Butt

1JAV220BU11VZ

Bilal Shabbir

1JV220C211W7

Syed Ijlal Haider

1JV220BW11W1

August, 2015

vi

ABSTRACT

Electricity is distributed through existing electro-mechanical grid which has been

serving since nineteenth century. In our project titled ''Model Based Power System

Using Smart Grid'' we implemented bidirectional technique featuring peak load shifting

to valley and consumer’s energy cost minimization at residential level. Two major

categories of Load Management techniques, incentive based and dynamic pricing based

schemes have been discussed and compared.

Dynamic Pricing Base technique in our project is implemented by using 3-Light

Indicator System. In this technique the user would have three light indicators fitted

inside their house i-e (Green, Red, and Yellow). The tariff of usage during peak hours,

base load hours and valley hours would be predefined by the utility. During peak load

hours the red light indicator would automatically turn on which would tell the user that

high tariff would be charged during this time of the day so that they won't use the

equipment like iron, electric heaters, washing machines, air conditioners etc. During

base load hours the green light indicator would turn on and the user would know that

normal tariff would be charged if they'd use electricity. During valley hours the yellow

light indicator would turn on and the user would know that they'd be charged with very

low tariff by the utility. In this way the user would use less electricity during peak hours

and more during valley and they would be free from load shedding as load shedding

would shift into load shifting.

vii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment…………………………………...……………………iv

Declaration……………………………………...……………………......v

Abstract ......................................... ………………………………………vi

Table of Contents ...................................................................................... vii

List of Figures………………………………………...............................xi

List of Tables ...........................................................................................xii

List of Acronyms.............................................................................. ...... xiii

Chapter 1

Introduction .............................................................................................................14

1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................14

1.1.1 Features of smart power grid...............................................................14

1.2 Statement of Problem......................................................................................15

1.2.1 Inefficiency at managing peak load.....................................................15

1.3 Purpose of Project...........................................................................................17

1.3.1 Dynamic Pricing Based.......................................................................18

1.3.2 Incentive based ...................................................................................19

1.4 Applications of the Project..............................................................................22

1.5 Summary.........................................................................................................23

Chapter 2

Literature review.........................................................................................................24

2.1 Related Techniques.........................................................................................24

2.1.1 Wireless Communication....................................................................24

2.1.2 Fibre Optics.........................................................................................25

viii

2.2 Related Projects...............................................................................................26

2.2.1 Automatic Meter Reading...................................................................26

2.2.2 Power Distribution Management……………………………….....…27

2.2.3 Status Monitoring and Control............................................................26

2.3 Related Studies................................................................................................26

2.3.1 Smart customers and smart home ......................................................26

2.3.2 Electric vehicles and Vehicle to Grid applications .............................26

2.3.3 Their limitations and bottlenecks.........................................................27

2.4 Summary..........................................................................................................29

Chapter 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES..................................................................30

3.1 Hardware used with complete technical specifications....................................30

3.1.1 Supply Side Components................ ....................................................30

3.1.2 PC side components.............................................................................30

3.1.3 Relay Circuit........................................................................................31

3.1.4 Description of components .................................................................31

3.1.5 PC Circuit............................................................................................35

3.1.6 Loads side circuitry explanation..........................................................36

3.1.7 Supply side Circuitry and explanation ................................................36

3.1.8 Relays Circuit and explanation............................................................37

3.1.9 Transformers Circuit............................................................................37

3.2 Software, Simulation tools used.......................................................................38

3.2.1 Virtual Studio communicates with smart grid......................................38

3.2.2 C Sharp (C#) ........................................................................................38

3.2.3 Processing.............................................................................................38

ix

3.2.4 The programming used in Visual Basic ................................................38

3.2.5 Microcontroller Programming…………………………………….…..41

3.3 Summary..........................................................................................................46

Chapter 4

Methodologies and Implementation.........................................................47

4.1 Design of the investigation.............................................................................47

4.1.1 Objectives............................................................................................47

4.1.2 Background.........................................................................................47

4.1.3 Procedure.............................................................................................48

4.1.3 (a) Dynamic pricing based............................................................48

4.1.3 (b) Incentive based........................................................................48

4.2 Analysis procedures.........................................................................................49

4.3 Implementation procedure...............................................................................49

4.3.1 Details about hardware........................................................................49

4.3.1 (a) DC Supply Side Components...................................................49

4.3.1 (b) Controller section board...........................................................51

4.3.1 (c) Relay section board..................................................................52

4.3.1 (d) Pc Section Board......................................................................56

4.3.2 Details about software/ algorithms......................................................57

4.3.2 (a) visual studio..............................................................................57

4.3.2 (b) C sharp......................................................................................57

4.3.2 (c) Processing.................................................................................57

4.4 Verification of functionalities ........................................................................57

4.5 Summary..........................................................................................................58

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Chapter 5

Results and Analysis.................................................................................59

5.1 Presentation of the findings..............................................................................59

5.1.1 Hardware results...................................................................................60

5.1.2 Software results....................................................................................61

5.2 Discussion of the findings ...............................................................................61

5.2.1 Comparison with initial Goal...............................................................64

5.2.2 Reasoning for short comings................................................................64

5.3 Limitations.......................................................................................................66

5.4 Recommendations............................................................................................66

5.5 Summary..........................................................................................................67

Chapter 6

Conclusion................................................................................................68

References ................................................................................................69

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG-1.1 Major concern of electric utilities...............................................................16

FIG-1.2 Major concern of electricity consumers......................................................17

FIG-1.3 Peak Shifting...............................................................................................18

FIG-1.4 Power system model: Interaction b/w the supply & user............................19

FIG-2.1 Electrical Vehicle System...........................................................................27

FIG-3.1 Step down Transformer...............................................................................31

FIG-3.2 PIC 16F877A .........................................................,....................................32

FIG-3.3 Crystal Oscillator ...................................................,....................................32

FIG-3.4 Current Transformer....................................................................................33

FIG-3.5 Relay............................................................................................................33

FIG- 3.6 Bridge Rectifier...........................................................................................34

FIG-3.7 Voltage Regulator........................................................................................34

FIG-3.8 Optocoupler.................................................................................................35

FIG-3.9 PC Circuit....................................................................................................35

FIG-3.10 Load Side Circuitry.....................................................................................36

FIG-3.11 Supply Side Circuitry..................................................................................36

FIG-3.12 Relay Side Circuitry....................................................................................37

FIG-3.13 Transformer Circuit.....................................................................................37

FIG-4.1 Bridge Rectifier...........................................................................................50

FIG-4.2 Crystal Oscillator........................................................................................52

FIG-4.4 PNP Transistor............................................................................................54

FIG-4.7 MAX Module..............................................................................................56

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE-1.1 Assessment of Incentive-based DLC & Dynamic Pricing based.............21

TABLE-5.1 Possible classification of utility-load management techniques................62

xiii

LIST OF ACRONYMS

DSM DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

LM LOAD MANAGEMENT

DLC DIRECT LOAD CONTROL

HEMS HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

PL PEAK LOAD

LF LOAD FLOW

DSM DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

14

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The smart grid is a combination of the innovative data and communication technologies

to existing electro-mechanical power grid. Two way flow of data information and

power between supplier and end users is one of the major features of smart power grid.

It gives us the information data about the behaviour of supplier companies and end user

in an automated fashion so that to improve the effectiveness, reliability, economics, and

sustainability of the generation & distribution of electric power.

1.1.1 Features of smart power grid

Reliability (power availability at any cost )

Flexibility in network topology

Efficiency (capable of meeting increased consumer demand without adding

infrastructure )

Load adjustment

Peak levelling and time of use pricing

Demand Response

In ordinary Electromechanical Grid there is a one way communication of information

data between end users and supply companies. Most of these methods are widely

executed by the supply companies and the role of end users is insignificant. However,

integration of advanced communication-infrastructure allow two way flow of

information data hence provide more effectiveness in Load Management involving

both supply companies & end user.

Desire of managing the demand requirement in a way to shape properly the load profile

of power system was realize earlier. Presently it has developed the idea of demand side

operation management and is categorized by supply company procedure and it is

incentives for the end user in turn to take electricity use on ideal level all the time. Main

15

purposes of DSM are clipping of the peak, filling of the valley, shifting of the peak.

DSM can help the end user to minimize their utility costs & usage to reduce the use of

peak load generators or plants. It is obvious that the supply companies wants to shape

the load curve to be balanced with a minimize (PAR) peak to average ratio for all the

time while end user wants the availability of power supplies all the time at least amount

of cost.

Our project uses two types of Load Management schemes:

Dynamic-Pricing- Based

Incentive-Based

Dynamic pricing programs contain real-time costs, moment of usage costs, vital peak

cost etc. Motivation based (Incentive) programs comprise direct-load-control. Direct-

Load-Control takes action only in the event when peak demand passes through the

certain limit while dynamic-pricing is an on-going phenomenon. As it is very difficult

to respond dynamic pricing base technique by hand, the users require smart home

technology by automatically responding to the changes in cost by proper arrangement

of their home electronic equipment for most favourable cost. In smart grid demand

energy management can be implemented better.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Main problem utility companies are facing is the problem of shifting the peak load to

valley and the solution of that problem is our main objective in this project. Because

during peak loads that occur only for 2-3 hours during the whole day, demand rises

and supply is not enough. For that purpose the utility companies have to install new

generators or new plants which are to be used as peak load plants to supply the excess

demand during peak load. Installation of new generators or plants is hectic as well as

uneconomical. If they won't install new generators or plants it would result in load

shedding of the existing system which affects the reliability of power. Load shedding

is a major concern in developed countries. As the load increases it may harm the

equipment which would lead to blackout and equipment failure if load shedding is not

done and the equipment may get dysfunctional. Replacement of equipment is such a

costly task. For that purpose we've introduced two techniques in our project which we'd

16

discuss in the later part and for the same purpose smart grid is preferred over ordinary

grid.

1.2.1 Inefficiency at managing peak load

Demand of user changes all the time, so that the cost to meet user demands also changes

with time. For the existing power grid, power supply has to manage according to the

user demands continuously & the power grid also need to sustain a buffer of excess

electric supply, that results in reduction of efficiency, high emissions, and high costs.

Management of peak load is a major unease of the utility companies as demand during

peak load puts pressure on steadiness of their system and the mismatch in

supply/demand and also becomes a cause of unfavourable financial effects. Major

concern of electrical utilities and consumer are shown in figure ( 1.1 and 1.2 )

Fig 1.1 Major concerns of electric utilities

17

Fig 1.2 Major concerns of electricity consumers

1.3 Purpose of Project

Main purpose of our project is to provide a solution to the problem that utility

companies face during peak loads in an efficient way which is suitable for both, utility

and the consumer as peak demand is of major concern for the utility companies.

In most utility companies flat cost schemes with constant price rates are being widely

used. Users face retail utility costs that are flat during the period of months or even

years.

Problem faced with flat cost schemes is the disconnection between short-term

marginal-electricity manufacturing costs and retail cost paid by user, which leads

towards ineffective overall source usage. Due to insufficient information on generating

price, utility usage behaviour of end-user may not regulate to supply side conditions.

Thus flats pricing results in suboptimal user behaviour as well as high electricity costs

than they would otherwise be in an optimally efficient system.

18

Fig1.3 Peak shifting

The solution to above mentioned problem is simple and unique. We've used two

different techniques in our project and they're as follows:

Dynamic Pricing Based

Incentive Based

1.3.1 Dynamic Pricing Based

Numerous optimization methods have been implemented for the shaving of peak load

and price reduction. In smart power grid, Load-Management at end user premises is the

most significant issue associated to enrichment of grid effectiveness, concludes in

shaving of peak load and in minimizing the possibility of failure of power grid.

Price based demand response involve real time cost, cost of vital peaking, and time of

use cost. End-users can react to the cost structure with changes in power use,

minimizing their utility bills if they regulate timing of power consumption to get benefit

of lesser cost interval and forbade consuming power when the cost is high.






19








would shift into load shifting. Power system model: Interaction between the supply and

user is shown in figure (1.3)

Fig 1.4 Interaction between the supply and user

1.3.2 Incentive based

Incentive based demand-response scheme pay consumers for minimizing their

electricity usage at interval requested by the utility company for triggering either by a

reliability problem of power grid or high utility tariff.

In Direct Load Control, the supplier is in a position to take the control and also has the

power to shut down or to rotate user electrical equipment (based on the conditions

provided in contract). Incentive-base Load Management method like Direct Load

Control pays bonus amount to the user for the period of time for which they’re being

asked to minimize/shut their electricity on a short notice during the time of peak.

20

Incentive-based Direct Load Control methods perk up Load Management and enhance

the reliability of the power grid. Few disadvantages of these methods are confidentiality

and safety measures of the consumer. Importance of Direct Load Control is less about

small various domestic loads as numerous no. of devices are being controlled & little

monetary advantage is achieved through intense investment on the mechanism to be

controlled. Yet, this practice might be comparatively more effectual for intense

industrialized loads.

We've used this technique in our project too as the user has allowed the utility to control

to the control their load by using smart grid. It means that the utility company has the

control to turn off the appliances that use more electricity during peak load hours and

in return they would get incentive by the utility company in their monthly bill as main

concern of the user economic benefit.

21

Assessment of Incentive-based Direct Load Control and Dynamic Pricing based

l

Table 1.1

22

1.4 Applications of the Project

Monitoring of system (Real time supply structure checking may bring

numerous benefits to system function. By way of example, the idea can lead to

greater data involving nodal voltages as well as circuit loading circumstances

and that sends alarms to the operators of the system before any serious problems

occur.

Network Configuration (Network configuration may be assorted by means of

varying the particular opening/closing position of switchgear, physically or

even robotically)

Relay safety recordination ( This specific software tunes relay safety

adjustments instantly determined by established guidelines )

Outage management system ( The OMS is a system which is a combination

of demand management system tools and call centre trouble in identifying,

diagnosing and locating errors and then isolating these errors and for restoring

supply. It gives response to the clients that are affected by it )

Outage operations method ( This Outage Management System is a method

that mixes the problem call centre as well as DMS methods to distinguish,

analyse as well as track down defects, next isolate the defects as well as re-

establish supply.

Restoration Of Supply (Remedial activity is dependent upon your seriousness

with the problem. In the event the wrong doing can be a straightforward

problem, your field team may make your mend and also recover materials

eventually. In the event the wrong doing leads to an essential outage, following

the remote location with the faulted place, the portions without any fault will be

reconditioned applying normal open points)

Analysis and Recording of Event (Any event of outage is going to be analysed

along with the facts stored as being a traditional report to be able to report the

main cause, quantity of consumers damaged and also timeframe. These kinds

of facts can be used regarding figuring out overall performance data)

In Home Enabling Technology (Customer aggregation and Disaggregation

required for peak shift )

23

1.5 Summary

Smart power grid is a combination of innovative communication and data technologies

that are being used in our existing power grid. Two way communications of data, power

and information b/w supplier and consumer is a major feature of smart power grid

station. Management of demand side is one of the important features of smart grid.

Main purpose of our project is to provide a solution to the problem that utility

companies face during peak loads in an efficient way which is suitable for both, utility

and the consumer as peak demand is of major concern for the utility companies. In

smart grid Load-Management at end user premises is the most significant issue

associated to improvement of effectiveness of power grid, as it results into the shaving

of peak load and compact possibility of failures of power grid. This could be done by

using dynamic pricing scheme and incentive base direct load control scheme. Price

based demand response involve real time cost, cost of vital peaking, and time of use

cost. In Direct Load Control, the supplier gets the control & has power of shutting down

or cycling user equipment (based on conditions provided in contract). Incentive-base

Load Management method like Direct Load Control pays bonus amount to the user for

the period of time for which they’re being asked to minimize/shut their electricity on a

short notice during the time of peak.

24

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Techniques

Techniques related to smart grid for data communication are as follows:

Wireless Communication

Fibre Optics

2.1.1 Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is a technique use to send and receive data between two

points. Techniques used in wireless communication are as follow

GSM

Radio

Radio

Radio is a wireless transmission of Electromagnetic energy via space. Radio waves are

used to carry data i.e. sound and other signals by modulating their frequency, amplitude,

phase and pulse width. As radio waves collides with antenna field oscillation produce

current in the antenna coil which is alternating in nature. Then the radio wave is

demodulated to extract information and convert it into original signal. As such radio

communication is inexpensive way of communication but the major drawback is

“Accuracy” because this communication is weather dependent and abnormal weather

can disturb signal waves which result in information loss. It cannot be transmitted over

long distance because of limited range of radio signal.

GSM

Global System for mobile communication is a technology of digital mobile phones and

used all over the world .GSM converts data in digital form and packs it and after that

25

transmits it on a channel with two different surges of data consumer, in its own

particular time slot. It works at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz band.

As GSM is inexpensive way of communication but the major drawback is “Accuracy”

because in GSM that different users have the same data transfer bandwidth. With

enough users, the transmission can experience interference. Another drawback of GSM

is that it can interfere with different electrical devices.

2.1.2 Fibre Optics

Fibre-optic communication is a method for data transmission of starting with one spot

to the next by sending beats of photons by an optical fibre. The photons form an

electromagnetic wave that is modulated to convey information.

The procedure of communication using optics fibre includes steps as follows:

Formation of the optical signal and transferring the light (signal) with the help of fibre,

guaranteeing that the light(signal) does not turn out to be excessively twisted or feeble,

receiving the particular indication, in addition to modifying in excess of it in a power

indication.

Fibre optics technique used for communication is an expensive communication

technique because of high initial cost of optical fibre, transmitter & receiver. It cannot

convey electrical energy for terminal electrical equipment.

26

2.2 Related Projects

2.2.1 Automatic Meter Reading

By using smart meter technology we can transmit meter data (consumed units) to its

host for billing purposes. By using it time and cost can be saved. Also theft is being

stopped.

2.2.2 Power Distribution Management

Companies like NTDC (National transmission and distribution companies) in Pakistan

use this technique for protection of relays and for communication purposes.

2.2.3 Status Monitoring and Control

By using smart grid communication system we can display the status information such

as voltage levels, consumption of units, tariff rates to the users and the user can manage

its own load and tariff efficiently.

2.3 Related Studies

2.3.1 Smart customers and smart home

In these type of projects/studies we require customers to participate actively. Without

their participation these studies/projects are of no use. Analysing the behaviour and

involvement of consumers is the main objective.

2.3.2 Electric vehicles and Vehicle to Grid applications

Studies in this classification concentrate on the shrewd incorporation of electric

vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles in the power system. The present center is still

on guaranteeing that the charging and correspondence foundation lives up to

expectations as opposed to on testing developed applications with vehicle-to-network

administrations.

27

Fig 2.1 Electrical vehicles to smart grid

2.3.3 Their limitations and bottlenecks

Wireless systems are liable to any interference that occurs from electromagnetic

sources, and the signal quality is extraordinarily diminished by numerous water

containing items or building materials.

The vicinity in the region of things, for example, microwave broilers, D-E-C-T

telephones, wire-confined entryway glass, individuals, apparatus, and numerous

different stuff in the vicinity will drastically lessen the throughput and unwavering

quality of the establishment; such impedance may go back and forth relying upon the

operation and development of articles, and an estimation of obstruction once would say

nothing in regards to the extent of impedance at some other occasion.

Radio communication is inexpensive way of communication but the major drawback is

“Accuracy” because this communication is weather dependent and abnormal weather

can disturb signal waves which result in information loss. It cannot be transmitted over

long distance because of limited range of radio signal.

GSM is inexpensive way of communication but the major drawback is “Accuracy”

because in GSM that different user has the same data transfer bandwidth. With enough

28

users, the transmission can experience interference. Another drawback of GSM is that

it can interfere with different electrical devices.

Fibre optics is an expensive communication technique because of high initial cost of

optical fibre, transmitter & receiver. It cannot convey electrical energy for terminal

electrical equipment.

29

2.4 Summary

The related techniques to Smart Grid are Wireless (Radio Communication, GSM) and

Fibre optics communication. Wireless communication is a technique use to send and

receive data between two points; Radio is a wireless transmission of Electromagnetic

energy via space. (GSM) is a digital mobile phones technology and used all over the

world. Fibre-optic communication is a method for data transmission of starting with

one spot to the next by sending beats of photons by an optical fibre. Related projects

are automatic meter reading, status monitoring and control and power distribution

management. Related researches in two way communication using smart grid are smart

customers & smart home and electric vehicles and vehicles to grid applications.

Wireless communication such as radio communication and GSM has low accuracy

level due to interference of electronic equipment. Radio communication and GSM are

inexpensive ways but low accurate as compare to fibre optics which has high accuracy

level but expensive in cost.

30

Chapter 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 Hardware used with complete technical specifications

We divided our complete project into two main sections. Section one is circuit board of

supply side and the other section is further separated into pc side circuit, relay circuitry,

transformer circuit and load side circuit. Components and their description is discussed

below.

3.1.1 Supply Side Components

Step-down transformer (12V & 8amp)

Bridge Rectifier

Diodes (1K)

Capacitor (1000uf)

3.1.2 PC side components

PIC Micro controller 16F877A

LCD (16*4)

Convertor

Voltage Regulator (LM 7805)

Capacitor (10uf)

Temperature sensor and Current Transformer

PC connector

Diodes (220 ohm)

Transistors (A1015)

Crystal Oscillator (5MHz)

Analogue to Digital Convertor

31

3.1.3 Relay Circuit

4 relay switches (12V)

Optocoupler (EL817 C218)

Bridge Rectifier

LED's Blue (5mm)

3.1.4 Description of components

Transformer at supply side

It converts 220V to 12V and 50 mA

Fig 3.1 step-down transformer

Microcontroller ( 16F877A )

It is used in project for data communication between the grid, loads connected and the

PC monitoring and for the proper functioning of the system to make it reliable.

Pin Configuration

pin5, variable temperature analogue to digital

Pin5, constant oil analogue to digital

Pin 11, (+5v)

Pin 12, 31 (Ground)

Pin 13, 14 (crystal oscillator)

32

Pin 1 (Reset)

Pin 4 ports(Output)

Pin37, optocoupler (12V relay)




Pin21, led

Pin22, led

40 pins

pin5, variable voltage analogue to digital

pin5, variable current analogue to digital

Fig 3.2 PIC 16F877

Crystal Oscillator

It is at pin no 13 & 14 gives clock pulses to controller for its operation.

Fig 3.3 crystal oscillator

33

Variables Analogue to Digital Convertor

It is at pin no 2, 3, 4 & 5 to which 4 analogue inputs voltage, current, temperature and

oil level are given. Voltage, Current, Temperature levels of loads are shown on PC

screen. If they increase their operation levels red indication on screen will indicate us.

Current Transformer

It will operate relays and then load. CT will examine the current to loads. CT will accept

AC from transformer and is converted to DC by the four diodes and the load resistors

maintain voltage up to 5V

Fig 3.4 Current Transformer

Relays JQC-37F( T73 ) DC12V

They are connected at pin no 37, 38, 39, 40. They are given 12V from transformer first

Optocoupler have LED's at one side and photo diodes at other. Photo diodes will give

power to transistor and then transistor operates relays. Relays transfers power to loads

Fig 3.5 Relay

34

Bridge Rectifiers

Rectification (AC to DC) is done using bridge rectification for micro controller.

Fig 3.6 Bridge Rectifier

Voltage regulator

Voltage regulator 7805 is used for the purpose of voltage regulation it take (7 -12)

volt at input and give 5 volt at output.

Fig 3.7 Voltage regulator

Optocoupler

The EL817-C218 Optocoupler consists of infrared emitting diodes are at receiving side

and are optically coupled with phototransistor detector.

35

Applications of optocoupler

• Programmable controllers

• System appliances, measuring instruments

Fig 3.8 optocoupler

3.1.5 PC Circuit

Fig 3.9 Max Module with LED

In this figure first of all Max Module will convert DC +12 & -12V to and fro +5 & -5V

from PC control to microcontroller because microcontroller operates at 5V.

Microcontroller (16F887) has 40 pins. Pin 1 is reset. Crystal Oscillator at 13, 14

generates clock frequency for microcontroller operation.

Four variables (Analogue to Digital) are configured at pin 2, 3, 4 & 5. It converts

analogue voltage from transformer to digital and gives to microcontroller. LCD (16*4)

36

will display the ongoing voltages, currents, temperature and fixed oil level as well as is

also displayed on PC screen.

3.1.6 Loads side circuitry explanation

Fig 3.10 Bulb shown as load

The Bulbs shown are our load which will be turned on one by one through control keys

on computer and their respective values are monitored. Extra load than rated value will

be indicated by red indicator on the screen as is continually being monitored.

3.1.7 Supply side Circuitry and explanation

Fig 3.11 DC supply

Supply side is shown in above figure. It has a step-down transformer that steps down

nominal 220V to 12V. Rectifier circuit will change AC to DC and is filtered by

capacitor for the operation of circuit ahead.

37

3.1.8 Relays Circuit and explanation

Fig 3.12 Relay Section

In the above figure 4 relays configured at pin 37, 38, 39 & 40 with transistors and

optocoupler are used.

Relays are given 12V from the main DC. Optocoupler operates from microcontroller.

Optocoupler have LEDS's at one end that uses 5V of microcontroller and photo diodes

at other end uses 12V of main supply. LED light will short circuit the photo diodes and

gives power to transistors and then relay gets turned on. Relay will transfer 12V to

bulbs. Negative of all bulbs is common

3.1.9 Transformers Circuit

Fig 3.1 Grid Transformer

38

In this figure a step-down transformer, current transformer and a fan is used. Step-down

transformer has a temperature sensor on its top end connected that senses its

temperature during operation. Temperature above than rated is limited by turning fan

on. 12V output from transformer is converted to 12V DC by the bridge rectifier.

Temperature sensor on step down transformer used has thrush hold limit 60 degrees.

3.2 Software, Simulation tools used

3.2.1 Virtual Studio communicates with smart grid

As mention before Microsoft virtual basic is compatible of every programming

language for e.g. C++, JAVA, Virtual Basic and many other introduced earlier in our

project of smart grid we have used C sharp language for the communication of GUI

with Smart Grid.

3.2.2 C Sharp (C#)

It is denoted as C#. This language is general purpose language, OOP language, modern

and simple.

It is suitable for applications written or both embedded system and hosted system. The

application written is C# language or economical in requirement of memory and

processing power.

3.2.3 Processing

Basically Microsoft Visual studio uses serial port of computer for communication. In

this we have one transfer pin and one receiving pin. There are interrupts use for deciding

whether to transmit or receive data for processor. If a device requires data from

transmitter and then it send an interrupting signal to microcontroller that stops its

processing and transmit data to that particular device at remote end.

3.2.4 The programming used in Visual Basic software is as follows

Private Sub Device1_Click ()

On Error Resume Next

If device1.Caption = "Load1 ON" Then

MSComm1.Output = "1"

device1.Caption = "Load1 OFF"

speedup.Enabled = True

ElseIf device1.Caption = "Load1 OFF" Then


39

device1.Caption = "Load1 ON"

speedup.Enabled = False

speeddown.Enabled = False

End If

End Sub

Private Sub Device2_Click()



litoffpic.Visible = False

litonpic.Visible = True




litoffpic.Visible = True

litonpic.Visible = False



End If

End Sub









End If

End Sub



If device5.Caption = "All Loads OFF" Then


device5.Caption = "All Load5 ON"

ElseIf device5.Caption = "All Load5 ON" Then


device5.Caption = "All Loads OFF"

End If

End Sub

Public Sub startbtn_Click()


If startbtn.Caption = "Start" Then

MSComm1.CommPort = comtxt.Text

If MSComm1.PortOpen = False Then

MSComm1.PortOpen = True

End If

startbtn.Caption = "Stop"

Timer1.Enabled = True



comtxt.Enabled = False

h1temp.Text = ""

40

h2temp.Text = ""

h1hum.Text = ""

h2hum.Text = ""

h1gas.Text = ""

h2gas.Text = ""

txtxt.Text = ""

Else

If startbtn.Caption = "Stop" Then

Text1.Text = " "

comtxt.Enabled = True

MSComm1.PortOpen = False

startbtn.Caption = "Start"

Timer1.Enabled = False

Timer2.Enabled = False

txtxt.Enabled = False

End If

End If

End Sub

Private Sub Timer1_Timer()

timelbl.Caption = Time

datelbl.Caption = Date

End Sub



MSComm1.InputLen = 4

rxtxt.Text = MSComm1.Input

id.Text = Mid(rxtxt.Text, 4, 1)

If id.Text = "$" Then

h2temp.Text = Mid(rxtxt.Text, 1, 3)

If h2temp.Text < 10 Then

h2tempalarm.Visible = True

Else

h2tempalarm.Visible = False

End If

End If

If id.Text = "%" Then

h2hum.Text = Mid(rxtxt.Text, 1, 3)

If h2hum.Text > 50 Then

h2humalarm.Visible = True

Else

h2humalarm.Visible = False

End If

End If

If id.Text = "^" Then

h2gas.Text = Mid(rxtxt.Text, 1, 3)

If h2gas.Text > 45 Then

h2gasalarm.Visible = True

Else

h2gasalarm.Visible = False

End If

End If

41

If id.Text = "!" Then

h1temp.Text = Mid(rxtxt.Text, 1, 3)

If h1temp.Text < 50 Then

h1tempalarm.Visible = True

Else

h1tempalarm.Visible = False

End If

End If

End Sub



MSComm1.Output = "x"

End Sub

3.2.5 The programming used in Microcontroller is

Device 16F877A

XTAL 4

ALL_DIGITAL = True

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Declare LCD_TYPE 0 'in case we use alphanumeric then type 0 if

graphical then 1

Declare LCD_DTPIN PORTD.4 'this show that 4 pin interface with lcd

and 4 data pins will start from b4....b7

Declare LCD_RSPIN PORTD.2 'declaring lcd reset pin

Declare LCD_ENPIN PORTD.1 'declaring enable pin

Declare LCD_RWPIN PORTD.0 'declaring read write pin

Declare LCD_LINES 2 'telling how much rows lcd has

Declare LCD_INTERFACE 4 '

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''SERIAL SETTINGS'''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

HSERIAL_BAUD = 9600 ' Set baud rate to 9600

HSERIAL_RCSTA = %10010000 ' Enable serial port and continuous

receive

HSERIAL_TXSTA = %00100100 ' Enable transmit and asynchronous mode

HSERIAL_CLEAR = On ' Enable Error clearing on received

character

Symbol relay1=PORTB.7





Symbol fan=PORTB.1

Symbol alarm=PORTB.0

Dim AD_RESULT As Word

Dim sum As DWord

Dim ad0average As DWord



42


Dim i As Word

Dim receive As Byte

Low PORTB

'MAIN PROGRAM STARTS HERE

main:

Print At; 1, 1, " Welcome to FYP"

Print At; 2, 1, " Project"

DelayMS 3000

Cls

While 1 = 1

HRSin {2000,AA},receive

'HRSOut receive

If receive = "1" Then

High relay1

End If


Low relay1

End If


High relay2

End If


Low relay2

End If


High relay3

End If


Low relay3

End If


High relay4

End If


Low relay4

End If


High relay5

43

End If


Low relay5

End If

If receive = "x" Then

ad0average = 0

ad1average = 0

ad2average = 0

ad3average = 0

For i = 1 To 100 Step 1

AD_RESULT = ADIn 0

ad0average = ad0average + AD_RESULT

Next

ad0average = ad0average / 900


AD_RESULT = ADIn 1


Next



AD_RESULT = ADIn 4


Next



AD_RESULT = ADIn 5


Next


HRSOut DEC3 ad0average, "$"

DelayMS 200

HRSOut DEC3 ad1average ,"%"

DelayMS 200

HRSOut DEC3 ad2average ,"^"

DelayMS 200

HRSOut DEC3 ad3average ,"!"

DelayMS 200

End If

AA:

ad0average = 0

ad1average = 0

ad2average = 0

ad3average = 0


44

AD_RESULT = ADIn 0


Next



AD_RESULT = ADIn 1


Next



AD_RESULT = ADIn 4


Next



AD_RESULT = ADIn 5


Next


Print At; 1, 1, "V:", DEC3; ad0average

Print At; 1, 9, "I:", DEC5; ad1average

Print At; 2, 1, "Temp:", DEC3; ad2average

Print At; 2, 9, " Oil:", DEC3; ad3average

Print At; 3, -3, "Load:", DEC5; ad0average * ad1average

If ad0average < 10 Then

Print At; 4, -3, "LV"

High alarm

Else

Low alarm

Print At; 4, -3, " "

End If

If ad1average > 50 Then

Print At; 4, 1, "HC"

High alarm

Else

Low alarm

Print At; 4, 1, " "

End If

If ad2average > 60 Then

Print At; 4, 5, "HT"

High alarm

High fan

Else

Low alarm

Low fan

Print At; 4, 5, " "

End If

If ad3average < 50 Then

Print At; 4, 9, "LO"

45

High alarm

Else

Low alarm

Print At; 4, 9, " "

End If

' DelayMS 5000

Wend

46

3.3 Summary

In this chapter we have enlisted all the components used in our project and their brief

description. Coding is done using Microsoft Visual studio that uses serial port of

computer for communication and also C sharp language for the communication of GUI

with Smart Grid.

We have one transfer pin and one receiving pin. There are interrupts engaged for

deciding whether to transmit or receive data for processor. If a device requires data

from transmitter and then it send an interrupting signal to microcontroller that stops its

processing and transmit data to that particular device at remote end. We uses original

images of our project by section wise and the function of each one is discussed briefly.

47

Chapter 4

Methodologies and Implementation

4.1 Design of the investigation

4.1.1 Objectives

Smart grid allows two way communication of information b/w the supplier and the user

by implementation of the innovative data and communication technologies to existing

electro-mechanical power grid. One of the most important feature of smart grid is the

demand side management of the system. The major concerns of utilities is that how to

deal with peaks that makes the system unstable or require the use of peek generators

and plants. Main purposes of DSM are clipping of the peak, filling of the valley, shifting

of the peak. DSM can help the end user to minimize their utility costs & usage to reduce

the use of peak load generators or plants.

Our objective of demand side management is achieved by the implementation of the

following methods.

Dynamic pricing based

Incentive based

The method of implementation of these two is presented later in the article.

4.1.2 Background

The smart grid technology is implemented to existing grid to overcome flaws occurred

in the old or existing electric grid .The old grid or existing grid is unidirectional because

of this there is lack of communication b/w the loads connected and the electric grid.

As the grid is unaware of the increasing demand because grid cannot receives real time

response of demand side and results in to the stress on electric grid due to peak demand,

48

this finely results into the grid failure. Similarly there are many other flaws like unable

to manage the demand supply/demand response, poor power quality, fault clearance

time fault detection etc.

4.1.3 Procedure

Smart grid techniques used for controlling and managing the demand response methods

as follow.

4.13 (a) Dynamic Pricing Based













would shift into load shifting.

4.1.3 (b) Incentive Based

Incentive-based Direct Load Control methods perk up Load Management and enhance

the reliability of the power grid. Few disadvantages of these methods are confidentiality

and safety measures of the consumer. Importance of Direct Load Control is less about

small various domestic loads as numerous no. of devices are being controlled & little

monetary advantage is achieved through intense investment on the mechanism to be

controlled. Yet, this practice might be comparatively more effectual for intense

industrialized loads.

We've used this technique in our project too as the user has allowed the utility to control

their load by using smart grid monitoring through PC. It means that the utility company

has the control to turn off the appliances that use more electricity during peak load hours

49

and in return they would get incentive by the utility company in their monthly bill as

main concern of the user economic benefit.

4.2 Analysis procedures

In smart power grid, Load Management with user property is just about the most crucial

issues related to development of grid efficiency, since it outcomes in shaving the peak

along with lessened chances of grid malfunction.

Different optimization strategies are already being used for shaving peak load along

with minimization of cost in line with the essential objective perform provided by

equation (a). Major difficulties to this particular objective function are classified as the

readily available capacity along with completion of full demand because outlined in the

equation.

Major constraints to this objective function are the available capacity and fulfilment of

total demand as defined in equation

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝐸𝐶 ∑ (𝑇𝑜𝑈_𝑃𝑡 ∗ 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑, 𝑡 )𝑇𝑡=1 ......... eq 4.1

∑ 𝑃𝑖, 𝑡 = (𝑃𝑡𝐷)𝑇𝑡=1 .............................................. eq 4.2

Researchers have addressed this issue by means of which includes different parameters

for example minimization connected with PAR, equipment hanging around occasion

and so forth.

Where, TEC is total energy cost; ToU_Pt is time of use price and Pgrid,t is the power

supply from grid at time t. Pi,t is power demand at time t and PtD is total power demand.

4.3 Implementation procedure

4.3.1 Details about hardware

In this topic we are briefly explain the all hardware components which are use in our

project. There are total 4 circuit boards in this project.

DC Supply section board

Controller section board

50

Relay section board

PC connection board

There are different components used in these circuit boards which are as follows:

4.3.1 (a) DC Supply Side Components

Step down transformer

Bridge Rectifier

diodes ( 1K )

capacitor (1000uf)

Description

Step down transformer (220V to 12V and 50 mA)

We are using step down transformer of rating 220V/12V. It consists of primary 220

high voltage side and secondary 12V low voltage side, and current is 50mA, it converts

220V ac in to 12V ac. Which is then passed to the rectifier bridge cct.

Bridge Rectifier

Rectification (AC to DC ) is done using bridge rectification. The input of bridge rectifier

is ac and output of rectifier is pulsating dc .the process of rectification is done by using

a combination of diodes known as bridge. during positive cycle of the input two diodes

become forward biased and two becomes reverse biased in this way half cycle is

obtained at the output, during negative cycle the reverse biased becomes conducting

and other two becomes reverse biased in this way the other cycle is used and output is

pulsating dc.

Fig 4.1 Bridge Rectifier Circuit

51

Capacitor (1000uf)

The pulsating dc is not good for the system so it passes through the capacitor filter

which makes it ripple free and output is constant dc supply. In this way our constant dc

supply is made this supply power to the controller as controller input is dc and also

supply dc to the relays.

4.3.1 (b) Controller section board

PIC-Microcontroller (16F887A)

It is used in project for data communication between the grid, loads connected and the

PC monitoring and for the proper functioning of the system to make it reliable.

Pin Configuration

40 pins

1 pin, reset

pin5, variable voltage analogue to digital

pin5, variable current analogue to digital

pin5, variable temperature analogue to digital

Pin5, constant oil analogue to digital

Pin 11, (+5v)

Pin 12, 31 (Ground)

Pin 13, 14 (crystal oscillator)

Pin 1 (Reset)

4 ports(Output)

Pin37, optocoupler(12V relay)




Pin21, led

52

Pin22, led

Pin23 ,led

Microcontroller trainer

It consists of oscillator, capacitors and a resistor for its basic operation.

Crystal Oscillator

It is at pin no 13 & 14 gives clock pulses to controller for its operation.

Fig 4.2 crystal oscillator

4.3.1 (c) Relay section board

Relay 12V

Optocoupler

Transistor PNP

current transformer

Relaying section

There are total 4 relays used in this circuit board for the purpose of controlling four

devices. Although we control three devices namely Fan, LED light and motor. We

apply 5V signal at LED through R=330, ohm then LED glow and light act at

phototransistor (base), then phototransistor conduct and 12V comes at point A

(shown in figure).

53

Optocoupler

Purpose

An optocoupler (or optical isolator) uses optics to isolate one circuit from another. The

diode in the optical isolator is similar to an LED. The light from this LED controls the

gate or base of a transistor

The key advantage of an optocoupler is the electrical isolation between the input and

output circuits.

The most common industrial use of the optocoupler (or optically-coupled isolators) is

as a signal converter between high-voltage devices (limit switches etc.) and low voltage

solid-state logic circuits. The optocoupler is a device that contains an infra-red LED

and a photo detector (such as a photodiode, phototransistor, Darlington pair, SCR or

triac) combined in one package.

Fig 4.3 Optpcoupler

Now signal comes at power transistor base and. hence relay gets operated

Fig 4.4 Power Transistor

54

Types of Optocoupler

Slotted Optocoupler

A slotted optocoupler has a slot modelled into the package between the LED light

source and the phototransistor light sensor; the slot houses transparent windows, so that

the LED light can normally freely reach the face of transistor, but can be interrupted or

blocked via opaque object placed within the slot. The slotted optocoupler can thus be

employed in a variety of presence detecting applications, including end-of-tape

detection, limit switching, and liquid level detection.

Reflective Optocoupler

Here the LED and phototransistor are optically screened from each other within the

package, and both face outwards (in same direction) from the package. The construction

is such that an optocoupler link can be set up by a reflective object (such as metallic

paint or tape, or even smoke particles) placed a short distance outside the package, in

line with both the LED. The reflective coupler can thus be employed in applications

such as tape-position detection, engine-shaft revolution counting or speed

measurement, or smoke or fog detection etc.

Transistor PNP

Signal comes at the base of power transistor and hence relay gets operated. Signal

comes from the optocoupler.

Fig 4.5 Transistor

55

Current Transformer (CT)

Purpose

CT is used for the measuring of the AC current in system. When current in the system

is very high so it can’t be measure by measuring instrument this difficulty is removed

by using CT it reduces the current of the system which can be easily measured by the

measuring instrument. Reduced current is produced by the CT is accurately

proportional to the current in the system cct .The current from CT is used for the

operation of relays

Design

Like ordinary T/F, CT also consist of primary winding, secondary winding, magnetic

core, the primary winding AC current produces the alternating magnetic field in the

core, this produces the alternating current in the secondary winding .the input of the CT

is AC and output is also AC. This AC is then passed to the bridge rectifier cct for DC

output.

Bridge rectifier

Rectification (AC to DC) is done using bridge rectification. The input of bridge rectifier

is ac and output of rectifier is pulsating dc .the process of rectification is done by using

a combination of diodes known as bridge. during positive cycle of the input two diodes

become forward biased and two becomes reverse biased in this way half cycle is

obtained at the output, during negative cycle the reverse biased becomes conducting

and other two becomes reverse biased in this way the other cycle is used and output is

pulsating dc.

Fig 4.6 Bridge Rectifier

56

Capacitor (1000uf)

The pulsating dc is not good for the system so it passes through the capacitor filter

which makes it ripple free and output is constant dc supply. In this way our constant dc

supply is made.

Load resistor

Load resistor limits the output between 0V to 5V. Because the current more than 5V

can damage the controller. If the output is 8V or 10V it will burn the controller because

the analogue to DC of the controller operates b/w 0V-5V. If load resistor is not present

then the capacitor charged to the more than 10V and burns the controller.

4.3.1 (d) PC Section Board

MAX-MODULE (MAX232 CPE)

It is used on pc board for the communication of data from PC to the controller board

cct. Data sending to PC by the controller is in form of (+-5V) max-module converts it

in (+-12V).As PC receives information in the form of (+-12V).while information

coming from PC to the controller is in (+-12V) max-module converts it in (+-5V) which

is then convert in to dc by the diode and transfer to the controller.

Fig 4.7 Max Module

57

USB Connector

A universal serial bus (USB) connector connects our module with computer. It makes

up complete functionality of our project possible.

4.3.2 Details about software/ algorithms

4.3.2 (a) visual studio

As mentioned before HyperTerminal is compatible of every programming language e.g.

visual C, C++, java, Visual Basic and many other introduced earlier. In our project of

model base power system using smart grid we have used c sharp language for the

communication of GUI with (Smart Grid) module.

4.3.2 (b) C sharp

It is denoted as C#. This language is general purpose language, OOP language, modern

and simple. It is suitable for applications written or both embedded system and hosted

system. The application written is C# language or economical in requirement of

memory and processing power.

4.3.2 (c) Processing

Basically Microsoft Visual studio uses serial port of computer for communication. In

this we have one transfer pin and one receiving pin. There are interrupts use for deciding

whether to transmit or receive data for processor. If a device requires data from

transmitter and then it send an interrupting signal to microcontroller that stops its

processing and transmit data to that particular device at remote end.

4.4 Verification of functionalities

All the components of our different section boards function properly. Their

functionality is in accordance with our desired output. Each section has desired input

of its own and output due to which our project works properly.

58

4.5 Summary

This chapter includes design investigation of the project and its methods of

implementation and working of hardware components as well as working of software.

Analysis of the techniques used for demand side management. We verify our system

functionality by checking the output of our different section.

59

Chapter 5

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Presentation of the findings

Result procured in chapter one

In chapter one we defined our project, merits and why we are choosing this project.

Two way communication between utility and consumer lead to reliable, sustainable,

and efficient and load adjusted supply. We are managing load in our Smart Grid by the

implementation of Dynamic-Pricing- Base and Incentive-Base scheme.

The main concern was to shift the peak load to valley because during peak loads that

occur only for 2-3 hours during the whole day, demand rises and supply is not enough.

Dynamic Pricing involves a three light indication system. So the user can manage its

electricity usage during peak and valley hours

Incentive base demand-response schemes pay consumers for minimizing their

electricity usage at interval requested by the utility company for triggering either by a

reliability problem of power grid or high utility tariff.

Result procured in chapter two

In this episode we enlisted related techniques to our project including Wireless

Communication and Fibre optics which are further sub divided.

Radio waves

Radio waves are used by modulating their frequency, amplitude, phase and pulse width

in Wireless Communication.

GSM

It converts data in digital form and packs it and after that transmits it on a channel with

two different surges of data consumer. Then brief sketch on related projects and studies

are given.

60

Result procured in chapter three

This stage consists of tools and techniques involved in our project with hardware and

software techniques used and their complete technical specifications.

Project components enlisted with their complete portrayal. Division based methodology

to explain the techniques step by step and at the end software that we have used which

is Visual Basic, C++, C#, C programming is written.

5.1.1 Hardware results

We divided hardware section of our project into different stages. They are Supply side,

PC side, Transformer side and load side.

In Supply side a step down transformer, bridge rectifier and a capacitor is used

that steps down and converts 220V AC to filtered 12V DC.

This section is the power supply of the complete Smart Grid Model.

In PC side Max Module converts to and fro 12V DC to 5V DV from PC to

microcontroller (16F877A) to which four variable are connected that converts

analogue to digital and a crystal oscillator a pin 13, 14 that gives clock

frequency for the operation of microcontroller.

LCD (16*4) displays voltage, current, temperature and fixed oil level as well

as is displayed on PC screen. In short this section provides visual monitoring

and controlling.

Transformers circuit side include a step-down and a current transformer with a

bridge rectification and voltage controller is used. 220V are stepped down to

12V AC which is converted to DC by bridge rectification Current transformer

read current value from step down transformer and gives it to relay circuit for

its operation. In short this side gives DC current for the operation of relays.

This is relay section which has relays to which are given 12V from the main

DC supply. Optocoupler operates from microcontroller. Optocoupler have

LEDS's at one end that uses 5V of microcontroller and photo diodes at other

end uses 12V of main supply. LED light will short circuit the photo diodes and

61

gives power to transistors and then relay gets turned on. Relay will transfer 12V

to bulbs. Negative of all bulbs is common.

This is load side of our project which are operated by relays.

5.1.2 Software results

The software we implemented in our project to achieve our task is Visual Basic, C# and

JAVA AND C, C++ language. This enables us to visually display and control voltage,

current and temperature level at transmission and at distribution level. The

programming take in the Dynamic-Pricing- Base and Incentive-Base scheme in

coding which helps better load management favouring consumer and utility.

5.2 Discussion of the findings

Basically what we have done is that we created two way communication system

technically to manage load at transmission and distribution level by using Dynamic-

Pricing- Base and Incentive-Base techniques. Both results in good turn of managing

peak shifting. One allows user to manage its electricity usage during peak and valley

hours and other pay incentive to consumers for minimizing their electricity usage at

interval requested by the utility company.

Fig 5.1 Shifting of load

62

The innovative idea in our project is the better regulation of load management using

three light indication system which has already been discussed in this thesis. To

enhance the socio-economic advancement and meet the energy demand, large power

plants were being installed and are being transmitted over HV transmission lines across

different power destitute regions. But, such engrossment not only surges huge

investment, but also invites numerous non-technical issues based on environment and

judiciary matters.

In order to regulate the world-wide power market and bringing down the ambiguous

events in power system, power sectors are flourishing with new advancement in

technology, by initiation of non-technical principles such as Energy Management

System (EMS), Demand Side Management (DSM), optimized Assets Management etc.

In addition to this, the new emerging technologies like Wide Area Monitoring System

(WAMS), Phase Measurement Units (PMUs), Distributed Energy Resources (DER),

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) etc. enriches the modern power system

and buzzes to new opportunities. Different development environment and drive force,

different countries’ power grid enterprise and organizations comprehend the smart grid

concept in their own way. In fact, the smart grid concept itself is being developed,

enriched and cleared every day. As a result of which, the research and practical

approaches, methodologies and key points are quite different, depending upon the

factors like geographical locations as well as their advancement in sciences and

technology.

Table 5.1 Possible classification of utility-load management techniques

63

Smart Grid Technologies (SGT)

The following five fundamental technologies that derive the Smart Grid systems

Integrated communications – connecting components to open architecture for

real-time information and control, allowing every part of the grid to both ‗talk‘

and ‗listen‘

Sensing and measurement technologies – to support faster and more accurate

response such as remote monitoring, time-of-use pricing and demand-side

management

Advanced components – to apply the latest research in superconductivity,

storage, power electronics and diagnostics

Advanced control methods – to monitor essential components, enabling rapid

diagnosis and precise solutions appropriate to any event

Improved interfaces and decision support – to amplify human decision-

making, transforming grid operators and managers quite literally into

visionaries when it comes to seeing into their systems.

Future Work

A typical Industrial plant shall be modelled by considering different activities and their

percentage of energy consumption from the total available generation. While we only

considered one bus as the load bus (one industrial plant) in the study, many load buses

with varying profiles may be considered in future studies. Likewise, while we only

considered one utility in the study, utilization of smart grid technologies may be

implemented between utilities for further development of the work. The results

obtained can be compared with different optimization techniques and/or an

optimization technique can be developed to improve the accuracy.

A Smart Grid Transaction Display need to be developed and installed at Utility and the

Plant so that the hourly information is available at both ends and they can adopt the

profitable scheme for exchanging the electricity.

As a first step for the proposed methodology, the approximate load profile of the plant

is considered based on the mean and variance of the low voltage industrial activities.

Instead, creation of actual load profile of the typical industrial plants – one profile for

64

each type of industry, should be modelled by looking at the previous records of the of

the utility and plant.

5.2.1 Comparison with initial Goal

Primarily the focal point of our project is load management by using the two enlisted

techniques previous have been described in order to make the current electro

mechanical grid safe and sound means sustainable reliable efficient energy

management between utility and the consumer.

For the reliability of the system it should be self‐ healing and resistant to attacks. It

would be wiser to design Smart Grid so when it is attacked, the Smart Grid reverts to a

Dumb (but working) Grid. In spite years of research and development by myriad

programmers, researchers, and designers, attack‐ proof networks have never to be

achieved. Unfortunately risk can be quantified, but never eliminated in our project.

An ideal is “one which continuously monitors all the traffic within the system (every

packet entering the system is validated before it can proceed) with a view to detect and

disable abnormal traffic patterns. The goal of a self-healing network is to provide a

mechanism for detecting unauthorized use of networking equipment and provide a

mechanism for tracking inappropriate uses and identifying the individuals using

networks for malicious intent, without compromising individual rights to privacy and

security on the network.”

What we achieved?

But what matters here for us we successfully achieved to manage load by our smart grid

by using two special techniques that favours both consumer and utility for the best

operation.

5.2.2 Reasoning for short comings

A self-healing grid uses digital components and real-time secure communications

technologies installed throughout to monitor its electrical characteristics at all times and

constantly tune itself so it operators at an optimum state. It has the intelligence to

constantly look for potential problems caused by storms, catastrophe, human error or

even sabotage. It will react to real or potential abnormalities within a fraction of a

second, just as a military fighter jet reconfigures itself to stay aloft after it is damaged

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The self-healing grid isolates problems immediately as they occur, before they cascade

into major blackouts and recognizes the grid and reroute energy transmissions so

service continue for all customers while the problem is physically repaired by lie crews.

A self-healing smarter grid can provide a number of benefits that lead to a more stable

and efficient system. Three of its primary functions include real-time monitoring and

reaction, which allows the system to constantly tune itself to an optimal state;

anticipation, while enables the system to automatically look for problems that could

trigger larger disturbances; and rapid isolation, which allows the system to isolate parts

of the network that experience failure from the rest of the system, to avoid the spread

of disruption and enable a more rapid restoration.

How can we set about building a self-healing grid?

To transform our current infrastructure into a self-healing smart grid, several

technologies must be deployed and integrate.

The first step is to build a processor into each switch, circuit breaker, transformer and

bus bar, which are the huge conductors that transport electricity from generators. The

processors will allow transmission lines to securely communicate with each other and

monitor their individual pieces of the grid.

Upgrading the grid infrastructure for self-healing capabilities requires replacing

traditional analogue technologies with digital components, software processors and

power electronics technologies. These must be installed throughout a system so it can

be digitally controlled, which is the key ingredient to a self-monitoring and self-healing

grid

But unfortunately economic conditions of our country, lack of quality man power

results long hours power cuts in form of load shedding in our country due to which it’s

impossible to make the current running few smart grids self-healing and resistant to

cyber-attacks.

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5.3 Limitations

We wanted to install Automatic Metering System ( AMI ) at the user end so the user

would be aware of the units consumed but it was as such uneconomical that consumer

could not afford this.

Secondly consumer awareness is very important thing to be aware of the techniques we

used i.e. Dynamic Pricing and Incentive-Base on huge level.

Home Energy Management System (HEMS) is another way to make electrical

electronic devices smart so that they may sense temperature and get on off

automatically. But it is also uneconomical and is unaffordable.

5.4 Recommendations

Improved methods for gauging risks and the security posture of real‐time distributed

control systems and SCADA systems will be required in order to provide a basis for

the implementation of the Smart Grid. SCADA systems manage the ongoing operations

of transmission and sub transmission lines and equipment between the generator and

substation.

The Smart Grid development life cycle should assume successful penetrations and

attacks from external sources as well as disgruntled insiders. The Smart Grid should

have the ability to isolate large grid segments from compromised segments in near real

time to prevent a contaminated section from infecting other large areas of the grid

Mechanisms have to be explored to reduce false positives to a minimum level along

with algorithms to validate positive intrusion indications and minimize responses that

can initiate damages to the grid from reacting to false positives.

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5.5 Summary

In this chapter we discussed results we achieved its comparison with other similar

projects and discussion of the findings.

We talked about what we claimed initially and what we can't accomplish. Our

limitations and recommendations. To make system more reliable it must resist attacks

may be cyber and is self-healing which in case of our country is quite uneconomical.

Instalment of (HEMS) at consumer side but is unluckily is unaffordable.

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Chapter 6

Conclusion

Conclusion

We are providing solution to the problem that utility companies face during peak loads

in an efficient way which is suitable for both utility and the consumer as peak demand

is of major concern for the utility companies. Two way communication system using

Dynamic base and Incentive Base scheme and implementing 3-Light Indication system

constructs our Model Base Power System using Smart Grid project possible. Smart grid

with Load Management can make our electricity supply more efficient, flexible with

fewer and shorter outages. We need to start planning for the future today, by building

smarter grid and giving people smarter ways to control their energy consumption.

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References

Mahmood, Anzar, Nadeem Javaid, Muhammad Asghar Khan, and Sohail Razzaq.

"An overview of load management techniques in smart grid: Load management

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http://sctevtodisha.nic.in/docs/website/pdf/140306.pdf

http://greeneconomypost.com/department-of-energy-smart-grid-report-2040.htm

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decades-in-the-making

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http://greeneconomypost.com/department-of-energy-smart-grid-report-2040.htm

http://smartgrid.ieee.org/march-2013/813-the-self-healing-grid-a-concept-two-decades-in-the-making

http://smartgrid.ieee.org/march-2013/813-the-self-healing-grid-a-concept-two-decades-in-the-making

http://www.smartgridsmartcity.com.au/Smart-Grid-Smart-City-Centre/~/media/Microsites/SGSC/Files/PDFs/Seminar%20Invites/Sustainable%20House%20Day%20at%20the%20Smart%20Home%20invitation.pdf



http://www.visual-basic5.de/vbclassic/dezem03/eztwmodi.htm

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Model Based Power System Using Smart Grid