Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook

Third Edition

Kyohei Fujimoto

Editor

mARTECHH O U S EBOSTON'| LONDONartechhouse.com

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Chapter 1 Importance of Antennas in Mobile Systems and Recent Trends1.1 Introduction1.2 Trends

1.2.1 Mobile Systems1.2.2 Increasing Information Flow1.2.3 Propagation

1.3 Modern Mobile Antenna Design1.4 Objectives of This BookReferences

Chapter 2 Essential Techniques in Mobile Antenna Systems Design2.1 Mobile Communication Systems

2.1.1 Technologies in Mobile Communications2.1.2 Frequencies Used in Mobile Systems2.1.3 System Design and Antennas

2.2 Fundamentals in Land Mobile Propagation2.2.1 Propagation Problems in Land Mobile Communications2.2.2 Multipath Propagation Fundamentals2.2.3 Classification of Multipath Propagation Models: NB, WB, and

UWB2.2.4 Spatio-Temporal Propagation Channel Model2.2.5 Relation Between Space Correlation Characteristics and Space

Diversity Effect2.2.6 Propagation Modeling for OFDM2.2.7 Propagation Studies for UWB

References /

Chapter3.13.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3 Advances in Mobile Propagation Prediction MethodsIntroductionMacrocells3.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.6

Definition of ParametersEmpirical Path Loss ModelsPhysical ModelsComparison of ModelsComputerized Planning ToolsConclusions

Microcells3.3.13.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.6

Dual-Slope Empirical ModelsPhysical ModelsNonline-of-Sight ModelsMicrocell Propagation Models: DiscussionMicrocell ShadowingConclusions

Picocells3.4.13.4.23.4.33.4.43.4.53.4.63.4.7

Empirical Models of Propagation Within BuildingsEmpirical Models of Propagation into BuildingsPhysical Models of Indoor PropagationConstitutive Parameters for Physical ModelsPropagation in Picocells: DiscussionMultipath EffectsConclusions

Megacells3.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.43.5.53.5.63.5.73.5.8

Shadowing and Fast FadingLocal Shadowing EffectsEmpirical Narrowband ModelsStatistical ModelsPhysical-Statistical Models for Built-Up AreasWideband ModelsMultisatellite CorrelationsOverall Mobile-Satellite Channel Model

' The Future3.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.43.6.53.6.63.6.7

References

Intelligent AntennasMultidimensional Channel ModelsHigh-Resolution DataAnalytical FormulationsPhysical-Statistical Channel ModelingReal-Time Channel PredictionsOverall

55555557586576767778798186929393939497

101105105106108108110111113115122131131133134134135135135136136136137

Chapter 4 Antennas for Base Stations 1414.1 Basic Techniques for Base Station Antennas • 141

4.1.1 System Requirements 1414.1.2 Types of Antennas 1434.1.3 Radio Zone Design 1444.1.4 Diversity 146

4.2 Design and Practice of Japanese Systems 1514.2.1 Multiband Antennas 1514.2.2 Remote Beam Tilting System 1574.2.3 Antennas for Radio Blind Areas 1584.2.4 Antennas for CDMA Systems 164

4.3 Adaptive Antenna Systems 1704.3.1 Personal Handy Phone System 1704.3.2 W-OAM 1724.3.3 i-Burst System 1734.3.4 Experimental System of Adaptive Array for WCDMA 1754.3.5 Experimental System of Adaptive Array for CDMA2000

lxEV-DO4.4 Design and Practice II (European Systems)

4.4.1 Antenna Configurations4.4.2 Antenna Solutions4.4.3 Antenna Units4.4.4 Antenna Development Trends

References

Chapter 5 Antennas for Mobile Terminals5.1 Basic Techniques for Mobile Terminal Antennas

5.1.1 General5.1.2 Brief Historical Review of Design Concept5.1.3 Modern Antenna Technology

5.2 Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets I5.2.1 Some Fundamental Issues5.2.2 Various Multiband Antenna Concepts5.2.3 Antenna Integration and Some Practical Issues5.2.4 The Multichannel Antenna Applications5.2.5 Human Body Interaction with Terminal Antennas and Some

Measurement Methods5.3 Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets

5.3.1 Multiband and Broad Band Antenna Technologies5.3.2 Diversity Antenna Technologies5.3.3 Antenna Technologies Mitigating Human Body Effect5.3.4 Antenna Technologies for Reducing SAR

5.3.5 Technique of Omitting Balun5.3.6 Technology of Downsizing PIFA

5.4 Evaluation of Antenna Performance5.4.1 Measurement Method Using Optical Fiber

References

Chapter 6 Radio Frequency Exposure and Compliance Standards for MobileCommunication Devices

6.1 Introduction6.2 Physical Parameters6.3 Types of RF Safety Standards6.4 Exposure Standards

6.4.1 ICNIRP6.4.2 IEEE C95.1-20056.4.3 Similarities and Differences Between the 1998 ICNIRP

Guidelines and IEEE C95.1-2005 3306.4.4 Regulations Based on Older Standards 330

6.5 Compliance Standards 3336.5.1 Main Features of IEEE 1528-2003 (Including 1528a-2005) and

IEC 62209-1 3336.5.2 Other Standards Related to Mobile Communication 339

6.6 Discussion and Conclusions 339References 341

Chapter 7 Applications of Modern EM Computational Techniques: Antennasand Humans in Personal Communications 343

7.1 Introduction 3437.2 Definition of Design Parameters for Handset Antennas 347

7.2.1 Absorbed Power and Specific Absorption Rate 3477.2.2 Directivity and Gain 3487.2.3 Antenna Impedance and Sn 348

7.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Formulation 3497.4 Eigenfunction Expansion Method 351

7.4.1 EEM Implementation • 3517.4.2 Hybridization of the EEM and MoM 352

7.5 Results Using EEM 3537.5.1 Human Head Model 3537.5.2 EM Interaction Characterizations 3547.5.3 Effects of Size of the Head Model: Adult and Child 3587.5.4 Comparison Between Homogeneous and Multilayered Spheres 3607.5.5 Vertical Location of Antennas 3617.5.6 Comparison with EEM and FDTD 364

7.5.7 Anatomical Head Versus Spherical Head 3687.5.8 Directional Antennas 3707.5.9 High-Frequency Effect 372

7.6 Results Using the FDTD Method 3767.6.1 Tissue Models 3767.6.2 Input Impedance and the Importance of the Hand Position 3787.6.3 Gain Patterns 3837.6.4 Near Fields and SAR 384

7.7 Assessment of Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance 3897.7.1 Dual-Antenna Handset Geometries 3907.7.2 Simulated Assessment of Diversity Performance 3907.7.3 Experimental Assessment of Diversity Performance 3927.7.4 Results 394

References 396

Chapter 8 Digital TV Antennas for Land Vehicles 3998.1 Reception Systems 399

8.1.1 Digital Television Services in Japan 3998.1.2 Problems of Mobile Reception 4008.1.3 Diversity Reception Methods 4008.1.4 Demonstration 402

8.2 Digital Television Antennas 4058.2.1 Quarter Glass Antenna for a Van 4058.2.2 Thin Antenna 4078.2.3 Omnidirectional Pattern Synthesis Technique for a Car 4088.2.4 Antennas Currently on the Market 410

References 415

Chapter 9 Antennas for the Bullet Train9.1 Introduction9.2 Train Radio Communication Systems9.3 Antenna Systems

9.3.1 LCX Cable9.3.2 Train Antenna

References

Chapter 10 Antennas for ITS10.1 General10.2 Antenna Design ',

10.2.1 Communication Beam Coverage10.2.2 Antenna Fundamental Design

10.2.3 Microstrip Antenna Design10.2.4 Communication Coverage10.2.5 Multiple Reflections

10.3 Field Strength in Communication Area10.3.1 Multiple Reflections from Canopies10.3.2 Mitigation Using an Absorber at the ETC Gate10.3.3 Propagation in DSRC Coverage10.3.4 Data Rate of DSRC

10.4 Antennas for DSRC10.5 Applications for DSRCReferences

Chapter 11 Antennas for Mobile Satellite Systems11.1 Introduction11.2 System Requirements for Vehicle Antennas

11.2.1 Mechanical Characteristics11.2.2 Electrical Characteristics11.2.3 Propagation Problems

11.3 Omnidirectional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications11.3.1 Overview11.3.2 Quadrifilar Helical Antenna11.3.3 Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna11.3.4 Patch Antenna

11.4 Directional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications11.4.1 Antennas for INMARSAT11.4.2 Directional Antennas in the ETS-V Program.11.4.3 Airborne Phased Array Antenna in the Domestic Satellite

Phone Program 48911.4.4 Directional Antennas in the MS AT Program 49011.4.5 Directional Antennas in the Ku-Band CBB Program 495

11.5 Antenna Systems for GPS 49811.5.1 General Requirements for GPS Antennas 49811.5.2 Quadrifilar Helical Antennas 50211.5.3 Microstrip Antennas • 504

11.6 Multiband Antennas for Future GPS/ITS Services 50711.6.1 Slot Ring Multiband Antenna for Future Dual Bands (Lj, L2)

GPS 50711.6.2 Microstrip Multiband Antennas for GPS, VICS, and DSRC 517

11.7 Satellite Constellation Systems and Antenna Requirements 52311.7.1 Constellation Systems and Demands on Antenna Design 52311.7.2 Handset Antennas for Satellite Systems 526

References 538

Chapter 12 UWB Antennas 54312.1 UWB Systems: Introduction 54312.2 Requirements for UWB Antennas 544

12.2.1 Basic Principle of UWB Antennas 54412.2.2 Modeling and Structure of Feeding Points 54512.2.3 Current Distributions of Circular Disc Monopole Antenna 549

12.3 Characteristics of Popular UWB Antennas 55112.3.1 Three-Dimensional UWB Antennas 55212.3.2 Planar UWB Antennas 55512.3.3 CPW Feed 55712.3.4 Multilayer Technologies 56112.3.5 Band-Rejection for Coexistence with Other Wireless Systems 562

12.4 Wire-Structured UWB Antennas and Wire-Grid Modeling Simulation 56512.4.1 High Efficiency Moment Method 565

12.5 UWB Antennas in Specific Wireless Environments 56712.5.1 UWB Antennas Used in Unlicensed and Autonomous

Wireless Environments 56712.5.2 Measurements of Multipath Propagation Environments for

UWB Antennas 56812.5.3 Transmission Characteristics of UWB Antennas and Effects of

the Human Body12.5.4 UWB Antennas Near the Human Body

12.6 UWB Antenna Evaluation Indexes12.7 UWB Antenna Measurements

12.7.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements12.7.2 Impedance Measurements12.7.3 Scale Model Measurements12.7.4 Impedance Measurements with Two Coaxial Cables

12.8 Integrated Antenna Design Approach Based on LSI Technology12.9 Radio Wave Resource Sharing with Technology Leadership and the

Role of the AntennaReferences

Chapter 13 Antennas for RFID13.1 The Characteristics of an RFID System

13.1.1 What Is RFID?13.1.2 Operating Frequencies13.1.3 Operating Principles13.1.4 Read Range

13.2 Reader Antennas /13.2.1 Fixed Reader13.2.2 Mobile Reader

13.3 Tag Antennas13.3.1 Structure of a Tag Antenna13.3.2 Impedance Matching13.3.3 Tags on Metallic Surface13.3.4 Bandwidth-Enhanced Tag Antennas13.3.5 SAW Tags

13.4 Measurement of Tag Antennas13.4.1 Measurement of the Tag Antenna Impedance13.4.2 Read Range Measurement13.4.3 Efficiency Measurement

References

Chapter 14 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems14.1 Introduction14.2 Diversity in Wireless Communications

14.2.1 Time Diversity14.2.2 Frequency Diversity14.2.3 Space Diversity

14.3 Multiantenna Systems14.4 MIMO Systems14.5 Channel Capacity of the MIMO Systems14.6 Channel Known at the Transmitter

14.6.1 Water-Filling Algorithm14.7 Channel Unknown at the Transmitter

14.7.1 Alamouti Scheme14.8 Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-Off14.9 MIMO Under an Electromagnetic Viewpoint

14.9.1 Case Study 114.9.2 Case Study 214.9.3 Case Study 314.9.4 Case Study 414.9.5 Case Study 5

14.10 ConclusionsReferences

Chapter 15 Smart Antennas15.1 Definition15.2 Why Smart Antennas?15.3 Introduction15.4 Background

15.5 Beam Forming 65315.5.1 Minimum Mean Square Error 65515.5.2 Minimum Variance Distortionless Response 656

15.6 Direct Data Domain Least Squares (D LS) Approaches to AdaptiveProcessing Based on a Single Snapshot of Data 65915.6.1 Eigenvalue Method 66215.6.2 Forward Method 66315.6.3 Backward Method 66515.6.4 Forward-Backward Method 666

15.7 Simulations 66715.8 Conclusion 671References 671

Appendix A GlossaryA. 1 Catalog of Antenna Types

A. 1.1 Linear AntennasA. 1.2 Material LoadingA. 1.3 Planar AntennaA. 1.4 Broadband and Multiband AntennasA. 1.5 Balance-Unbalance TransformingA. 1.6 Arrays and Diversity SystemsA. 1.7 Recent Innovative Concepts

ReferencesA. 1.8 Key to'Symbols and Acronyms Used in Sections A.2 to A.3

A.2 Land Mobile SystemsA.2.1 AutomobilesA.2.2 Portable EquipmentA.2.3 TrainsA.2.4 Base StationsA.2.5 Satellite SystemsA.2.6 UWBA.2.7 RFID

A.3 Typical Antenna Types and Their Applications

Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Contributors

Index