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Prepared by: Md. Meherab Hossen. Cell: +8801726-072409.

E-mail/face book/Skype/twitter: meherab2409@gmail.com

LEARN ENGLISH, GET THE WORLD OPENED.

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Definition: Mode ( cÖbvjx, aib, cš’v etc ) kã †_‡K Modal k‡ãi DrcwË|

†h mg¯Z Auxiliary Verb , Principal Verb Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wewfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Modal Auxiliary verb

বলে |

Example: 1. Avwg Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cvwi|- I can drive a car.

2. †Zvgvi DwPr A‡c¶v Kiv| - You should wait. 3. AvR e„wó n‡Z cv‡i| - It may rain today.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODAL AUXILIARY VERB :

1. Modal A.V. Gi mv‡_ †h †Kvb Sentence form -G V1 e¨eüZ nq |

Exp : Zzwg wK Bs‡iRx ej‡Z cvi? -Can you speak English ?

2. M.A.V.Gi mv‡_ KLbB s,es,ing hy³ nq bv|

Exp: জিwg IUv Kivi mvnm K‡i|- Jemy dare do that.

3. M.A.V Gi Av‡M ev c‡i to e¨eüZ nq bv| Z‡e e¨wZµg nj yUv :a. Used to b. Ought to

Exp : evev mKv‡j †KviAvb co‡Zb? Father used to recite the Quran in the morning.

4. g~jZ M.A.V. Gi past form nq bv| Z‡e ïay gvÎ 1. Could 2. Might 3. Should 4. Would GB PviwU _vK‡j I

Giv ïay Past Action cÖKvk K‡i bv | eis G¸‡jvi e¨env‡ii wKQz mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q|

Exp : ত োgv‡`i GLb _vgv DwPr| (Present+ Future)-You should stop .now. (hw`I Shall -Gi Past- Should) 5. Need, Dare Ges Used to †K Semi Modal verb ejv nq| Kvib G¸‡jv Principal Verb ev M.A.V. wn‡m‡e

e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Exp : †Zvgvi hvIqv `viKvi †bB- You need not go .

Or. You do not need to go. 6. ‡Kvb NUbv AZx‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, G‡¶‡Î Modal verb Gi c‡i {have→ v3 }. e‡m ÓA_v©r

Exp : 1. ‡Zvgvi K_v ivLv DwPr wQj- You should have kept the word. 2.ivnvZ KvbvWv †h‡Z cviZ|- Rahat could have gone to Canada.

Sub+ m.a.v +have+v3 +obj+Ext

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Must Pnt

5

Shall Pnt

6

Should Pst

8

Would

Pst

10

Ought to

Pnt

9

Used to Pst

12

Need

Pnt

4

Might

Pst

7

Will Pnt

1

Can

Pnt

3

May

Pnt

1

Can Pnt

2

Could

Pnt

13

Dare Pnt

(M.A.V)

(P.V)

Modal Auxiliary Verb

MODAL AUXILIARY VERB-

( fve cÖKvkK mvnvh¨Kvix wµqv )

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Modal Auxiliary Verb hy³ Sentence Gi wewfbœ form Gi Structure :

Exp 1: Avgv‡`i DwPr †QvU‡`i †mœn Kiv| - We should love our junior.

Exp 2 : ‡m Avgv‡K GUv wR‡Ám bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| He might not ask me about this.

Exp 3: Zzwg wK Avgv‡K wKQy UvKv w`‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi? - Could you help me with some money

Exp 4: Zzwme wK wbqwgZ cvovïbv KiZ bv? -Usedn’t Tusib to study regularly?

Note:- Avgiv Rvwb ïay y‡Uv M.A.V. Gi c‡i to Av‡Q h_v-a) Used to, b) Ought to G¸‡jv w`‡q Interrogative ev

“ Int+ Neg Sentence ” Ki‡Z ÒtoÓ Subject Gi c‡i e¨eüZ nq |

Exp : Avgv‡`i wK K_v ivLv DwPr bv ? Oughtn’t we to keep our commitment?

Rule-1 AbygwZ PvIqv ev AbygwZ †`qv eySv‡Z present I future Tense G mKj person G Òcan Ó e¨envi nq|

Exp 1:. Avwg wK Avcbvi KjgwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi? --Can I use your pen ? (AbygwZ PvIqv)

2.nu¨v ,Zzwg GUv Ki‡Z cvi| - Yes, you can do this .(AbygwZ †`qv)

Note: AbygwZ PvIqv eySv‡Z can, may ev could wZbwUB e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e can Gi †P‡q could ev

may Øviv Bs‡iRx fvlvq AwaKZi †ewk bgªZv, f ªZv cÖKvk K‡i|

“ Lecture: Giyc Sentence -G can -Gi Past form- could e¨eüZ n‡jI GwU AZx‡Z †Kvb AbygwZ PvIqv bv

eywS‡q g~jZ eZ©gvbB AbygwZ PvIqv eySvq| Mind it, can, could etc. G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avjv`v-Avjv`v mvnvh¨Kvix

wµqv, g~j wµqv bq| ZvB, c~‡e©B D‡j øL Kiv n‡q‡Q wKQz wKQz M.A.V Gi past form _vK‡jI G¸‡jv g~jZ mvavib †Kvb

Pricinal verb Gi Past form gZ e¨eüZ nq bv| 13 wU M.A.V. Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi ¯^qs m¤ú~b © I ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi i‡q‡Q|

Exp 1. Avwg b`xwU cvox w`‡Z cvwi/ cvie (eZ©gvb+fwel¨r) - I can cross the river. 2. Avwg b`xwU cvox w`‡Z †c‡iwQjvg | (AZxZ) I could cross the river.(incorrect) -I was able to/manged to cross the river.(correct)

{Avevi Shall Gi past form- should n‡jI Should’ eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡ ©k K‡i|

Exp: Avgv‡`i †`k‡K fvjevmv DwPr &- We should love our country. ”

2.Negative : Sub-M.V.-not- v1 – ob- Ext.

1. Affirmative : Sub -M.V.- v1 – ob- Ext.

3. Interrogative : M.V.- Sub-v1 – ob- Ext ?

4. Inter+Neg : M.V.+n‟t- Sub-v1 – ob- Ext ?

Use of „Can‟- cviv

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Rule-2 ¶gZv ev mvg_© eySv‡Z:-

Exp 1. Avwg GUv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi- I can change it.

2. bvR mvuZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i bv| – Naj cannot swim.

Rule-3 AwR©Z Ávb ev `¶Zv eySv‡Z :-

Exp: †m Bs‡iRx AbM©j ej‡Z cv‡i| - He can speak English fluently.

2. ‡mŠif Mvox Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| - Sourav can drive a car .

Rule 4 Aby‡iva eySv‡Z:-

Exp :Zzwg wK †Zvgvi e¨vKiY eBwU w`‡Z cvi| -Can you help me with your grammar book?

Note:- G‡¶‡Î Could ev Would I e¨eüZ nq| Ges Can Gi †P‡h Could ev Would Øviv English Language-G

AwaKZi †ewk Etiquette cÖKvk cvq |

Rule 5 mvavib m¤¢vebv Ges mgq we‡kl m¤¢vebv eySv‡Z: -

Exp : 1.Zzwg Zv‡K †evSv‡Z cvi‡e| You can make him understand.

2. G iKg NUbv wec`RbK n‡Z cv‡i| Such incident can be nIqv dangerous.

Rule 6 cÖ¯Íve eySv‡Z..

Exp : 1.Zzwg PvB‡j Avwg Mvwo fvov Ki‡Z cvwi| -I can rent a car if you want.

Rule 7 Bw› ªq ev Dcjwä wµqv | (like, dislike, desire- AvKv“Lv Kiv hear, realize- Abyaveb Kiv, satisfy, see,

smell – MÜ †bqv, understand, feel , G¸‡jvi †¶‡Î ‘Can’ e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : 1. Avwg †Zvgvi Kó eyS‡Z cvwi| - I can realize your sorrow.

2. Zzwg Zv‡K mš‘ó Ki‡Z cvi‡e|-You can satisfy her.

Rule 1 eZ©gv‡b AbygwZ PvIqv ev †`qv eySv‡Z|

Exp : 1. Avwg wK †Zvgvi †cbwmjwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi?-Could I use your pencil? 2. n¨v, Zzwg cvi| Yes, you could.

Rule 2 eZ©gv‡b webxZ Aby‡iva cÖKvk Ki‡Z:

Exp: Avgv‡K wK e¨vs‡K hvIqvi c_wU †`wL‡q †`‡eb?

Could you show me the way to the bank?

Could Gi cwie‡Z© would I e¨envi Kiv hvq| Note:

Rule 3 eZ©gv‡b djvdj wb‡`k© Ki‡Z:-

Exp : Avwg GZB K¬všÍ †h Nywg‡q ci‡Z cvwi|- I am so tired that I could sleep.

Rule 4 AZx‡Z ¶gZv wQj Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z;-

Exp: Avgvi `v`v hLb hyeK wQ‡jb ZLb wZwb fvj nv-Wy-Wy †Lj‡Z cvi‡Zb|-

-When my grandfather was young, he could play ha-du-du well.

Use of „Could‟

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Note 1: Z‡e AZx‡Z †KD †Kvb wbw ©ó KvR Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z could e¨eüZ nq bv| G ¯’‡j could Gi

cwie‡Z© was/were able to, A_ev managed to e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

Exp:Avwg b`xwU cvox w`‡Z †c‡iwQjvg -I could cross the river.()

- - I was able to/ managed to cross the river (√)

Note 2. wKš y‘ Negative Gi †¶‡Î Could not e¨eüZ nq|

Exp: Avwg b`xwU cvwo w`‡Z cvwiwb| -I could not cross the river.

Rule 3 cÖ¯Íve eySv‡Z :-

Exp: 1. Question : Avgiv GB mܨvq wK Kie? -Whalt shall we do in this evening ?

Answer : Avgiv XvKv †h‡Z cvwi Ges GKUv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z cvwi|

-We could go to Dhaka and see a film.

2. Zzwg wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi|- You could talk to the teacher.

Rule 6 kZ© cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î eZ©gv‡b A_© eyS‡Z |

Exp: hw` Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Kwi Z‡e Zzwg wK KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e?

Could you do the work if I helped you?

Note: G ai‡bi Sentence G if hy³ clause (evK¨vsk) wU Past Indefinite nq|

Rule 7 ‡Kvb wKQz NU‡e Ggb my‡hv‡Mi K_v ej‡ZI Could e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Exp : 1. GB mÜvq e„wó n‡Z cv‡i|- It could rain this evening . 2.Avgv‡`i `j g¨vPwU‡Z wRZ‡Z cv‡i|- Our team could win the match . Rule 8 AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Kivi ¶gZv ev my‡‡hvM _vKv m‡Z¡I Zv e¨envi Kiv nqwb & eySv‡Z Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z Could

e¨envi nq| G‡¶‡Î MVb cÖbvjx wbbœiæc|

Exp: Zzwg cix¶vq mdj n‡Z cvi‡Z|- You could have passed in the examination.

Rule 1 fwelr m¤¢vebv eySv‡Z May / might DfiB e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e May Øviv AwaKZi †ewk m¤¢vebv eySvq|

Exp : RyuB Avm‡Z cv‡i|- Jui may come . (80% chance)

Or , Jui might come . (30% chance)

Rule 2 Abygvb eySv‡Z Present / past Tense -G - may / might e¨eüZ nq|

A. eZ©gvb NUbvi m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kivi ‡¶‡Î Structure wU n‡e-

Exp :Zviv nqZ GLb †Lj‡Q| -They may / might be playing now .

Structure :- Sub+ could have-v3 – ob- Ext.

Use of „may/might- cviv (m¤¢ebv

A‡_©)

Structure: Sub- may/might be-v4 – ob- Ext .

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B. AZxZ NUbvi m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kivi †¶‡Î Structure wU n‡e|

Exp : ‡m nqZ wM‡q‡Q/ wM‡qwQj|- He may / might have gone . (Namely, he went /has gone)

Rule 3 AbygwZ PvIqv eySv‡Z Present / Future Tense G mKj Person G ïaygvÎ May e¨eüZ nq|

Exp 1: Rbve, Avwg wK †fZ‡i Avm‡Z cvwi? May I come in, sir ?

Exp 2 : Avwg wK Avcbvi †dvbUv `qv K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi-May I use your phone, please ?

Rule 4 :AbygwZ cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î May / might DfqB e¨eüZ nq|

Exp 1: n¨vu, †fZ‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ib|- Yes, you may come in .

Exp 2 : n¨vu, e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|- Yes, you might use my phone .

Rule 5 †Kvb wKQz Kivi D‡Ïk¨ e¨³ Ki‡Z may, might DfqB e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : 1. Avgiv LvB hv‡Z Avgiv †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvwi|- We eat that we may live .

2. †m K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡iwQj hv‡Z †m DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ñ He worked hard so that he might prosper . Rule 6 g‡bi B‛Qv ev cÖv_©bv eySv‡Z Imperative sentence Gi ïiy‡Z may e¨eüZ nq|

Exp 1 : Zzwg `xN© Rxwe nI|- May you live long .

Exp 2: Avjvn†Zvgvi g½j Kiyb|- May Allah bless you .

Rule 7 :Z_¨ Rvbvi †¶‡Î may /might e¨eüZ nq Z‡e G‡¶‡Î might ‡ewk cÖ‡hvR¨|

Exp : ‡ek, Avcwb †K? Well, who may / might you be ?

Rule 1 : mvaviYfv‡e Future Tense MVb Ki‡Z Avgiv 1st person -G “Shall” Ges 2nd I 3rd person -G “will”

e¨envi Kwi|

Exp 1: Avgiv AvMvgxKvj jÛb hve|-We shall go to London tomorrow .

Exp 2 : ‡Q‡jiv b`x‡Z mvuZvi KvU‡e The boys will swim in the river .

AvaywbK Bs‡iRx‡Z mKj Person -G will e¨envi Kivi cÖebZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

Rule 2 1. Av‡`k (Command) 2.ûgwK (Threat) 3.KZ…c‡¶i Av‡`k (Authoritative order) 4. „p cÖwZÁv

(Determination) 5.eva¨evaKZv (Obligation) 6. cÖwZÁv (Promise) 7. B‛Qv (Intention) eySv‡Z 1st person G “will”.

2nd I 3rd person G “shall” e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| (D‡ëv)

Exp 1: Zzwg Kvj Abykxj‡b hv‡e| (Av‡`k)

_You shall go to practice tomorrow . (Command)

Exp 2: mygb‡K kvw¯Í †`qv n‡e| (ûgwK)- Sumon shall be punished . (threat)

Exp 3: K‡jR iweev‡i eÜ _vK‡e|(KZ…c‡¶i Av‡`k)

_College shall remain closed on Sunday. (Authoritative order)

Exp 4: Avwg Kie bv nq gie| ( „p cÖwZÁv)

_I will do or die . (Determination)

Exp 5: Zzwg wk¶K‡K gvb¨ Ki‡e| (eva¨evaKZv)

_You shall obey the teachers . (Obligation)

Structure: Sub+ may/might have-v3 – ob- Ext.

.

Use of “ Shall/ Will ”

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Exp 6: Avgiv Mwie‡K mvnvh¨ Kie| (cÖwZÁv ) -We will help the poor . (Promise)

Exp 7 : I Avgvi K‡¶ cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv| (B‛Qv)

-He shall not enter my room . (Intention)

Rule 3 : If hy³ clause, Present Indefinite n‡j Principal clause G “will” e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : hw` AvMvgxKvj e„wó nq, Z‡e Avwg hve bv|- If it rains tomorrow, I will not go.

Rule 1 mKj person G Present, Past I Future Tense -G KZ©e¨ ev eva¨evaKZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z should / ought to

e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : 1Avgv‡`i AvBb gvb¨ Kiv DwPr (Prt + Fut) : We should / ought to obey the laws .

2. ‡m ejj †h Zvi †mLv‡b hvIqv DwPr (Pst) - He said that he should / ought to go there .

Rule 2 webq cÖKvk Ki‡Z should e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : Avgi DwPr GUv Avcbvi R‡b¨ Kiv|- I should do it for you.

Rule 3 kZ© eySv‡Z :-

Exp Zzwg hw` cÖ_g nI, Z‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K cyi®‹vi †`e |- Should you (if you) stand first, I would give you a

prize.

Rule 4 Present, Past, Future Tense -G Abygvb eySv‡Z should e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : It should be raining now . (A_v©r Avwg Avkv Kwi †h GLb e„wó n‡‛Q|)

Exp : He should have reached home by now . (A_v©r Avwg Avkv KiwQ †h †m GZ¶‡b evwo‡Z †cux‡Q †M‡Q|)

3. Future : He ought to have much free time to meet you .A_v©r Avwg Avkv KiwQ †h †Zvgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi

gZ Zvi h‡_ó mgq _vK‡e)

Rule 5 That clause(evK¨vsk) -G happy, anxious(DwØMœ), sorry, concerned (DwØMœ / mswkøó),delighted

(Avbw›`Z), absurd (A‡hŠw³K), amazing (we®§qKi), annoying (weiw³Ki), ludicrous (nvm¨Ki), odd (A¯^vfvweK),

strange (A™¢~Z), surprising (we®§qKi) BZ¨vw` Adjective Gici Should e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : Avwg Avbw›`Z †h †m gZvgZwU MÖnb Ki‡e|

-I am delighted that he should take the view .

I am anxious that she should be successful.

(A_v©r Avwg Zvi mdj nIqv wb‡q DwØMœ)

I am delighted that Kuddus should get the prize.

(A_v©r Avwg Avbw›`Z †h KzÏym cyi¯‹viwU cv‡e)

Use of “ Should / Ought to ”- DwPr

Present :- Sub- should be-v4 – ob- Ext.

Past :- Sub-should have/ought to have-v3 – ob- Ext

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Rule 6 Verb wn‡m‡e Order, Advise, determine(w¯’i cÖwZÁv Kiv), agree, ask, command (Av‡`k), decide,

demand, insist(‡Rvi Kiv), propose(cÖ¯Íve Kiv), recommend (mycvwik Kiv), request, stipulate (‡Kvb Pzw³i kZ©

Kiv), suggest, urge (AvnŸvb Kiv) BZ¨vw`i c‡i Should e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : I ordered that the car should be kept locked . ( A_v©r Avwg Zv‡K MvwowU Zvjve× Ki‡Z Av‡`k w`jvg)

Rule 7 eZ©gvb mg‡q Kiv DwPr wKš‘ Ki‡Q bv Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z Should/ought to e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : Zvi GLb cov‡Z _vKv DwPr|- He should be/ ought to be reading now.

Rule 8 AZx‡Z Kiv DwPr wQj wKš‘ Kiv nqwb Ggb fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z Should/ought to e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : Avgv‡K e¨vcviwU †Zgvi Rvbv‡bv DwPr wQj|

-You should have/ ought to have informed me about the matter.

Note : Should Ges Ought to g~jZ GKB A_© cÖKvk K‡i| Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨ nj

1. Should Gi c‡i to e‡m bv wKš‘ ought Gi ci to e‡m| Ges

2. Should Gi †P‡q ought to Gi fve AwaK †Rviv‡jv|

Exp: Avgv‡`i DwPr evev gv‡K gvb¨ Kiv|- We ought to obey our parents.

Rule 1 webxZ Aby‡iva cÖKvk Ki‡Z Would e¨eüZ nq|

Exp 1. Zzwg wK `qv K‡i `iRvUv Lyj‡e?- Would you open the door, please?

Exp 2: Avwg Avkv Kwi Avcwb `qv K‡i Avgvi fvB‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb|-I hope, you would kindly help my brother.

Rule 2 „p msKí cÖKvk Ki‡Z :-

Exp :- Avwg Avgvi cÖwZÁv i¶v Kie| -I would keep my promise Rule 3 wbgš¿b ev cÖ¯Íve eySv‡Z|

Exp: Avcwb wK Avgvi cÖ¯Íve MÖnb Ki‡eb? -Would you mind accepting my proposal?

Rule 4 AwaKZi cQ›` eySv‡Z like, love, prefer,care hate,be glad/happy Gi mv‡_ would e¨eüZ nq|

Exp : Avwg GK Kvc Kwd †L‡Z PvB|- I would like to have a cup of tea . Note : Would like PvIqv (want) eySvq|

Exp : Avwg wKQz Av‡cj PvB - I would like some apples.

Rule 5 g‡bi B‛Qv cÖKvk Ki‡Z:

Exp : Avwg mdj ne|-| I would come out successful.

Rule 6 AZx‡Zi †Kvb wbqwgZ KvR ev wbqwgZ Af¨vmMZ KvR cÖKvk Ki‡Z mKj person -G would e¨eüZ nq|

Use of „ Would‟

Structure :- Sub+ Should be-v4 – ob+ Ext.

Structure :-Sub+ should have/ought to have-v3 – ob- ext.

Structure: Would – sub- mind- v4+ing – ob- Ext.

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Exp : 1.nqiZ Igi (iv:) mvavib Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb|- Hazrat Omar (R.) would lead a simple life.

2. Avgiv mevB iweev‡i mKvj Nyg †_‡K DVZvg| -We all would get up early on Sundays.

Note: M.A.V iy‡c “Used to” Gi e¨envi GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv nj|

Rule 1 AZx‡Zi wbqwgZ Ges AwbqwgZ KvR ev Af¨vm cÖKvk Ki‡Z Used to e¨eüZ nq|

Exp 1 : Avwg Pv †LZvg; GLb Kwd LvB|-I used to drink tea; now I drink coffee.

Exp 2: †RwmKv KweZv wjLZ|- Jesika used to write letter.

Rule 1 eZ©gv‡b I fwel¨r†Z †Kvb KvR Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e Gi‚c eyS‡Z mKj person G must e¨eüZ nq|

Exp:1. Avgv‡`i mevi Aek¨B AvBb gvb‡Z n‡e|- We all must abide by the law.

Note : must Gi A_© AZx‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡Z „had to‟ e¨eüZ nq|

Rule 2 †Kvb KvR Aek¨B GLb NU‡Q এরপ Abygvb Kivi †¶‡Î must e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Giyc Abygvb Sentence -

G Negative nq bv|

Exp : ‡m wbðqB divmx fvlv wkL‡Q| -He must be learning French.

Rule 3 ‡Kvb KvR Aek¨B AZx‡Z N‡U wM‡q‡Q Giyc Abygvb Kiv n‡j:

Exp : ‡Q‡jwU wbðqB/ Aek¨B we‡Kj cvuPUvi g‡a¨ evwo †cŠ‡Q wM‡q‡Q|

-The boy must have reached home by 5 p.m.

Rule 4 ‡Kvb KvR wbðqB c~‡e© ïiy n‡q GLb I Pj‡Q Giyc Abygvb Kiv n‡j:

Exp 1: ‡m wbðqB GLv‡b emevm Ki‡Q|- He must have been living here

Extra Exp 1: †m Aek¨B GUv Rv‡b |-He must know it .

2: †m Aek¨B QvÎ n‡e|- He must be a student .

3: †m wbðqB Amy¯’ wQj|- He must have been ill .

Note : M.A.V iy‡c GLv‡b Need Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv nj|

Rule1 M.A.V. wn‡m‡e Need Present Ges Future Tense -G ïay Negative I Interrogative A_© cÖKvk K‡i|

Exp : 1. Zv‡`i hvevi `iKvi †bB- They need not go.

Use of “ Used to ” .. Zvg,

..Z,

...Z,

..‡Zb,

Use of “ Must” -Aek¨B

Structure: Sub – must be – v4 -ob –Ext.

Structure: Sub – must have – v3 -ob –Ext.

Structure: sub-must have been- v4 – ob – ext.

Use of “Need”- `iKvi

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2. Zvi wK GUv Kiv `iKvi?- Need he do it ?

Rule 2 AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR Kivi `iKvi wQj bv Gi‚c avibv cÖKvk Ki‡Z:

.

Exp : Avcbvi GZ UvKv LiP Kivi `iKvi wQj bv| -You need not have spent so much money.

Note : M.A.V. iy‡c GLv‡b Dare Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv nj| Rule 1 M.A.V wn‡m‡e “Dare” Present I Future Tense G ïay Negative I Interrogative (Not Affirmative)

A_© cÖKvk K‡i|

Exp 1: Zš^x GKv XvKv hvIqvi mvnm K‡i bv|-Tanny dare not go to Dhaka alone.

Exp 2 : ‡m wK wimvZ‡K gvivi mvnm K‡i? Dare he beat Risat?

Rule 2 A‡b¨i cÖwZ ivM, †¶vf ev weiw³ cÖKvk Ki‡Z :

Exp 1.Zzwg †Kvb mvn‡m GK_v ej ? -How dare you say so!

2.‡m †Kvb mvn‡m Awf‡hvM w`j|- How dared he complain !

Structure: Sub-need not have – v3 – ob – Ext .

Use of‟ Dare‟ ”mvnm Kiv

Structure: How – dare/dared-sub-v1---