STUDIES ON CONTROL OP PLANT NEMATODES BY ORGANIC

AMENDMENTS

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

Mnittx of $Po)eioplip IN

Agriculture (Plant Pathology)

ki Oc^<isn-o

BY

MOHAMMAD IMRAN

AGRICULTURE CENTRE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

1989

DS1666

LATE Ml-. MOHD.YAQUB, O/^/PJ^

me amic^jf^

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T

I f i n d words inadequate t o e x p r e s s my d e e p s e n s e of

g r a t i t u d e and humble r e g a r d s t o Dr. S.K. s a x e n a .

P r o f e s s o r / Depar tmen t o f Bo tany , A l i g a r h Muslim

U n i v e r s i t y , A l i g a r h , u n d e r vjhose g u i d a n c e , z e a l o u s

i n t e r e s t , f e v e r e n t s u p e r v i s i o n and s t i m u l a t i o n ,

I have been t a l e n t e d and compe ten t t o p u t i n t o

p r a c t i c e t h i s s t u d y .

I am h i g h l y i n d e b t e d t o P r o f . K h a l i d Mahmood, Chai rman,

Depar tment of Bo tany , A l i g a r h Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , A l i g a r h

f o r h i s k i n d h e l p and c o - o p e r a t i o n .

I am e x t r e m e l y t h a n k f u l t o my f r i e n d Mr. Munnav/ar F a z a l

f o r h i s w o r t h f u l s u g g e s t i o n s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h i s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

I am g r e a t l y p l e a s e d t o s e t down for remembrance my

e s t i m a t i o n t o my l a b o r a t o r y c o l l e a g u e s .

Thanks a r e a l s o due t o Mr. f^nttaz A l i Beg f o r h i s h e l p

i n t y p i n g t h i s D i s s e r t a t i o n .

In t h e l a s t , I e s t i m a t e my g r a t i t u d e t o A lmigh ty A l l a h v;ho

l e d me t o t h i s p a t h of s u c c e s s .

( MOHD. IMRAL^ )

C O N T E N T S

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

RJEVIH^ OF LTTERATURE 4

Green m a t t e r ( m a n u r e ) s o i l amendment 4

Farm y a r d manure 7

D r i e d w a s t e a s s o i l amendment 9

C h i t i n and o t h e r s o i l amendments 12

(a) Chit in

(b) Meals

O i l - c a k e s 13

P l a n t p a r t s and p l a n t e x t r a c t s 17

I n t e g r a t e d pes tmanagement a p p r o a c h 22

PLAN OF WORK 25

MftTERIALS AND METHODS 26

REFERENCES 35

c Zl

D D

EJTRQDUCT 1(M

I t has now f i r m l y b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t nematodes a r e

a b a n e i n c r o p p r o d u c t i o n . A l though a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of

knowledge of p l a n t nema to logy , no p r e c i s e d a t a of t h e amount

of damage caused by nematodes t o v a r i o u s c r o p s a r e a v a i l a b l e ,

b u t a p p r o x i m a t e l o s s e s have been e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of money

i n some c o u n t r i e s . In U.S .A. a l o n e , t h e e s t i m a t e d a n n u a l l o s s

i n c u l t i v a t e d c r o p s due t o p l a n t nematodes r a n g e s from

$ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ( H u t c h i n s o n et_ a l , , 1961) t o $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ( C a i r n s ,

1 9 5 5 ) . L a t e r , T a y l o r (1967) b a s e d on h i s o b s e r v a t i o n of U.S.D.A.

e s t i m a t i o n s on 16 v e g e t a b l e c r o p s , r e p o r t e d an y e a r l y l o s s of

$ 3 7 2 , 3 3 5 , 0 0 . The a n n u a l l o s s of p o t a t o i n England due t o

g o l d e n nematode , H e t e r o d e r a r o s t o c h i e n s i s V.'oll, 1 9 2 3 , a l o n e i s

e s t i m a t e d t o be a s h i g h a s £ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 (Southey and Sa;nuel, 1954) .

R e c e n t l y , a commi t t ee of t h e s o c i e t y of n e m a t o l o g i s t s had

e s t i m a t e d t h a t v e g e t a b l e c r o p s s u f f e r an 1 1 . 0 0 p e r c e n t a n n u a l

l o s s due t o nematodes (Fe ldmesse r et_ al_. , 1 9 7 1 ) . While d e a l i n g

w i t h t h e d e t a i l s , t h e same commi t t ee r e p o r t e d t h a t a n n u a l

l o s s e s due t o nematodes on f i e l d c r o p s a r e of t h e o r d e r of

$ 1 , 0 3 8 , 3 7 4 , 3 0 0 ; on f r u i t and nu t c r o p s , $ 2 2 5 , 1 4 5 , 9 0 0 ; on

v e g e t a b l e c r o p s , $ 2 6 6 , 9 8 9 , 1 0 0 and on o r n a m e n t a l c r o p s ,

$ 5 9 , 8 1 7 , 6 3 4 .

I n I n d i a K r i s h n a p p a (1935) h a s suntvnarized t h e c r o p

l o s s e s i n t e r m s of money o r p e r c e n t a g e of a r e a i n f e c r e d due

t o t h e p l a n t p a r a s i t i c nematode . Van Berkum and S e s h a d r i (1970)

r e p o r t e d t h e a n n u a l l o s s of $10 m i l l i o n from "ea r c o c k l e "

dist^ase caused by Anquina t r i t i c l in v^heat and $ 8 mill ion

due to 'Molya disease* caused by Heterodera avenae in the

province of Rajasthan. Paruthl and Bhai:ti (19o5) reported

a loss of 2.35% in yield of wheat due to Anquina t r i b i c i .

In another report Handa et_ a l . , (1985) estimated the losses

in barley due to Heterocxera avenae to the tune of Rs. 1687-5911

per hectare . In India perhaps none of our cul t iva ted crops

i s as susceptible to root-knot nematodes as the vegetable

crops and an infes ta t ion upro 85% has been observed on toina^-o,

egg plant , okra, cucurbits/ potato, uobacco, papaya, j u t e ,

cotuon cind groundnut e t c . In cer ta in regions of Himachal

Pradesh and Ranchi (Bihar), i t has become most uneconomic

to grow potatoes and other vegetable crops because of roo t -

knot nematodes (Prasad, 19 64) .

S imi la r i ly , Khan et_ a l . , (1966) have pointed out that

root-knot nematode i s tiie most importemt nematode pest on

vegetables .

Main aim in the control of nematodes i s to bring

down the number of nematodes to a level at which no s ignif icant

damage i s caused to p lan ts , various methods have been adoj^ted

for the control of nematodes v/hich are not very different fro.a

those employed for other pa r a s i t i c organisms, -hey t r a d i t i o n a l l y

f a l l in tour brov^d catooories , v i z . , pnycical, c.iemical, b io­

logica l and cu l tu ra l moL.'iods. '.."nere pViysical and chemical

measures of control of nematodes have some l i l i t a t ions or are

not frecTUently in use because o± one or the o-.her reasons.

cultural and land management practices have given satisfactory

control. The various methods under this category include

fallow, flooding/ growing cover crops, changing time of

planting; removal and destruction of infected plants; sowing

trap and antagonistic crops; nutrition and general care of

host; sanitation including use of nematode free planting stalk

and crop rotations (Nusbaum and Ferris, 1973); use of resistant

varieties (Moor, 1960 and Howard, 1965), and application of

organic matter (Oostenbrinlc, 1960, Brown, 1965; Khan 1969; Singh

and Sitaramaiah, 1970, Sayre, 1971). Despite many reports on

the success of organic amendments for nematode control, still

many plants, which are of lesser economic importance and are

weeds, need be studied for their efficacy in nematode control.

Where such different methods are integrated together more

effective control of nematodes has been observed. This coines

under the category of Integrated pest management. This concept

of IPM was first given by entomologist for resolving the problem

of resistance against pesticides. It has now been successfully

used in plant pathology. Very few studies have been made in

plant nematology (Bird 1987) and therefore, it is difficult to

make generalisation which combination(s) of the methods would

be very successful for nematode control. Hence, in the present

studies an attempt will be made to determine the effect of

soil amendment with plant parts known for antimicrobial

properties and not studied so far on nematodes with special

reference to root-knot nematode and to integrate these with

other organic amendments/nematicides to have maximum reducLion

of nematodes.

REVIEW t

OF

LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

C o n s i d e r a b l e work h a s been c a r r i e d ou t on t h e e f f e c t

of d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i c amendments on p h y t o p a r a s i t i c nematodes

and i n most of t h e c a s e s t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r s have b e e n found

t o have s u p p r e s s i v e e f f e c t on nematode d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t .

The o r g a n i c m a t t e r s u s e d were m o s t l y of p l a n t o r i g i n o r w a s t e

farm p r o d u c t s / h o w e v e r . t h e i r impact on improv ing p l a n t g rowth

and c r o p y i e l d was v a r i a b l e .

Main f i n d i n g s however can be summarised a s f o l l o w s : -

G r e e n m a t t e r (manure) s o i l amendment

When chopped l e a v e s of p i n e - a p p l e were a p p l i e d t o t h e

s o i l a t t h e r a t e of 50 -200 t o n s / a c r e , s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n

i n r o o t - k n o t was o b s e r v e d by L i n f o r d et^ al_. , ( 1 9 3 8 ) . While

Dudd ing ton and D u t h o i t ( i 960 ) n o t i c e d h i g h r e d u c t i o n i n t h e

p o p u l a t i o n of H e t e r o d e r a avenae when chopped cabbage l e a v e s

were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e i n f e s t e d p l o t s . H u t c h i n s o n et_ al_. ,

(1960) managed t h e p o p u l a t i o n of Hop lo la imus t y l e n c h i f o r m i s

and P r a t y l e n c h u s p e n e t r a n s by a l l o w i n g pumpkin p i e c e s t o r o t

i n t h e f i e l d . Chopped l e a v e s of many p l a n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y

r e d u c e d t h e r o o t - k n o t nematode (Hameed 1970 , Mankau 1962 ,

1968 , Haseeb e t . a l , . , 1978 , 1 9 8 4 b ) .

When chopped f l o r a l p l a n t p a r t s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n

nematode i n f e s t e d s o i l , t h e g rowth of a u b e r g i n e s was i n c r e a s e d

with the reduction in the population of plant parasitic

nematodes. The highest reduction in population was observed

when soil was amended with flowers of Iresine herbstii

(61.96^) followed by syzygium cuminii (61.28J6). However

highest increase in plant growth was observed when soil was

amended with chopped leaves of Ricinus communis (Haseeb &

Aiam 1984, Haseeb et al.# 1984). Alam (1987) incorporated

chopped plant leaves into naturally infested soil and observed

that it effectively suppressed growth of tomato cv. marglobe.

Taylor and Murant (1956) observed that the population of

Lonqidorus elonqatus was reduced by incorporating raspberry

canes to the soil. Alam (1986) used chopped shoots of some

weeds and noticed significant reduction in the population of

?feloidoqyne incognita and Tylenchorhynchus brassicae on egg

plant cv. PPL. The nematode population was reduced significantly

by adding green manure to the soil (Gour and Prasad, 1970,

Sitaramaiah 1978). Green leaves of many plants viz. Azadirachta

ind^c^* Melia azedarach. Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis,

Crotalaria juncea and Sesbania aculeata significantly reduced

the population of Meloidoqyne lavanica and root-knot develop­

ment (Singh 1965, Singh and sitaramaiah 1967, 1973, Zaiyd 1977,

Gupta and Ram 1981, Ram and Gupta 1980, 1982). There has been

gradual reduction in the population of iMeloldogyne hapla by

incorporating various parts of Crotalaria sp. and marigold in

soil (Yuhara, 1971); of Tylenchorhynchus dubius and Hoplolainius

sp. by the addition of homogenized leaves of corn, tomato and

henaock, (Miller, 1978; Miller et. a l . , 1973b). Neem leaves

also resu l ted in satisfac±ory control of root-knot nematodes

(Zaiyd, 1977). In a s imilar study, Haseeb et al. . , (1978) noted

t h a t chopped leaves of Calotropls procera reduced the nematode

population.

In order t o manage population of Pratylenchus penetrans

and Meloidoqyne incognita, green manure and some poor host

a l t e rna t i ve crops were used during summer; groundnut, marigold,

sorghum or water melon were grown in four r ep l i c a t e s in the

summer of the f i r s t year and in the subsequent season a l l p lo t s

were planted with Japanese radish (winter) , water melon (sumiTier)

followed by Japanese radish again (winter) . In p lo t s where

water melon was grown, population density of P. penetrans

Increased gradually and that of Meloidogyne incognita increased

rap id ly . The P. penetrans densi ty was grea te r af ter sorghum

cu l t iva t ion than af ter water melon and the sorghum was severly

damaged. Both_P. penetrans and Meloidogyne incognita population!

decreased remarkably during cu l t iva t ion of marigold and ground­

nut in the f i r s t cropping but both had increased in the second

cropping season. In the pot experiment Asparagus was the most

effect ive in reducing P. penetrans while Cro ta la r i a sp. was

not found ef fec t ive ; sweet pota to , s t a r cucumber^upland r i c e

and other crops were, however, intermediate in effect iveness

(Chikaok«i 1982).

Mian and Rodriguez-Kabana (1982 b,c) pointed out tha t

spent coffee gr inds , Cro ta la r i a , Kudzu (Puernaria lobata) or

ramie (Boehmeria nlvea) hays applied at 1% {w/w) were most

effective In reducing root-knot galling caused by Meloldoqyne

arenaria on Cucurbit a pepo. Tagetes erecta^ T_. patula and

Galepdulla officinalis were found effective as green crop

manure for controlling stem nematode infection on strawberry

when applied nine months before planting (Andreeva 1975).

Later oats, mustard, rye and maize were found effective in

reducing the population of nematode when used as green manure

crops (Andreeva 1983). Radish var. siletina, mustard var. Maxi

and phacelia var. Angelia were used as green manure crops

after winter, barley and the population of sugarbeet nematode

was determined. The susceptible variety of radish i.e. siletina

gave a nematode multiplication rate of 3.71 in the upper soil

layer but at a depth of 30-45 cm it v;as 1.27, when the resistant

Varieties such as Pegletta and Maxi were sown, the rate of

multiplication was 0.59 and 0.54 respectively in the upper soil

layer, 0.30 and 0.25 at 30 to 45 cm depth thus indicating a

reduction with increasing depth and with resistant varieties.

This reduction in nematode numbers in the deeper layers is of

great significance as it prevented the subsequent active or

passive transference of larvae to the upper soil layer (Steudel

X985) .

Farm yard manure

Vander Laan (1956) reported that population of

Heterodera rostochiensis v;as reduced when soil was amended

with farmyard manure and compost in potato fields. Inhibition

8

in the population of plant parasitic nematodes with farmyard

manures together with better yield of crops was also reported

by Duddington et al., (1961), Patel and Desai (1964), Hams

and VVilkins (1964), Nollen (1964), VLK (1972, 1973 and Resck

et al., (1982). Reduction in gall index on tomato caused bv

Meloidoqyne incognita was reported as the amount of compost

increased in the soil (Guiran and Bonnel, 1979). VLK and

Holubcova (1982) pointed out that when leaf litter, farmyard

manure and maize straw were added to soil containing onion

residues contaminated with Ditylenchus dipsaci there was a

reduction of 37.9% in nematode population over 3 months and

a 30.2% drop after 16 months. Ghindo and Khan (1986) applied

poultry manure to the soil infested with Meloidoqyne incognita

in pot and field prior to planting tomato seedlings and

observed that the growth and fruit yield increased while

nematode damage decreased with increasing level of manure.

Derrico and Dimaio (1980) found that addition of dried poultry

faeces/ dried poultry manure, composted oil cake, composted

poultry manure in the field of tomatoes significantly reduced

infestation of Meloidoqyne incognita. Undecomposed or partially

decomposed organic matter had the greatest effect in reducing

nematode population.

9

Dried waste as soil amendment

Roy (1976, 1979) observed that the root-knot on jute

and rice caused by Meloidogyne iavanica was reduced by

amending the soil with decaffeinated tea waste and water

hyacinth compost* Contradictory reports indicating failure

of composted materials to control root-knot and other

nematodes have also been published (wager, 1945; Alam, 1976).

Heald and Burton (1968), Saka (1978) and Hornick et_ al.,

(1984) pointed out that organic nitrogen in the form of

activated sewage sludge was more effective than ammonium

nitrate for reducing the population of 'Belonolaimus longicau-

datus and Hypsoperine graminis in turf grass. Coosemans(l982)

noticed that addition of 10% fermented household waste to the

sQil infested with Meloidogyme hapla resulted in a minimal

amount of root-knot together with maximum microbiological

activity. Higher amount of waste led to increased damage due

to Meloidogyne hapla, however, addition of upto 20?i ground

cocoa bean waste decreased the amount of root-knot. Bora and

Phukan (1983) observed that all the four soil amendments:

poultry manure, sawdust, decaffeinated tea waste and mustard

oil cake gave significant reduction of Meloidogyne incognita

on jute. The efficacy was related to dose rate, with 2.^

being more effective than 1.2 and 0.^ w/w. Mustard oil cake

was the most effective but was also phytotoxic. Sawdust was

more effective than tea waste. The poultry manure at the

lowest dose was the least effective. Sawdust and to a lesser

extent tea waste, had the best effect on plant height and

10

the dry and fresh weight of shoots and roots. Sharma et_ al. <

(1985) on applying leaf powder of certain plants to soil

noticed considerable reduction in the population of Meloidogvne

incognita. Paddy husk was also found highly effective in

reducing the infection of Meloidogyne 1avanica on various

crop plants (Chaudhary 1981). Cocoapod husks, cassava peelings

or rice husk have also been used successfully as soil amend­

ments for the control of Meloidogyne incognita on Vigna

unquiculata. Egunjobi and Olaitan (1985/ 1986), Johnson (1959,

1962, 1963, 1971, 1972, 1974) and Johnson et . , (1967) used

successfully a number of dried residues, such as oat straw,

alfalfa, orchard grass, fescue and flax residues to reduce

root-knot in tomato, wheat straw (Gour and Prasad, 1970) and

ri<ie husk (Sikora et_ al_., 1973) were also used to reduce the

root-knot nematode population to a varying degree. Tomerlin

and smart (1969) reported that the population of Belonolaimus

lonqicaudatus and other plant parasitic nematodes were reduced

by the application of rice straw at the rate of 9.0 or 17.9 t/ha

eereal straw, oat straw, buck wheat Hull, cocobean hull and

timothy hay were found capable of reducing the population of

Pratylenchus penetrans (walker and specht 1967). Mankau (1962)

and Mankau and Minteer (1962) used oat hay, alfalfa hay,

alfalfa pallets, cotton waste, sugar beet pulp to reduce the

population of Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Sitaramaiah (1978)

noted that dry straw and wood sawdust can reduce the population

of plant parasitic nematodes to a varying degree. Singh et al.,

II

(1967) and Singh and Sitaramaiah (1967, 1971 a,b) while

applying sawdust in okra and tomato, and s r ivas tava et_ a l . ,

(1971) in tomato and egg plant observed s igni f icant reduction

in the in tens i ty of root-knot on these crops. Alam (1984)

suggested tha t high C/N r a t i o was responsible for nematode

control by the appl icat ion of wood sawdust'Singh et_ a l . ,

(1986) used sawdust as so i l amendment for reducing population

of plant nematodes. The sawdust was found phytotoxic but

the damage was mitigated by the addit ion of nitrogen in the

form of o i l cakes, cow dung, leaf mould and urea. Moreover

the p lan t s which were grown in sawdust/oil cakes amended so i l

had higher concentration of phenolics which may be one of

the reasons for poor nematode mul t ip l ica t ion and b e t t e r growth

of the p l an t s . Contrar i ly Ponchi l l ia (1972) has pointed out

tha t Xiphinema americanum was able t o survive at higher organic

matter contents in s o i l . Mukhopadhyaya et_ a l . , (1980) concluded

tha t corm powder of Typhonium tr ibolatum mixed with so i l at

0.3 and 0.6 g/hg so i l and DD at 150 Aig/kg so i l reduced the

nvmibers of g a l l s on roots and increased growth of p lan ts

infested with Meloidoqyne incognita. Schauer-Blume (1988)

invest igated the effect of crushed seeds of nee;n (Azadirachta

:|,ndica) and res idues of a lyCOiVKTB seed kernel ext ract ion

(Azr - residue) on Pratylenchus penetrans. All the neem amend­

ments resul ted in marked reduction in numbers of P. penetrans

in roo ts of winter wheat. In the o i l cake and AZT-residue

appl ica t ions the nematode population was reduced t o 7% and

2056 of the control respec t ive ly .

12

3. Chit in and other soil amendments

Chit In;

Chitin and cellulose in pure or crude form (Mankau

1953; Mankau and Das 1969, 1974; Muzzarelli, 1977; Saka,

1978; Mian et_ al•, 1932; Godoy et_ al., 1983; Rodriguez

Kabana et. al,, 1983/ 1984; culbreath et_ al., 1985). Chopped

paper pine and tree bark (Miller and Edington, 1962; Miller

and Wihrheirh, 1966; Miller et_ . , 1968),chopped pine or

spruce bark (Hoestra and Harshagen 1981); cellulose (Miller

et al•/ 1973 a, Singh and Sitaramaiah, 1970) have been used

to control a variety of nematodes.

Spiegel et al., (1987) treated bean (Phaseolus

YUlqaris) and tomato seedlings with different amounts of

chitin and ammonia and inoculated with Meloidoq'/ne lavanica.

The infection due to nematode decreased with increasing

amount of ammonia/ while chitin caused relatively small amount

of reduction in gall formation. In the first cycle/ galling

index of the chitin treated plant was similar to that of

untreated plants in the ammonia exposed/ while in non-ammonia

exposed soil/ chitin reduced galling. In the second cycle,

chitin reduced galling in both ammonia exposed and un-exposed

soils. Differences in fresh shoot weight between nematode

infected and nematode free plants amended with chitin were

greater under un-exposed than ammonia exposed soil.

Meals

Alam et_ al_. / (1977b) found that the population build up

IS

of Hoplolaimas indicus/ Hellcotylenchus indicus, Rotylenchulus

reniformis, Tvlenchorhynchus brassicae, Tylenchus fillformis

and Meloidoqyne incognita was effectively suppressed by the

application of bone meal in twelve different crops. Morgan and

Tarjan (1981) concluaed that when plants of centipedegrass

predominantly infected with Belonolaimus longicaudatus,

Hemicycliophora sp. and criconemoides sp. were treated with

three kelp products/ kelp meal, Maxicrop seaweed extracts and

sea born liquid sea weed, Maxicrop and sea born liquid, consi­

derably jteduced the numbers of B . lonqicaudatus, but sea born

liquid remaining effective for longer duration. However^there

was no significant response on other nematodes.

Oil cakes

Oil seed cakes/meals probably got g rea tes t favour by

a large number of workers pa r t i cu l a r l y from India, par t ly

due t o (a) i t s effect iveness in reducing insect and nematode

pest in s o i l ; (b) i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y in bulk together with the

ease with which i t could be applied. Reduction in root-knot

injury in tomato, eggplant, o}cra, and c h i l l i was observed

af ter incorporating the o i l cakes to the infested so i l (Singh

1965; Singh and Sitaramaiah, 1966, 1971% 1973; Goswami and

Swarup 1971, Srivastava et a l . , 1971; Gowda and Shetty, 1973;

Alam et. al_., 1980; Jagdale et_ a l . , 1985). singh and s i t a r a ­

maiah (1966) observed tha t the root-knot on tomatoes, grown

af ter the okra crop can be checked by the res idual effect of

o i l -cakes in the same f ie ld without further amendments.

14

Suppression of root-knot in soil amended with tung nut meal

(Aleuritis fordii) was observed by Gill (1952); and that of

l,-'ratvlenchus penetrans with corn meal and soyabean meal by

Walker (1969)/ Walker et al., 1967 and walker and Specht

(1967). soil amendment with oil cakes also showed significant

reduction in the population of nematode attacking moong

(Mishra and Prasad 1974), wheat (Gour and PrasaA,1970; Mishra

and Prasad/ 1974), and wheat followed by moong and maize

(Prasad et_ al_., l972)and Paddy (Mathur and Prasad. 1973) .

Ismail et_ al., (1976) reportejd that all the oil cakes tested

were equally effective in reducing the population of a number

of plant parasitic nematodes on different varieties of tomato.

Alam et_ al.. / (1977c) noted that oil cakes of castor, mustard,

neem and groundnut suppressed the population of Hoplolaimus

indUGUs, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Tylenchus filiformis and

Meloidoqyne incognita around tomato, potato and radish. The

beneficial effect of these treatments was observed even after

a lapse of six months when corn, bottle gourd and sannhemp

were grown in the following season. Alam (1976) demonstrated

that oil cakes were equally effective in both winter, suiimer

seasons of India and also in two different soil types with

high organic content (pH 8.4) with less organic content

(pH 7. 7) .

Oil cakes of cotton seed and peanut reduced root

galling caused by Meloidogyne arenaria and also stimulated

plant growth of Cucurbita pepo (Mian and Rodriguez-Kabana

15 1982a). soil treatment with, oil cakes was very effective in

reducing Meloidogyne exiqua on coffee (Moraes 1976). Jaenh

and Lambert'. (1983) concluded that when coffee ( cv. r-lundo

Novo ) seedlings were treated v/ith the extract of castor oil

seed cake and planted in the field, the population of

Meloidogyne incognita was reduced and seedling gro\N'th increased.

There are several reports where different oil cakes reduced

the population of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato, chillies

and tobacco {Gowda 1972, Gowda and Shetty 1973, Trivedi et al,,

1978, Desai et al.., 1979 apd Vijayalakshmi and Goswami 1986).

Oil cakes were equally effective in suppressing the

root-knot development and population of other parasitic

nematodes on vegetables and perennial crops (Khan et al., 1966,

1973, 1974 a,b, 1979; Alam and Khan, 1974; Alam et al., 1977a,c,

Siddiqui et al., 1976) Khan et al., (1976) and Alair. et al_.,

<1977a) found that the oil cakes of castor, mustard, margosa

and groundnut reduced the population of plant parasitic

nematodes in nurseries of grewia, papaya, pomegranate, mango,

black berry, lemon, bougainvillea and rose.

Oil cakes when applied in soil in the nurseries of

vegetables like tomato, egg plant and chilli also had similar

effect on nematode population, thus reducing cost of applicatior

(Alam 1976). Alam et_ al'., (1977<J., 1980) , Mahmood and ; p': Saxena

(1985) demonstrated that the plants grovm in oil cake amended

soil had higher cone, of phenols probably responsible for

some resistance against the attack of Meloidogyne incognita ,

16

Tvlenchorhynchus brassIcae and R. renlformis. In order to

understand the mechanism involved in the control of nematodes

by o i l cake amendtnents some s tudies have been made. Water

ex t r ac t s of oi led and deoiled cakes and t h e i r d i s t i l l a t e s

were found to be tox ic to d i f ferent plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes/

(Khan et^ al_., 1965, 1974b; Rao and Prasad, 1959; Deshmukh and

Prasad 1969; Mshra and Prasad 1973; Sitaramiah et_ a l . , 1974;

P i l l a i e t al. . , 1974 and Alam et_ a l . , 1982), Oil cake ex t rac t s

of mustard, taramera, Sasaine and cotton prevented hatching of

eggs of Meloldogyne incognita ( Inder j i t et_ a l . , 1980).

In Heterodera avenae l e a s t number of larvae hatched

in normal concentration (N) and in 5% of the amendments with

o i l cakes. Moreover, these amendments s ign i f ican t ly reduced

the final cyst population and also increased the number of

t i l l e r s and shoot weight (sharma et_ al_., 1981). Bhatnagar et_ a^.,

(1978) pointed out that groundnut ' t i l ' and mustard o i l cakes

resul ted in considerable reduction in root-knot ga l l i ng . Miller

(1979) claimed tha t some vegetable o i l s such as corn, cotton

seed, l inseed, ol ive or safflower, when incorporated into so i l

generally reduced the population of P. penetrans. Prasad et_ a l . ,

(1984) t es ted s ix chemical pes t i c ides in addition to mustard

o i l / gingelly o i l , sun^fiower o i l and an extract of Eclipta

ft^ba for control of Meloldogyne graminicola on r i c e . All root

dip t reatments except mustard o i l and gingelly o i l gave a

«ignifleant reduction in cidult females^erg masses and number

of g a l l s . Signif icant increase in shoot height wes associated

17

with treatment with pes t ic ides and ext rac t of E. alba. Soil

drench treatments using pes t ic ides or E. alba ext rac t reduced

egg mass and g a l l nuitiber.

yiant p a r t s and plant ex t r ac t s

The use of p lan t s and plant products has been advocated

for the control of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes by several workers.

The amendments i t s e l f may have tox ic p r inc ip les as has been

shown by nematicidal proper t ies of water ex t rac t s of Anagallis

firvensis (Nene and Thapaliyal 1966) Erigeron l i n i f o l i u s (Wane

and Kumar 1967), Helenium hybrid (Gommers/ 1971), ginger,

g a r l i c , c h i l l i and pepper (sukul et_ a l . , 1974). Urtica urens

and C^phaloria syriaca (Mohammad et a l . , 1981), Argemone

roexlcana and g a r l i c (Nath et^ al_. ,1982 a ,b ) , D ig i t a r i a decumbans

(Haroon and Smart J r . 1983) ,Taqetes oatula (Rajvanshi et a l . ,

l985)against plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes. Tiyagi et^ aJL., (1985)

have reported nematicidal nature of water ex t r ac t s of different

plant pa r t s of some mennbers of the family Compositae. Hatching

of eggs of Meloidoqyne incognita was inhibi ted by incorporating

a l f a l f a and soyabean to so i l (Johnson and shamiyeh 1975). There

was mortal i ty of larvae in the ex t r ac t s of, Karanj cake, neem

cake and groundnut cake (Desai et^ a l . , 1979) and of MeloidOQvne

javanica in the aqueous ex t rac t s of Margosa cake (sitararneiah

and Singh 1977); and of Meloidoqyne incognita and P. penetrens

in the ex t r ac t s of rye and timothy plant residues decomposing

in so i l (Sayre et_ al. . , 1965); and of Tylenchorhynchus dubius

and Hoplolaimus sp. by leaves and stem ex t rac t s of bean and

18

leaf extracts of tobacco (iMiller et_ al.., 1973). In the

extracts of Perlstrophe bicalyculata and Ac ant hocephalu s

kadainba the mortality of Meloidogyne incognita was

determined every 10 min for 2 hours, -'he petroleum ether

extracts of Acanthoceohalus kadaraba and Traqia involucrata

were the most nematicidal followed by the chloroform

extract of P. bicalyculata (Chatterjee and Sukul 1980). When

aqueous extract of neem leaves was applied to young chickpea

plants grown in Meloidogyne 1 avanica infested soil there v;as

significant increase in grov/th of plant and reduction in

root galling. The efficcicy however, decreased with the decrease

in the rate of application (Ram and Gupta 1980) . Mohammad et ajL. ,

(1981) reported that tiie extracts of leaves of Delphinium

alacis/ Urtica urens and Eminium intortum, flowers of Paoaver

rhoeas^ fruits of Citrullus colocynthis and Xanthium strumarium

and seeds of Paqanum harmala, Brassica arvensis/ Lepidium dreba

and Cephaloria syriaca exhibitea neinaticidal properties against

Tylenchulus semipenetrans when tested in vitro. Leaf extracts

of y_. urens and seed extracts of C.syriaca were highly effective.

Leaf and seed extracts of twelve indigenous medicinal plants

adversely affected Rotylenchulus renlformis and Meloidogyne

incognita. The efficacy, however, increased v;ith increase in

concentration of extracts. (Mahmood et al.., 1982). Extracts of

leaves of Anaqallis arvensis and the seed of Linum usitatissimu.-n

and Sida cordifolia proved to be highly toxic. Jimilar studies

have been made with extracts of other plant species (Nandal and

Bhatti, 1983, 1986, 1987; Indrarajvanshi et al.. , 1986; Mani ot al,

19

X986; Rao et_ al., 1986; Al-obaed et. al.., 1987; Scramin et_ al.,

1987). Hasan and Jain (1984) while determining the effect of

aqueous extracts of fresh leaves, stem and roots of Parthenium

t^ysterophorus ( 1 « 25, 1 j 50 and 1 : 100 ) against Meloidogyne

incQQnita and Helicotylenchus dihystera observed 100?i mortality

in the lowest cone. ( 1 : 50 ) of leaf extract, after 25 and

48 hrs. of exposures. Five propenyl phenols viz. chavicol,

chavibetal, allylpyrocatechol, chavibetol acetate and allylpy-

rocatechol diacetate isolated from leaves of Piper betel were

found to be of great nematicidal value. Exposure to these

compounds resulted in complete mortality of Cenorhabdites

gLggi^. Presence of high concentrations of these compounds

in the leaves probably lead to their nematicidal value (Evans

et al., 1984). Extracts of plant of Portulaca oleracea. Thymus

serphyllum, Coriandrum sativum, Martricaria chamonilla,

Perlstropha bicalyculata^ Tragia involucriata,Anthocephalus

Hadantoa, Ocimum sanctum, 0. basilium, Moringa pterygosperma,

Taqetes erecta. Mimosa pudica, ginger, chilli^ pepper and

various other plants significantly affected the hatching of

larvae and root gall index caused by Meloidoqyne incognita

(Abivardi^ 1971; sukul et_ al., 1974; Mukherjee and Sukul,

1978; Hoan and Davide, 1978; Chatterjee and Sukul 1980, 1981

and Chatterjee et al., 1982> Egunjobi and Afolaimi (1976)

pointed out that neem leaf extract significantly reduced the

root populations of Prgtylenchus brachyurus under semifield

conditions. Mohandas ejb al., (1981) noticed that in rice field

heavely infested with Hirschmanniella sp. the v/eed Sphenoaca

20

zeylanica gave 99% control within 8 weeks. The whole plant

and shoot extracts were toxic to nematode after 48 hrs.

exposure at 50 g plant tissue/10Oral water. Root extracts,

however,- were not toxic. Haseeb .et al., <1982) obser 'ed that

the aqueous extracts of Mentha viridis, Eniblica officinalis

and Carissa carandus were toxic to Meloidoqyne incognita,

while Mentha viridis. Cassia fistula, Cordia myxa, Carrissa

carax>dus, Clocassia antiquorum and Dalberqia sissoo to

Rotylenchulus reniformis.Methanol extracts of the roots of

Erigeran philadelphicus when fractionated gave two oily

fractions with molecular formula of C^^ R,^ 0 . These compounds

as well as naturally occuring acetylene compounds had high

nematicidal -activity specially against Pratylenchus coffeae

with (50? nwrtality at doses less than 3 mg/1) . Siddiqui and

and Alam {1987) reported that when seedlings of tomatoes,

eggplant and okra raised from seeds treated with v/ater soluble

extracts of Azadirachta indie a and Melia azedar ech v;ere

inoculated with Meloidoqyne incognita or Rotylenchulus reniformis

the development of galling and the population of R. renifor.mis

were significantly reduced* Goswami and Vijaylaxshmi {1986a,

b) tested different plant extracts and oil-cakes against

Meloidoqyne incognita and found significant reduction in root

galls and population of nematode. The water and methanolic '

extracts of leaves, stems and buds of Datura stremonium, Ipomoea

carnea, Tagetes,oatula and Lawsonia alba were found toxic to

second stage juveniles of Tylenchulus semipenetrans and

Anquina tritici resulting in their mortality (Kumar! et al.,l9S6)

21

Salem and Osman (1988) showed that intercropping Tagetes sp.

with tomato plants was more effective than adding natural

root extracts of Tagetes to the soil in reducing nematode

population. Siddiqui and Saxena (1987) pointed out that

interculture of tomato and aubergines with Azadirachta indica

and Melia azedarach reduced the rate of multiplication of

Meloidoqyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis together

with reduction in root galling. The Quassinoid fraction of the

seeds of Hannoa undulata adversely affected the penetration of

larvae of Meloidogyne 1avanica into tomato root and the multip­

lication (Prot and Kornprobst 1983, 1985).

Amongst different grasses used as cover crops Festuca

arundinacea markedly reduced the population of nematodes. Of

the different grasses F.aruiadlhacea and F. rubra were more

effective in suppressing nematodes than Poa pratensis and

Dactylis qlomerata (Townshend et al., 1984). Latices of some

plants were found highly toxic to plant parasitic nematodes,

though to varying extent. The toxicity increased with an

increase in the concentration of latex and exposure period.

Hatching of the root-knot larvae was also reduced by the latex

(Haseeb et al. / 1984, Zurreen and Khan 1984, Siddiqui ei al.,

1984). Singh (1983) reported that culture filtrates of some of

the fungi from the rhizosphere of plants grown on amended soil

such as Alt em aria humicola, Aspergillus niger, Curvplaria

lunata, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma liqnorum and Trichoderma

viride were found to be nematoxic and inhibited the hatching of

larvae of teloidoqyne incognita. Hag et_ al., (1985) observed

22

considerable reduction in population of Meloldogyne incognita

and increase in growth of tomato when fly ash was added in

soil.

Integrated pest management approach

Integrated pest management involves reduction of

nematode numbers to tolerance level by using a variety of

techniques such as predators/ parasites genetic resistance,

modification of environment and if necessary pesticides in

combination. In this direction considerable work has been

carried out and the literciture is reviewed by Bird (1987).

The efficacy of nematode control is increased manifold in

this way.

The population of Meloldogyne incognita was found to be

reduced significantly alongwith an increase in plant growth

and crop yield by integration of different methods of control

such as chicken manure and aldicarb; marigold, aldicarb and

compost (Ruelo 1983); chicken manure compost, a nematode

trapping fungus (Arthobotrys oligospora) and Tagetes patula

used in combination and with low doses of aldicarb (AVRi>J

1981),; carbofuran and oil-cakes together with Zea mays var. seneca,

tomato and chilli in rotation (Sundaresh et al,., 1977).

Ccirbofuran, fensulfothion together with sawdust + iJPK

fertilizers significantly reduced the population of M. lavanica

(Sitaramaiah and Singh 1976). A combination of neem leaves.

23

potassium and/or a ldicarb gave the s igni f icant reduction

in g a l l numbers .caused by K. javanica (Ram and Gupta 1982) .

Green manuring v/ith sannhemp (Crotalar ia -juncea)

following bajra (Pennisetum tsnaholdes) and..application of

DBCP pr io r to tobacco plant ing reduced the population of

Meloidoqyne sp. (Patel et. a l . , 1978) .

Hot water t reatment , neem cake appl icat ion and

phosphamidon v;ere evaluated against Radooholus s imi l i s and

was found effect ive in reducing the nematode population and

improving plant grovrth (Ravichandra and Krishnappa 1985) .

Badra and Elabary (1978) noticed tha t inorganic f e r t i l i z e r s

in the form of N or P with organic amendments gave s ign i ­

ficant reduction in the population of Rotylenchulus reniformis

as v/ell as improving the plant growth. Multiple treatments

involving aldicarb and possibly oxamyl alongwith pigeon

droppings or poultry droppings increased the gro\srth of

tomato and at the same time reduced the population of

Rotylenchulus reniformis (Badra and Mohaomad, 1979).

For the control of plant p a r a s i t i c nematodes, Alam and

Ashraf (1986) used compost, bone meal, o i l seed of cas tor ,

mustard, margosa/neem and pea nut, DD, DSCP phorate, fensul-

fothion and dimethoate, separately and in co;^inat ion and I

they observed that organic f e r t i l i z e r s and compost did not

24

suppress the population of plant p a r a s i t i c neuiatocies

s ign i f ican t ly / v/hile a l l tne othar so i l amend.Ments and

nematicides s igni f icant ly reduced nematode population;

when applied in cooibination BS compared to so i l in these

treatments alone.

25

g,;^ 2^ work

X» To screen wild plants of the family Labiatae, Acanthaceae,

Soianaceae/ Asclepiadaceae as organic amendments on the

multiplication of nematodes in the soil.Following studies

will be made on these showing highest efficacy in reduction

in nematode population.

2. TO determine the optimum concentration of organic amend­

ments.

3. To find out the waiting period required for getting highest

reduction in the population of nematode.

4. To work out amount ox irrigation required for quick decom­

position of organic amendments.

5. To study the effect of different ratios of sand and clay

on the efficacy of organic amendments.

6. To determine the organic matter available in the soil as

a result of organic amendments.

7. To determine the changes in Bulk density^ Real specific

gravity and porosity of the soil as a result of organic

amendments.

8. To study the changes in pH of the soil during decomposition

of organic matter.

9. To integrate different organic amendments with nematicides

such as carbofuran.

MATERIAL

&

METHOD

26

MATERIALS AI D .--lErHODS

3.1 Wild plants belonging to the family Labiatae,

Acanthaceae, Solanaceae/ Asclepiadaceae will be

collected from the field and brought to the laboratory.

These plants would be thoroughly cleaned and washed

and would be chopped into small pieces. These organic

amendments will be added to naturally infested soil in

the pots d* 5g/l00g of soil. Population of plant parasitic

nematodes before adding the organic amendments and after

would be determined. On this basis the reduction in

population of key pests i.e. root-knot nematode, reniform

nematode and stunt nematode will be determined. Plants

exhibiting moderate to highest reduction in nematode

population will be selected for further study.

3.2 In order to determine bhe optimum concentration required

for the reduction in the nematode population the soil

will be amended with different amounts of organic amend­

ments of the plants selected above i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20 g

per loo g of soil. Population of nematodes will be

determined after 5, 10 and 15 days to determine the

auration at which highest reduction is obtained.

.1.3 The soil will be amended with optimum amount of the

organic amendment. Seedlings of tomato cv. Pusa Ruby

raised in the nematode free soil will be transplanted

after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of amending the soil. The

27

seedling wi l l l a t e r be inoculated with 1000 larvae of

root-knot nematode Meloldoqyne incognita from the

cul tures maintained in the department. After 45 days

of inoculat ion p lan ts wi l l be uprooted. Grov/th of plants

and root-knot development wi l l be determined. This study

wi l l help in understanding at which stage of decomposition

a£ the organic amendinents the phytotoxici ty i s mininium.

3.4 Before concluding the efficacy of any organic amcndnient

i t i s e s s en t i a l to v/ork out amount of water required

for decomposition of organic matter, the pots amended

with organic amendment v.'ill be i r r iga ted da i ly , on

a l t e rna te days and twice a week during winter during

summer. After the waiting period the seedling of tomato

cv. Pusa Ruby v/ill be grown and inoculated with the

larvae of root-knot ne;natode. After 45 days the plants

wi l l be uprooted, growth of p lants and development of

root-knot wi l l be determined.

3.5 Efficacy of an organic amendment i s also influenced by

the type of the s o i l , therefore attempts wi l l made to

determine the effect of d i f ferent r a t i o s of sand and

s o i l on the efficacy of the organic amendcaents. Mixtures

of the sand and clay v;ill be made in the rc.tio of 9 :1 ,

8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4;6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9. These so i l

contained in the pots wi l l be amended with organic

amendments in the optimum concentration and v/ill be

giving optimum decomposition period and optimum a.nount

28

of water. Seedling of tomato cv. Pusa Ruby will be

transplanted in these soils and v;ill be inoculated

with root-knot nematode. Growth of plant and develop­

ment of root-knot will be determined after 45 days of

inoculation.

It is likely that organic amendment in different

combination may be more effective. Therefore^plants

showing efficacy in reducing nematode population will

be rated as very good, gooa^inoderate. Different combi­

nation of these organic amendments will be made. The

soil contained in the pots will be amended with organic

amendments of the above combinations/ with optimum dose

and will be given optimum waiting period. Seedlings of

tomato cv. Pusa Ruby will be transplanted and inoculated.

Growth of plants and development of root-knot will be

determined. These will also be integrated with carbofuran

at the rate of lOkg/ha.

3.6 Soil organic matter will be determined in natural soils

and. in amended soil by using V.'alklay and Black rapid

titration method,(Walklay and Black, 1947).

The soil will be digested with chromic and sulphuric

acid making use of the heat of dilute of sulphuric acid.

The excess of chromic acid not reduced by the organic

matter of the soil will be obtained by titrating v/ith

standard ferrous ammonium sulphate solution. The follov/-

ing reagents will be prepared.

i) Potassium dicnromate 11^:- 49.0 g of K Cr u

29

will be dissolved in water to make it to one

litre,

ii) sulphuric acid not less than 9Q/<,.

iii) Phosphoric acid 855*.

iv) Diphenylamine indicator solution: of Diphenylamine

(0.5g) will be dissolved in a mixture of 100 ml

suli:)huric acid and 20 ml water and will be stored

in a coloured bottle.

v) Ferrous amiiioniu'm sulphate: (N/2) will be obtained

by dissolving 392. Og Fe SO^ ^^"4^ 2 ^^4 ^"2° ^^^^

in. water. To this will be added 15 ml sulphuric

acid. It will then be diluted to 2 litres.

Soil (2-lOg) (O.Smin) will be taken in a 500 ml

conical flask and 10 ml of IN potassium dichromate

solution and 200 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid will

be added. This v;ould be shaken for a minute or two and

will be allowed to stand on an asbestos mat, for about

30 minutes. Later 200 ml of water, 10 ml of phosphoric

acid and 1 ml of diphenylamine indicator solution will

be added. A deep violet colour v/ill appear. This will be

titrated with N/2 ferrous atixmonium sulphate solution,

till the violet colour changes to purple and finally

to green.

In the same v.'ay a blank titration will be carried

out and the amount of organic matter will be calculated

30 by using the formula;

Percentage of organic (x-y) x .003 X 100 , caroon m the soil = ' „ = Z

and Percentage of organic matter = Z X 1.724

VJ'here x is the volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate

required for reducing 10 ml potassium dichromate

solution, y is the volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate

required for reducing excess of potassium dichromate

W is the weight of soil taken fo analysis and 1.724 is

the Walklay Black value and 0.003g carbon present in

1 ml of normal Y.^ Cr 0^.

3.7 The Bulk density, real specific gravity and porosity

of a soil will be determined by the standard technique

in both natural and organic matter aaiended soil.

The bulk density of soil is the mass of the soil

per unit volume and porosity of soil is the fraction of

soil volume not occupied by soil particles. Bulk density

of most soils ranges from 1.02 to 1.8 g/cc.

A bottle of 50 ml will be weighed and filled with

soil up to the brim tapping the bottle about 20 times

so that it is completly filled. It will be weighed

again, the soil will be removed from bottle. The bottle

will be filled v/ith water. The amount of water required

to fill the bottle will be measured. The apparent or

bulk density will be obtained by dividing the weight of

the soil with volume of the soil.

31

Calculation:

Weight of empty bottle = V^g

Weight of bottle and soil = W2g

weight of soil = VJ - Vi^

Volume of tiie soil or volume of water needed to = V ml fill the bottle

W^ - W ^ 2 Bulk density = —^ g per cm

After calculating bulk density and real specificity,

the porosity of the soil can be calculated by formula:

Pore _ 100 (true specific gravity-apparent sioecific gravity) space" True specific gravity

3.8 pH of the soil was determined in 1:2 or 1:5 soil suspen­

sions by using Elico pH meter, (Jackson 1958).

3.9 Raising seedlings and Inoculation with nematodes

Seedlings of tomato cultivar Pusa Ruby will be

raised in nematode free soil in the green house. Before

sowing, the seeds will be surface sterilized with 1:1000

mercuric chloride and rinsed with sterilized distilled

water. Seedlings when 3 weeks old will be used for

transplantation. In order to prepare mercuric chloride

solution Ig of mercuric chloride will be dissolved in

the least amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid

required for dissolving the crystals. To this 100 ml of

sterilized distilled water will be added and this would

be labelled as stock solution. To this 10 ml stock

32

solut ion 90 ml of s t e r i l i z e d d i s t i l l e d water wil l be

added t o obtained the concentration of 1:1000.

In order to mcil'je the so i l nematode free^carbofuran

@lOkQ/ha of the so i l wi l l be added and af te r giving a

waiting period of 15 days i t v;ill be used.

Inoculum wi l l be ra ised from single egg mass cul ture

of Meloidoqyne inco-7nita maintained in the microplots.

In order to obtain larvae for inoculat ion, freshly

col lected egg masses wi l l be made to hatch in d i s t i l l e d

water. V7hen the larvae hatch out l a rva l suspension v;ill

be made in d i s t i l l e d water containing 1000 larvae/10 ;ril

of the suspension. For inoculation near the seedlings

four holes wi l l be made and the nematode suspension

would be added by Pit^ette.

I so la t ion of nematodes from the so i l wi l l be made

by using Cobb's sieving and decanting method. Soi l

(200g) wi l l be placed in p l a s t i c pan and to t h i s v/ill be

added 1 l i t r e v.-ater. After soaking and breaking any

lump gently v;ith the f ingers , stones v/ill be removed.

The so i l w i l l be s t i r r ed and allowed the heavy so i l

p a r t i c l e s to s e t t l e to the bottom for about 5 seconds.

This suspension wil l be poured through seive of 15 mesh

pore size in to a second pan. SOine more v/ater wi l l then be

added to the residue i n - i i r s t pan. This process v;iLl be

repeated and the re.nainder wi l l be discarded. I t will be

washed out in firr.t oan.

33

The suspension will then be passed through sieve

of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mesh poresize. Each tiiiie the

debris will be transferred to a 250 ml beaker. All the

suspensions will be mixed. The nematodes will be allov;ed

to settle down on the bottom of the beakers, the excess

water will be decanted and v/ill be poured over a muslin

filter into a Baermann funnel fitted with a rubber tubing

closed by a clip. The funnel will be filled v/ith tao

water until it touches the muslin filter. After about

24 hrs the nematode suspension will be collected by-

opening the clip for fnicroscopic examination and counting

of the nematodes,

3.10 Growth of plants

Through out the studies growth of plants will be

determined after 45 days of inoculation. Plants v/ill be

uprooted and washed in running water, length of root

and shoot will be determined. The plants will be weijhed

after putting the.a in the blotting paper so that extra

amount of water la absorbed. This would give the fresh

weight of the plant. The plants will be dried in oven at

60 C and after being cooled they will be weighed, to get

dry weight of a plant. Root-knot index will be determined

on 1-5 scales as follows:

i) No gall No egg masses - Highly resistant

ii) 1 to 10 galls/egg masses - Resistant

iii) 11 to 30 galls/egg masses - Moderately resistant

34

iv) 31 t o 100 ga l l s /egg masses - Susceptible

v) 101 and above gal ls /egg masses - Highly Susceptible

Through out the s tudies there wi l l be five r ep l i ca t e s

of each treatment and each experiment wi l l be repeated

twice. The data so generated wi l l be subjected t o s t a t i s ­

t i c a l ana lys i s .

REFERENCES

35

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