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FOUR EMINENT POETS OF PALESTINE 1. MIHHUB DARWISH 2. IBRAHIM TUQJLN 3. FiBWA TUQiN 4. S i L M i KHiDRA I&TYUSI
Dissepidtlon Submitted for the Degree of
Mnittx of l)ila«0pl)p IN
ARABIC
ABDUL HAQUE HAQQANI
Under the supervision of
DR. S. KAFEEL AHMAD QASMI READER
DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC ALIGABH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
1991
9 J^^^,
((5r>*)Ji.f*:fl
'• -
Ilfiiiitf?
J)i • 2 2 OS'
DS220S
DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH-202002
C E R T I F I C A T E
It is certified that Mr. ABDUL HAQUE HAQQANI
Enrolment No.U-4892 has completed his M. Phil.
Dissertation, entitled "FOUR EMINENT POETS OF
PALESTINE 1. MAHMUD DARWISH 2. IBRAHIM TUQAN 3. FADWA
TPQftN 4. SALMA KHlte)RA JAYYUSI" under my
supervision. I also certify that his work of M.Phil.
Dissertation is original.
(Dr. S. Kafeel Alimad Qasmi)
Supervisor
Js
(2^ U ) 6}
.. ti^a
• • •
A - I v i / ^ ( 0
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'j\>\ i^if^) ^h^i ii^if&y if^qj^^li" [J^j^^) (j' ' Vi^V
• <J\K5/dJ &>^ >f^ /(j;^'> w-Xr.L^ liu^. cTof '(/
/ / 4fel
\
9 UI- b^;-^/ ( i / ^ V/*-^ ^I^l7^i^l»>-L^^ / - l ^ i O
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c
<j/ii(3/ '^^0^J <Jj>' ^>^ Ot < ^ ^ - ^ ^^^^ ^ ^
• » * ' •
c^ii yu/*«i> 0>>tf'K'OJ -U*; ( M V ^ - iA< .) dj[ihj>^^Mi'
^ ( j / ; , ^ "^-^(/^ (y . i> til ci;r (^i-* u^u.t; (j^^>i
>
3
OUjt ijlj" (Albert cainus )>>i(^l y.O/l^ ^^J^ ^/y
y 'J / f -^^(Kar l Karat ) ^''^^^ ( J.P.Satre )
stentlalism
(^yifj>OCjl (SU'^JJ (Dialectical ) ^ ^ U ( J U J ^ ' ^ J U
^ * ^ r ^ ' M a t a r i a l i s m ^ ^ » •
LC (f fk'' ^^}^^U'^^^ 0' '^(jy^ ^J"''^ • U - ^
4
/•' -. ji .^i-cif'^u^"/ • '^ry;-v^ ^i.L«^jKii ^
yu^/,' iiui_J!jt u!'0^ ut" -^ (31 c/ ' ' - '! - ' ^V^
Negritude '
« 1 • I
{^by\ '^1 -.-fjuiiyti ^ >yj(yi^^ ' OL<r^u '(Jr^>' j>-
Oj/C (j^0^^^^^ 'lL.di}/^^^.^0:^ J^ / /
c •
(j« c/c ^ ^ 3 i ^ O' y'-' ^ 1 ( J ! - ^ ^ ' : ^ > c/u^^ i -^>^ ^
^
6
o^y (/ui-* ^'^ - v' ' u;* . 'V-" " ^ ^
ohJaJ^^ ^C i^^ d^"^^ ^C^^ iiy ^
* « «
j^-»^l -V ^ijri . ^L- (Moses Hess ) ( J ^ O * ^ ' (^^.'^^
'^ ly f ' / v , O ' H <^ (Nat ional is t uptopia ) U y y _twXi*. (J"!
Shah A. Qayyum, The Arab- I s r ae l Conflict (Aligarh 1975), _^ p . 5 . P-5-
l U
lAAr L^J^I . l U / Z l l i : - ( L e o P i n s k e r )
^s/j^^\S-J^\ d^^^ ( Auto-Emancipation ) -^^^^ip L/*
U^^d^y^iT^i}^ L- L- oC * I' ' f • \^^^'^^, - ^ V c/cA^ <U^
Ezra ^o'^iL. o;i u^ uyi^^^/'/.^ ^uu?i dy 0>ri ojiu^
(}[»fiLj^i(Jj\)j}\ (George E l i o t ) ±^\tj\? ' ( Mordecal
i
( Theodar Harzi ) O^X^i^ ( jVy>'l^l (O^y^'f ^^ri O^^i
Der j u d e - ) - ^ t j ^^W- / r > ^ ' ^ ^^^A/' " <>?' ' ^ "^^ t C5 ->>i' O / ^
Shah A. Qayyiim, op, c i t ; p . 6 ' ^ I b i d p . 6
\ \
dy^^^ c/<^ i . .k_^ jJ/- djt*"L. jJiifr^^- L/:u^ (SMJ^
%^ >iMcjjU i^(jr'. ^d'^' ->i c/ ( w. Z.O. ) A^
Czar Nichol^6u/-' '>»' l-fjTVJ^i ( Kaiser will iam ) ( J t ' i ^ ^ -^
ij^\ Ctpj\ j)\ . I/CJ^J - ^ ( I ^ - r ^ / '^JU^:^-^^^
Chaim Weizman )
Shah A. Qayyum, o . p , c i t , pp, 7-8. - ^
u /^6yf{i^'^/^'&>'^:>l^(S^ zangwill ) (J'^U J:!/^^
Ui 'UJ '(iij^;^(jr'' C}*> ^\^ (S1^Oyf 0^-^i j J t ^
\ Cohn
;^| ' \,))\){ Philanthropic ) yyjJy 2,|ii (J ly ^ l y AAAJL* b'^A^' ^
;V J l ( Montefiare ) ^ ^ > >>^ X_ ( j ^ ^ O " ^ ' t r - ^ / i r '
(Alexander )^^'J^I (J'/' L- ( Boa < of Deputies) > y ^ O T
XiSr^ii} (J ( Jacob Schiff ) _le>i^6j -7-*^ . U ?-If^ / _!-> lb i l
Shah A. Qayyum, o p . c i t ; pp. 8-9 — A
13
( L l o y d George ) Dyl? i-V ^ V > CiV tt/»l d ^ > » l c J U i _ ^
Arthur );,>i!y>?^W >»>! ( J ^ U y J j ^ 0>»lju.^i;j^. J^lJ^/y>Z. J I ^
.Balfour
Z> OtJk7C5>r', f ^ / -^Edmound de Rothschi ld ) /XJiJ>} ^^^'^\/^
i_(jy(Jy ^"i 1J_XUJ!;A>^, U^ (J^ - ^ ^ J > - - ^ . ^iy;
Shah A. Qayyum, o p . c i t ; pp. l O - l i "'^
( Leace of ) f'^' U ^ ^ J T ''"••• ^"^^^ ' H ^ S ^ • ^ ' ^ ' R a t i o n s •
Shah A. Qayyum; o p . c i t , (t^M*^^^i/ ) J^Jj-^Ofi s^/ i C fjli t/y^ ~ <
Shah A. Qayyum; o p . c i t ; p . 11
\5
wbU- j j ^ - : ^ > (>^-^-Vli t -'•'' • ' ^ ' -^^•'" (^"^''^
,\ iLo-' •»> J ^ > ; (jyli^U I U;i-'>- •<>, . c/Crtil cj"
' ^ l . GJ J l » / " / ^ I ' ' _ l ^ . r ^ ^ l j f _ , ^ l< ' ( Herbert Samuel )
* • •
Winston) j , ^ ^ ^ (i>/- Jufy -L^J'y'Uii::!r c/f . u'
L^l\^\ J '*0 -'jj> " U ^ i . OlUl ^ f Churchill
Economic absor-
(}ll^6t^\6^{^.ij/y.'^/,/^ (Ji»l ( ptive capacity
Asaf Hussain» P o l i t i c a l Terrorism (London,1988).
16
Peel commision
J*^>ff^/ u" cyf/ e^ r /Oi^'» ^ r' cArf ' '-^'-^
Shah A, Qayyum, op, c i t , p ,13 - ^
17
» * •
(f;? fstreengang ) SJKj}-'^ »\ ( Irgun > O/'''
'-I^lUiJ cf ^ Nazi Holocaust ) CT-'V' ^*^
L^\^L z^^KSt u Jryi />m 6fty.' ^>'<J:<J^ tT
» *
• , £ •
18
Oifo: "U-; O V 'L^ c/r * ">''' '''- ' tr*-^' <-''' • ^ •'' • L/O^/JK' 6 ^ ^ILv^W Z—C/'y^ y''-> ^ ' ( Ben-Gurion )
( Baltimore programme) / l / ^ ^y^ '^^ f^ii>^ c/^' C/* CT J l
wilsaj)
j't*'/_0^.(jy I_f\jS'0>yi O^ *« rr c/.-^ (Harding
tjZ_(Rooseve2:t ) J^jjfj Ji^ 'jLkJ!^>^l y ^hjl^d
19
LKS.^J L T ^ / ^ i l fU jf>i. ^ . . ciY. ^ ^ ^ ' * » *
^^^^l>y^_.I ( Truman ) yjfjf/JMf a^^ijn
) ^ J r ^ wiJUajYUr Q ^ Z - O r ^ ^ ' T ^ ( s t a t e Dqpartment ^ •,£_
(ijjjJ' Uf ^jj^j d^( E. G.Harrison ) CT^y^J.'O''^ ^^' ^^^ H " ^
%(i^h J: crH*'/uy>^,/^^i u^^ x^k^jXx /}^\yj>
Shah A. Qayyum, op. c i t ; p. 15 » )y
20
Self determination
jij-Ci /,ui / j:.u;i;i isi^' - ^ r ^ • (?^^ c5 j-.iii o
shah A. Qayyum, op . c i t , p p . 16-17 , "'iT^
l\
^yi>Loif^ "•^ ^ j/'c^z-uo-:^!*! i r}-^ ' ^Oy- -^'X
» . ** •» •
> * *
II
hL ^w I ^^ Oiv '' JV • (>:: ' A^' -^» ^ - ^
<>^ U>I/(J/*J*-^' - J U \COJS*/\^\ ^^ I z _ ( James v , F o r e s t a l )
(-C c h a r t e r » *
jy^/}^iii\ (r*>'Yf> • g[>/6^(jff (Gorrilla ) IX /U
Shah A, Qayyum ; ©p-*citi p . 2 1 .
Shah A,Qayy\ira ; p p . c i t ; p . 22. ,
Z3
m
( Trusteeshii) ) ^ ^ (} d/S*^\^\ / ( j ^ A^ J^ilkfl jL^lJJ.1
• ^ O T V -::-f J O- Ll- liu-. v ( c. a i f ford ) J^^yj^lfc'/^l
b u ur-fe^ t^-£ ^„^,,, ^Ji^Ji,^J,^^ /c ^^ , J
Asaf Hussaln, Po l i t i c a l Terrorlsm(Loncbn, 1 9 8 8 ) . ~
^i, Is jXijit i^OK-r^ i_>'i^.i >^<J; J^ -^1 ^c^
^ / \ ' ^ > j . > i ^ u J'jfy'i av"^u* -I'lir-i ci-'U-' "A:;.!'
*^^ ( / l /O-^U^y (Elisha Epstein ) (JJ^'^l^^i ^A/-
^}^ij^tjj.^^jjfjiji.ij :>_(G.Ross ) '>.(j(j- jb^ i .u Asaf Hussain, P o l i t i c a l Terrorism (London,1988) - r*
25
« •
• y C * i
De-fecto
(Rabbi) ci l . J iy- i . l£__ _:.^ :^xy\ ^i/i,> il c/' X ^^'>^ ^»
l ^ ! ' / ^»;, . J*} L^yi J'UyiJ'i synagogue ) ^ ^ , cJuV^^',
6'>:f ' ^ J i L ^ L ^ y ^ i u r ^ ^ ^ ^ } ^ J^>-'y-u-i i/y^il
c/i.U}Ji^y;c;>/( c.i.A. ;z_i -^r-^r -^i^JvWcr^J j "
Asaf Hussain, Political Terrorism ( London, 1988) TTJ*
Ibid.
>*
Ui
26
2—(jri ^ C l » l / ( Debacle ) " *UU t ( Disaster ) K^C
t ^ Tf ' r-y -^X p>t^ - ^ - H ^ i l o u ^ c r i - c/r^'
^ > i jUj^i ^ i . b V . ^ / ^ , / , U / p ^ (s ,^^^ ^,^^^ ^ ,
l i d A fto^4«=^ Pales t ine and'Mode ' (London,1984) p ,88.
Khalid A Sulaiman, ^f f s t ine^and Modem Arab Poetry _ ^^
11
^>i\ £~ [\y >• V OkJ"' ^ ^ - ^ V J 0 ^ O ( E. B. Chi lders
J . B . Glubb )
* m
Khalid A, Sulaiman, op, c i t ; pp . 89-90, " **
of property What used to be tl ie M.igti'.c b.i quartci
Jerusalem. jk-
As soon ns the ceisc-nre came inc^ effect in J . j
1967, Israeli bulldozers set to work to nnk: :
car-park for v is i tors to the Wa i l i ng Wa l l . As ;
result , 4.000 Arabs were nude homeless anj 1;J
houses were destroyed.
i
The towa ol Qualqi lyah wis ra i = d to the grj^.-.J.
t
Afte;- ttie destruct ion of Wcs i Banl^ viii..^
people have to gather their belongings , i n j ^
28
^ ^ r ^ O - » y y ^ ^^ ^y ^(Jf \yj ( camp David ) ^JjU^
•• *
j V > 4 ^ ' -^t^ • ^ •J'lJy.1 ^ ' * o^-Vj-:rr" •' giJi"
KhaliaA.sulalman, op, c i t ; p . 90 T ^ I l b l d . p . 9 i '
29
S } (Uprising ) " ^ ^ l O - l ( *ll' < ) / : ^ ^ ^ * w>IAiil->0'^/f? i'UCi^
Asaf Hussaini P o l i t i c a l •terrorism (London, 1988), - r'A
r
O^^jM^y^i:^
30
It
» c/'l-j^r J^'y> ^ / v (^3/ {/^ ^)L/t
rc<<j'0«\-.-^>^ >>'o' ^ o^^tkf-^
3\ J
^( Dante ) Z_J5 . ^L^fjf ^/JJ^^/OJ^!^^ L ^ U
l i ^ Ov^l^^eTt-^-'-*' C5.t J^^'>'-> Divine comedy J ^ U
y
^ - ' ^ ^ 0 ^ ^ ' -^«°J<J/ii(j:: ^b j ( /b j ( /uv^
Fer ia l Ghazoul "The Poe t i c s of t h e P o l i t i c a l Poem" "'t^ Arab Studies Quar ter ly V.8 No.2 Spring 1986.
33
/ ( commited poet ry L 5 / ^ 0 ' / ^ ' ^-Oy>* C5j' •
34
>[j\yi'->:>> Y^'^' '^•'•'^^^ '•^\r^-r'J'^
(^
Abdelwahah M. Elmessir i "The P a l e s t i n i a n wedding." " r Journal of P a l e s t i n e Studies (Washington) V. 10. No.3, 1981,pp.77-99,
Ib id .
-6
35
r/.>i f'H<=>- ) /^lyJ'i^l^ r ) ^ ' » 0 - ^ M j y ( 'no)
»
^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ci^ JWUl (jY'^ «^^r < ^ ' ^-^^^ ^ >?.' ^/ >
36
^^(j^Lxji c/.^ c; ^ ^^ c{V-^^
Abdelwahah M.Elmessiri "The P a l e s t i n i a n Wedding",-*f Journal o f P a l e s t i n e s t u d i e s (Washington) Vol .10 No. 2, 1981,pp. 77 -99 .
37
» * * * ' *
tAA) JGJI 4» vX>\S%olui»U>i Ills-"
11 (/(•^vr /J^>)^,^JL>^>;^/>J/^;^//^yi/)^ ^A
38
-J-^
o^si^iij^Kl.» PJjCi Jf ^ O M r - H ' ^ ? ^ ^ '
o u ju;ji j-.> • ow-J!' o- J' j f? c/*'-
• • *
•» .
39
*
- • »
particularisin
>
l.^t/f/ -yit^-^f -V ^j^ w/i v ^ i Cry*
40
^t^oM*'^:^-. of;>Al ^ 1 _ ^ J.UZ, ^ > / u r i L / u y .
Abdelwahab M. Elmessir i"The P a l e s t i n i a n we^ding"-M Journa l of P a l e s t i n e s t ud i e s (Washington) V,10 No.3 , 1981,pp. 77-99.
4t
J _• "
(ijy>^ )P JJ^^JLOO ^ 6!?C5J> ^ ^ J^yO - l o ^ i l ^ j ^^ - r - ^ /
Abdelwahab 'M. Elmessir±''The P a l e s t i n i a n wedding"-!^ Journal of P a l e s t i n e s tud i e s (Washington) V. 10 No. 3, 1981, pp. 77-99.
I b i d . - •^
42
^ t ( / . ( Job ) _.^i . ^L_U9l/>l^ / ' / ^ / . C / ' U ^ ' L T ^ /
• * - •
^A^/__j\^^ I-^J^,>J^L.\^^ jy\ wanderings O ^ J ( J ^ y
^v>V 1 J ^ ^-UJ^ Z_Fanelope ;^ | {^?J Ji^U (S °^y^^^^
43
(5/C(SJ yj^ L 2^\h / ( prometheus )°Lr'^V,
J: u Salma K. Jayyusi"The contemporary Arabic
Poetry " i n R.C.Ostle (ed) . Studies i n Modern Arabic L i t e r a t u r e ( England,1975)p.48
44
' • » . *
^»^y-Z r Bourgeois ) i t / t ..i CLT/ f t/l ' j ^ 2^/,l>I
Esoteric ) (f^ L-0^^0\ . d',{i^Jn>'»^ 0^ ^MLJ^J'C (3li]Jl
1^* Mikhail Ashraw, The contoi^orary Li te ra ture of Pales t ine , University of Virginia, 1982 p, 18.
45
Ljipid^^yj\sdi^jj\ ^ t iu ' ^ u i ^JLJJ 6\JM\ '^^
ybu. J / l i< • ^/!i< ^ l ^ > / Z_0^a>^>/^y^Zlr W.B.Yeats
* • ' Mikhail Ashrawi , The Contanporary Literature of Palestine^ p. 16.
46
t
47
22. Abdel Wahab E l m e s s i r i , " T h e P a l e s t i n i a n Wedding" J . P . S . , V. 10 No. 3 ,1981 .
r
jisaigi
J^3MJ^
«iO
uii^o^'^i iJu^d/ wiTi ^U::0I(J::.^I . : i>^
49
' - • I ; * • • •
/o (jri _ .iX/gy (// (jiQi oto9 yr<^/^&.
4, Lotus July, 1971.
5. Ibid,
50
» J
i> ( T / Ji^' ^iJ^Jj^i 0^-L^ i - / ( j - 'U >i <
fV ' (/V t/l^ ^. ^'^^'<V-^'^"^^ ^/^ '^U^' . ^^L^^'
Kjho^ij^>^>>j}/C^\yLji^/f-{i\)tt\(jr. ijr^kij^ J. f ^MAM
juiil -l-^O at/ >l . ( J ( / U ' (committed ) JU'> -JiTl , J » • *
51
^\f. ' Of^ 0 ^ ^ t^^C/' Kj-^^^d (Jf- (*»V.» ) O^'0-r<^»
^)\ O U L T / ^ 6 ^\)^ ^ '^}&} 0 ^ ^ rcommitment )
-_ :l_(i ;>>>l ^U>^ 0: Ivorytower 'l* ••^4^ ^ 0 > l
<j; Uy:^' > > Z- OLJ >»l r t^ ••• j - ^ - * ! / Escapis t > ^ _ > ^ i > U ^ ' ^ ^ '
— I 2 ^
Lotus, au ly , 1971 .ij
52
Federico ) l6> '^ l_U! ' » ^ J l / ^ ' J V -^t -^/f"^^ ^ U ^ ' • ^ '
I ^V^L ( MayakOusky ) (|-^/lU . J^J^'t (barcia Lorca
^ 1 ' Ij^-* i^(J^ I/^l^cJ f Louis AragofiOy'''' ->->' (Pablu Neruda )
N e o r e a l i s « ^ b y U r H - - ^ O h ^ ' ^ H ^ • t u / ^ , l > ^!lq;'
realism ^ b j ' ^ UT-;-^! d"^^^ L lS\> U'l\
Lij/jy^ 6 ^i'i (yf /u/:>i JU t > ^ 0>^ '^ur' '^ ^Z ^>^
/ ( P ro l e t a r i a t ) O^^^^/, j ^ '^ ^jJ*^ U\ O^ ^ ( Wilson
t ^ / - y ^ i — y <i^ ^ / ( E x i s t e n t i a l i s m ) _l >>f> i__U->^>'(T-'t.
sl-o»>b(jLJl ( Indiv idual i s t ic Philosophy) i/^ii : ' '>J^ J>^yJI - ; - /
1/5 J : ^ y;(j;^i ZOi y'^vi^jjiGi (f-'^ ^^^^ (if^p^ cr'^^i'- ^
(II) *. sJ;--^vJ*j.^X«^J>
S.K Jayyus i , Trends and Movements i n Modern Arabic (Poetry (Leiden, 1977) pp.574-583.
54
L oi • 11^/li 0"» -J^" /A»^ ^ ^ p v ' ' <= - ^ ; ^ i
^=^ i^^j/^^i ^ ^ ^ u: ' . ufi ^ > . b.y _^>;- ui /
(jl ,;i ii- lyU ,' L^Oi J OK t / j r ^A -rC ' U' ci ^
Lotus . J u l y , 1971. ^)r
Mr -Mr (/{^fi^ ' jy^i))0^u^ i^^J-sy-
55 L 0/^ 0^' o ' -/i u ' u a '^ ^/^ f> J'> > ^
' * ? » » '
Lotus,July^ 9171. ^^^
l^J^i^ (j\ ^ L \,^/h>l ^K/ O^ ^OKiI
(}'-,•(/: 1} O V c)" ^ M '' o!>' ^<J' ^ ^ ' ^ • ^'
„i cJiS} ^(}> ^o^ ' • ^if>ur^'^'rf- ^^' ^ 'o;-
t 4 »
.1^
58
m
•
.. (J>y->' ... J^^^—^ «
-. a> 6x cH " "^ f ^1^'^ ' '^^' ^ ^'"' '^' 9^ •
59
()>•>. u f o ^ t: C: L u^.i// -y- rx ' 5t 5 ^u f . - u>if
L—Tt,y\ Jj LJJ^ '{J[ O'^-^ ijj^.iJ:^^^^j^U^"-^^
» »
^ > 3 l b X%JI U^l -'If-* f* -» 3 - Mr-I O'-l^'
>
^^J-yb 6>t/t>'^' '^^'^- ^'^ ^^' • ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^
^> it}(f('-Xi • or- • • ^^^ u^Pi'--'' u^>'—^
JUT. c( / u>V.ji x^y I GJ (J:- O;-; ' :-> i i i / r
62
i .jC.U. ^UJtOil • '^i>t/J'
• %
»
63
Sljr' '^y: ^>y f '^t\-^^ fk ' ^^^/tf-^^
64
; p . O-'y. Jt^ir- ^ ^ ^ - / • ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^^ ' Monologue >
65
. 5j^a>
v-iJ' tj V Jr ^ • 0>^»^ ^ ^ * d^-*
J j ^ l < 5 ^ l ^ • <^
Khalid A. Sulaiman, P a l e s t i n e and Modern Arab -fA Poetry , p . 201-204.
67
^"OUi iJ i * >U»J)1
68
M^u.o/" oroc^f^-^ .i-uJi^ou;-^<!:>>/?.•
Panelope / ( / W i Vlysses / ^ l ^ I •? UT U ^ / ' i ' , '
69
^,y Loi s^\)^ - iT- U ^ ^ > ' iS(^^^^-fC
70
• \ Images
JJCXJ" LJ^^'' \ ^ / ^ 0 ^ » Uf^O^.-r-/ ' ^>\r^^^
( Renascance ) ^ l o L i J --^y/^ ' IL-X^)^j}\ -^^A i O^^ f'>\
.<ij_i/t/: u>/*^- •^OY' J i ' ^ ' /^^ifc X. 6>(j-ij^j £_
i KJ-<'J-Kf P ~X\ » » ' ' I •
^ ^
Pawwaz Tuqan, Selected Poems of Mahmud Darwish (V.K. Carcanet Press Publications, 1973),p,9.
71
)J . ^ Ji^'>^ (/(J-i ,:L-l>y ^^>' <L0» ^V(/>^--Xl
^U^^i ^ / c / : C^t^C/,' ^^>^ • ^' ^ V ^^v-iUi^^^J
» • « • * , » • • » » ^
21,Pawwa2 Tuqan, Selected Poems tfMahmud Darwish (y.K. Carcanet p r e s s PublicJafeion , 1973, p . 9 .
22.1bid.p . 10. 23.1bid .p . 11. 24.1bid .p . 12. 25. Ibid . p . 12.
72
« < *
Leitmo-
Lu^ ( -/ a dX-of cTo-'y > » *
26. Paw\?a2 Tuquan, se lec ted poons of Mahmud Darwish (U.K. carcane t p r e s s . Pub l i ca t ion , 1973) p . 7.
27. I b i d . 7.
/o
(cosmic )>r>J Jlir i l / ' U J y i l 0 ^ ' --^l^'>^y u ; u v i s i o n '^ * , • • t • ^
^6/ y i -Z- oi":»U2l iL-U <ji-j>»>i ^ l i i i i^o^ cT 6/'-' - (^
(jk-/i /;i ^1 <j/u (/ >/y Lbia > ^i^i (jri . c/,J-L:
' > * -
74
f Iff' » A > / v * ^ > /^^//f^c/:^" ( ^ ' - ^
yi^ii/^^ V y > V *^^cP '.t j r*«;> c ' u'> ^ >
75
•
vl
-- 'J
76
"^(Jyil ( J i y ' C (Avant-garde ) *Xib^U'->''—-*' L^>^->^
77
(Lyricism )^1>^U-/. c^ij. ^ U (J 0/C {^(j\
<L_. cZ-iSi c3 b V>^->l UC*f U''^'' ^ 1 • C T ( / ^ / y f * (Z''
37. S.K, Jayyusi: "Contemporary Arabic Poetry vis ions and Atti tudes" in R,C.Ostle(ed), studies in Modem Arabic L i te ra tu re ,p . 55,
i <fio^4^iJ^0;> ' ^ '^/y^^J^ItcH-«>/f.y- .Vyip r*
c^U>|C^i<< •PiBHBMBIBnmm
78
\y^y\J'j>^P. ^J ( Flavia Neapoli " ^J>\f\})^ " f^yl/'
ty/i^ 5 u ' 0''' 7 / / " - r ^ ' - ^ ^ 1 / ' (Jru^^r', -i
' ... Ji 2- / ^>\^L/ tj ^ > OV' <4/' • Vc/- ^
cons
79 i
< » «
S.K. Jayyus l , Trends and Movements i n Modem Arabic " T Poetry ( Leiden, 1977) p .285 .
80
(3^^^( in.f) O'^^i/ OUr,0b c//^'/' ^ t - ; ^ ( ' • ^ / ^ ' ^
S.K.Jayyusi , Trends Movements i n Mocern Arabic - ^ Poet ry (Leiden,1977) p .285 .
81
(3M ^^U>^^ ^ l i O u Jur' • i/r"' ^ r"' ' ''•'- ''''"
ul/, >U: ( ^uuui ^Kf}'^ ° or' (3> c/ ti^ > > '^^^
uC
rtti':^ cJ* '= t; -' ' 4- '"••'/ '^ <-'' ' =-' ^ ' ' ^
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82
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• a'A>i^ cry? ^z"' t / . ' / ^ ^^^ c/,^'/'oi/o^ o-i
( ^ - X l y ^ ^ . . (j (JI ^ ' ^ Ci/ ' J ' >^^J> (J^ (J^(^^ ^jy^>
83
... ij !jy: ^j\s^ i^^\/'j>\ <jr^-i^P oY' oTcj; rC*' ^
^>ui. cj (/ > -p ^ {Sr^/ c/O' ^ (ir^ /(j"i'>'^' ^ ^ f V
a
w>. J (Jl- Cr. 01? ' i L 5 11- ^i<r t>^^^ O^/' ^ W Z-
6/ 'A-L-y; L.J:U':0\j? ( / c j y t ^ i ^ ^6>>'C/ ' ur
85
0^ . ^ U ' ^ U ^ *>- A* /(Jj>» CX^iiu^^Oi ^ u V - ^ i ' t » I " *
..bOj , ^ ^ -V^ <:!_ - ^ ^c f (J'/^X ^T^^f^ ^ ^>''^' Oiy^
ire/ 'Oyi^cJ^^ ' >/ ->•
86
(I <L ^ i O U ^ O"--' "^ ^'•> '•"-'^ ' '-'V. • '^'' "-"
»n- '<n/*Oyi^Ci i / ' t^ ' ' t^ ->»
87
'(j-'' ;>>? ^^ (jOyr^^^ ^^^'p at;(/oi . ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ ' - ^ ^ -^^6
— L, .
88
89
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ur'Jit J ^ ^ (>:>y. O^i^ (jr. ^ ^ /
: ^ i/ou (jy, Lt v ^
90
91
» )9^!
92
"oi'i^^p/'^L\ yjjio/'/c^i .c^(s>//!i2Ly:>L^j^^
( j - • - - /
93
p • {/, if </(. Pornographic PoeAsfjJ^ UJ>* •^—OJ^I
( i / r^ ' r'^'^ ^ Catharsis )^"C/* '>^ ^'-^ ^ y ^ O ' V ^ ' ' ^ ' (^CT^
S»K''g«»nHU5%,T»o>^di otv^A »%owc%>*%^A.s - n
94
Olb- U Aggression )/^^' ^^V' ^^^. ' ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^
- r i
95
96
'* n i^ .U2.{ / i f^y?^ J ^ ^ U ^^i f)(J/: ^ I
(^eu.")-—
V IA . u ( / ( \ ^H i ^ ^^ / .>^ H)'0^>flJi ''vfJy^jJ^^J^ - r f
a/
Dogmatism )-^l^^'Ji'>^^' J U oLj >:. ^ ^ L / ^ I ^ - I - O
I
V • « .
('•••f'-)
1 1 , 1—I »
S.K, Jayyus i , Trends >tovements i n Modem Arabic -r^ Poetry(Leiden, 1977) p . 285.
98
1 /^^Ul (J*/. l£^/ ^ ' / / ^ d ! ^(J-i i U? UJ^I' "-M
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... J^lr^Lt.)! USJ JUL • l U . ^ i L i I (J' >XJ'j*l'
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^ 9
100
jjoj^ CJU-f -'-'I J ^ . ( J ; 2 {? JU-? J^^ Z . C/A IC' y ^ O f ^ ^
101
• it
WJX^I a^JL^ LU\ . (/-.i;;^ j / Oi^^ i^ 4 l/u^:
Uy^yr /,:L-U M-ui- /•> / / i ^ * <j"i^ otVj j^\s^j\j^\
yiiJ..! .^.ujytv/s^yy^ (/>>'!' 6>cr' ^^!<'
( '
• *
(l g^U.)
103
.juj-Lr r>^ (j^(J:> Z l (jj^^^i u \j\^\^ ( ^ ) VXJL-L' ^ U > J " ^
>J • iSiJ^/ii ^y^ ' '^ - y>' « -^>!/^ utrUl Z - / ^ i ^ jj>>^(^Jj (jj
Khalid A, Sulaiman, P a l e s t i n e and Modern Arab -T^ Poetry (London, 1984 ) pp. 124- 126.
104
»
' ^ - ^^ 'W ' /V^^ i : (.:.^yi/jrV^> • ^* C( ( Wilde
105
( )
j\>})yf^L ( The Merchent of J J^tzL^^rcJ-? _- - , l jl^'-^lJ Venice
7 - ^
m
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107
( Stereyo -type style ) >-r-M)^/A'^.<S,-^^ '>• V ' ^ '
«
*
Vi <i ^ ^ ^ ^ •^^'^ -^Q-> • 4-i/(j^ro>j';i>iy>*y/u>
r/* 1—'— \ S,K. Jayyus i , Trends and Movanents o p , c i t , '
p . 295,
108
Z/j/( Keats ) ( J — T ' ( Shel ly ) J ^ JL_ V^ < J ^ ^
^ > y / U * ^ j f ( 5 ' ^ / ^ J l _ ( Byron ) U ^ t >»->' C Coleridge )
6
d'iij'i/jj nj
109
jji^Cf^y ^,L L^A ^^> u: -->>• • u f^ '>; c/ ^:»iyiio^
-py c/^c/ j i l^ ' /O/ . i ^ f->(/ ^ i > c3>i/;i .^t> • u^ (J-'U(J
» ' / »
V*f - Y d
110 »
0> '>i o.^ (jvV -!> i • t/q'!/'^' OiV^ £-> c/^vc/^'
Uj l i i " »>.>LJ W ili^>^'l I't^' l ^ ' C? •^ l ' c /y fy f U:} '(^
j ^ ^ 6j . (jb>^ o^f/ O^U^ _^Ui <^(j-i^^l d / f l j ^ ' / 4 - ^ i^' iS:(} Lis} ;^^^0)^>^y^ Oyi^\ ^ iLU 2luyi->' '
Ill
iM('-iir ( /(f; jr i i •^4'i';c^u>yVi^ -r
112
Cy//^ Ci ^ •»«-»' « - ) OJUh>(jlj^j)\ (\*\^i,^t'^>K^) )\ij)\)J(j\^
^^^J /{y^(S>^\ (/.<£^U>Ui o u J r ^ u t - ^ • O^AAj^^y^
(pyodor Dostoyevskey -) ( J ^ ^ y ^ j (L.Tolstey )
113 I
j
(Jj{\v^ D.H. Lawrance ) (J- -*i - j»- > ( Huxley )
^J^^^M ) ^\*>1^/^ i Grahamg Green ^
^^ySj'^ fWilliam Faulkner ) )^f,^ ^ Earnest Hemingvay >
Marcel Prous t i
'u'l:i<:r_C^ . : r ^ ( j ^ ^ ^ 6l-^j ^^ f^^^^>Lf^^'^ ''^
•» >
114
UUi (J\i^\jji ii^y^^L ooM>>y L^u/^ cjiy '^ J ^ ^ ^ ^
' ^/•'o> o'si-^^i^i/j^'^Jyil o/i cji o.; .l/o(r
o ^ ^ l ' xJjU JAILS'jUb I ^ i(Jc(f*^oj
-J» ->v/*l>i^ • tfsU wA^jJj . 6\p6 JL^C (>^' V-^l-> A-iiUI OVli^
» » •
115
ai/u^o/j-^/- ' V' '"'* ^^''^ < ^ * yjo.? ' oy' i>i j . u 6 / ^ z. (7^ I /y« t^ cj>:»yf </ vvf v--/
KJI )S^ U^ ( I v o r y t o w e r ) 2^U 6jU* o^ >9,y\c-. ^^/**'> (j/^ Jf^ 1
4*'li'L/>''' 0-»lA* • ^ ^ V y ^ ^ > ^ (J^'" i ^ y ^ ^ > r ^^' 1 - ^phenomenon
Hf j ' c f M n i ' j/^9) cj/:C^ ' UJ ..^ {
vic/CM. * '•5/ra>i)^)^j>/;j^<t>!^^^»>^';*
116
^\!'^j >C^ :^z^jiju '^y.L.O'Jij^ a / ^ u / u f
y
J.x
(jji>5^i - ^ ( J - ' U ^ L : - ! ( / b / u y ' U ' c / c / ' u : c i > ^ ^ ^
117
>
I,
^r (/(t-^Av* i »jj)y^f^j^iSi^ '^CJLA> - )r
118
C^li (J/ >yf (-M^/ " I j .i:- f J err' ^ ^ -^>'-' ^ - ^
6jj>i3 ruji V . > i l J i i • L/i ell'-' 0'^ '^ ^Vy^ f} ^
» • •
* •
^;;;p;^.^^^c/'^'/—^^-^-^~-^' //-'>C/'' ^0^6!:^/
y'*i/''.:X^6^^'''(S^^!/^''A>'^^^ -yr
119
» •
120
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^ j^A (fj9\ (i^y^O^h) O; ^i*Ua d^.Oj^ {S>. ^ • f -
f r ' - n ' < / ^w 1
121 ^ «
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m
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r 6^*^b<Lvj^ -^^^ ^'^^' t^^"*—•^ '^U" '^ '
>
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CJi l y l ^ b ^ ,S^,> ( ] / / 0 ^ ^ - f • KSK^ - ^ ^ -^ -XJ- '
. *^l7 <L ^ ::L o^>y J^y XL jji^ / L , (J[ Ur'l U'^J^
^ ' ^ (iT ^ - ^ 4^ - >r?^ (Soh>i ^ o^'>^ -^>7j i oj/u;-
f>^»0^O^0^ (Vi ^ j ^ , J o ^ ^ • vxi»v
1' 'r'Ac/-/^^CU^(i^-^''^*^i^ - ^
m
: . . . . ^
^>>y' c>"<> d ^ J^'^ o V ^
(schizophrenia )^_Jli>^l / "^U; ^-^y>9^^ ^:^jji> (J^ oj . (J^
^>i--ji 2L3u«iji c \ ^ o y (Ji>lJl.wOii (5^i • sT
126
_.y <2:.U y -4 ' MJ^/^ O;- ' ^^cj/->ij ^U^:^<*V-
127
((iL 'U (J- j^j, j-Ji- i\\J^»i —u» ' (/A" ' -^y^' (Jir
>
Lob v-^>»«>Ji->^'
• • »
ly>l ^ijf O / ^Ut' <: '>/ ^ i - ^ ^:> b- J ^ l ^ ^ I oC Y* -^ ' ^
^^} OJJ/ (JLi i y_ L . ( j> ; J l » (J; Z ' (jPUl / ^ U^
128
4-16 7 ^J^> c^^t (j-i - . ^ ' -^/^^ c/^^-^'' ' ^
'(Sc (Jj t^y ^ij>o^ i// ^\^y>X(J. crl^i r: £L JL^y
129
130
/ ^ •: ^KJ\!^ U: C ^ >=^ ^ 0 > (J!- (pathetic FallaciJ CT t (Jl-^
£-' ^ ^ ^ U ! 0' - (Ji^^y > c5/*^*>^/ ^ f ^ <^^^ - * • »
(/u> > • c/' O''^ - - / ^ ^x^^ -^' ou> 6> y^crH*
3 / * - ' O^ J''/:^\r^ Jp (SiJ^ i iS^C^l/o ^ic>
131
W^A Ly^/^o^i i^O'0'>^t>> (J^ .^LZ-»L>
U^-i»Uo;uy-' u/">'^i « ^ , . u". ^-/A^^i.dl-iU:'cTa
• »
109
Andre ) O^yT-;'>•> -^ ^J" {J^ • O.l'*>Jr-'-»' ^ ' • ' ^ > ^ J - ' ^ ' ^ O l V
^yj^>. J>»I>J| 0^'>'^' ^ ^ f /^>*6 ^.j)(J^^ '^—^ Breton
• '«:!l ^-^ OJ*^ Cyj i Jr^' ^LT' -4 V-*^
133
I so la t ion i sm ) i—A*
J^y _ ^ O''-'•J ^ ( R e a l i s m ) - ^ ^ ^ l ^ dL^ ( and romanticism
>
134
c5. - / .
. £-^'£^y 'd-~^)\j\/> )LLl^y, —'V-*^^ ^ JLO^IJIJJI
' * • ' . . • —
U.3jU iJi_^^l . ^ L J ^ ^ L l ^ b vJ: ^JL- i -5t')--««iJ»
28, Khalid A. Suleiman, P a l e s t i n e and ^iodern Arab: Poetr^'^ (London, 1984) pp 124-126,
135
» > , •* I '
J £^\j ^ o . c-Sy ^jt>} /Cy, ^^} i-^y ' C-S/\J^
136
^ ^ ai> o/ i^ *- >> « 0 \ > i ^ ^ l*-^ij O n O ^ -r^o ^
137
•^.t» .yf £—iS*./ (H unan sentiments ) .lA^\^\ (JLj / jp . £.—
i ->u«j3 J - ^ ( i / - ' ^ ' ^ ( r e l i g i o u s enthusiin)^^->-» C / ^ C?-* >*
/ ju^^ (T l (Racial Fanat ic i -^ ;|>iJ v-/* ^ . ' ^ ^ ' t ism
, v / , - » * - •
^ ( ^ ? > ^ « • i ^ t
Khalid A, S^laiman, op. cit5>«ll6 , ,^,*
138
_ _ _ _ _ « _ - _ - > - * ••' '
>
^'oy- (io --' c/'-ur ^ (Sor^^ - • -^c)'^^'' (/<->i /
Khalid A. Sulaiman, o p . c i t , pp. 177-180. ' T"*
pj
o^
139 n
d;j^ > u/ i : (J' /vy. J>- (SJ^. \' ''^ ^> ^ Sisyphus )
« • I •
JiKt^yj ^J^jf" "^^'d'jM 3*>l <:- ^ J'' cr^-'^ > ' ji ^^ i ifjii'iyis^' rt
140
(j^oJ! o;JLJI ( j ^ < j ^ '
* *(^^^^r ^^'^^^^ cTor-' out Jbrf /u-" ^L!7 ( , .ir-^.,1 ^ ^ ^ t - ^ ^ / ^ .
( Image ) g^ I (j> >» J ^ Ci"^^^ CJ"^V ' ' ^* ¥->Cf^
141
* ' I I
m
»
•.1-^ J r r ' ^L_J^I^ L^hj>\ ^ U U b j -^c j^b _;.U7Zlo-^U.
originality J .UUJ C* ;br ( j /^ JO ' . TU-? J(J-=' UT 0^ /
143
: (J*; ^ / ojlil _^> cl
am • * • •
OJU J;- (/' ^ J '^iy^\J^^ d»V' -' ' '' ' >^ - r o ^ -^-'^ -:"
144
i I-
> >
JL>^ii l «1.!>>L^ ^/jy^ >^^^ <J>'L>' V>'^i (JI^;'>(J^'->/f:'^-»'
145
". yV, L. JijiXl^. (JeJ) ^ " / U l / i _ C Dayan
4 « <6> 4 <i
4
Oi*^ *y» 3; u i' ^,i;) > ^ j(,;>^,> «>i>4^W' ^ •• Jc^^^-j - r<
c 2 ^ ^ ^
146
y'cJ'u/-i>'>f^(j'o^^''r^ ^^ ^ (Jyi (J.Ji u* ultx--
*
147
Trend and movement i n contem- {J^ / A A - ^ I O T > ^ ' ^ ' ( J ^^ - ' '
(J**b Cy^^O ^ t f i j y ^J^<i : : :_0 ' ->*^ < ^ ' pena ry Arab ic P o e t r y
- i ^ ^ j ^ cH< f * ' '
148
•I-. 0,^-7 / -^ y« Trends and movements in s^Cf OJSH/'(Jy ^^^ jy ^U^ . m o d e m Arabic Poetry
( J / . V ^ ^ J l f l ^ Clssa Boullatta ) > a ( j ^ / ^ l ^ ^ ^ ' / ^ !^ /
«>>» u^ o> u;* ^^>\ / L / ' ob r iiL -i^.tc/j 0 • £^\j o/^ij-
(pervasiuness ) C/Z ^ JL>*-' (3
creat ivi ty )..:JU/(J:>I (J^ (JU / ( J l • c/c (jV (J^ ^ ^ ^ ( JcT^^^
149
<^ . ^\> S^J^\^ y^ -^^J^i, J'.^^^O^
» » '^ '
I s s a J , B o u l l a t a "Reviev.- on Trends and Movement --c> i n Modern Arabic P o e t r y " , The Muslim 'World London,
150
y ^ » \ ( Anthology ) . Is l 2i\ \^ 6/^ 6/ '^(j^
I -.Bakir Alv;an"Reviev; on Trends and Movements" - i Middle East Journal (V.'ashington) VJinter, 1980.
'^^fit^jt '<'*< ' Jj\Z^^O^i^^ Modern Arab Poetry •-, /, • ,
^ y / j ^ l ^ . £ ^ J . | ' ^^f. Li terature of , '(W^jL^J ' modern Arable. (^"''y.^U^r
i 'Jt y.. ^ l / k - / t Z (dAf j / t ^V^^The Secret ^ ^ / ^ l ^ . Gas sick.
151
cjL- 1 iJ^(j-i • c/z d/.i/ -<^' ^ L X (jp/;r(j (jy^y / ^ / ' ^
I . . . - ». m • m t
'^ Ij^^ AJu**3» ( j - ^ ' i ^ - 5
^ U ^ •^^>I>i/0/^ (J^tr Jvby^i . -i-7 'c5"' i 'O r
152 ( Lonesomeness
153
154
-^V^^> i^ ' _,>j'. -i 'U ur^i-' ^^<^ cJ;> '
155
^ ^ U"!- ' \^(Jj^L )ijf(J/^ ^Uu //\J:(jr^ • l i V ^
a— /^
/ O'y^ ^>^ jL-^^j (J, • u*"t v- k L iv^ i -I' c:: (ji>;> _L.ui HI j>>:v
( i 5 t . / > ^ ^ .
156
' ( j l / -jCl (f .l^l/> - ^ . : ^ _ ^ ^Xy\pj^\ (\bjL U^}>A' V ^
^^-^ Or^ CSO 61^ t G>!iU)i 1 iSj>\i\
157
^\J \^JL.jjy^ Sd^J ^-o^ JL : i«>> - U ^ 0> ^ol ^ ' /
<i— (George o rwe l l )
158
_-«-aie)» 2^^1(3 5J>«JJI K5J^\^ UjCJ-J
( . . ^ ^ o r ^ - i J , JO ^ )
( / jb ^ j>^ JUi (J (j/Xb>^-» ^ y < ^ ^ . -^ 0 ' > * ^ "J:>^%
^^r^\^y>l^) (Alienation ) Jcit-^ Z^x tjV ^ Jt^. ^ _ ^ ,
159
160
y'(j'' / u / > ^ - ^ ' ^ u ' ' 01//*=- >'' >'' —>< ^ d ^
Ol ^ i ? ' ^ (• surrealism ) fjijy^ (J^ U /^ l ^c f / ^
^(/c^i V ^^^^p,j'A'o'J^ - ^'cJ.iSj^ o^^o-^ot"^ a
161
o^\ j d ^ 3 (•-D Ji t ^ C r
r • -> .- I I •
M* - M£ (/(tio** * > ^ ' ^ *^^-' ^^^^^ ^ *>W!x>^ ": 6jy^^J ~ ^'
162
( j i
M* 'ti u uwM '^r^) o^/j' v'-''' ^ 'a>^"d(i^^;^{/^"-c^cC^* - ^
^ly 11/- C5/Ii JOI ^ • U^ ^ • .'' ^ ^UL^I / -^^ h S^yf
.(J. jj^/ c^i V i t a l i t y ) ^ly^y> ^-'' ^ C). CDreamy ;
^U : >'" J ^ Ji/> o^L- ^« -:!'/' Je /^ / / X ~^^P^ /
Aa^.Tibevi. "Visions of t he Return" Middle East Journal K«| Washington V.17 Kc.S Autumn, 1963. "
164
• • >
•» •
^iby_ Z yU-'l i^ J:^i;:? i / / ^ I o . c/: ^ b 1-1 oU>i
165
/ ^ ^ 1 J ; ^ ^ij- "u^'^^3i" o^or; -i/i 6>^i
X Jl/^j i ^ ^ ^U>^'
j i ^ j < y (/u'-" ' Cf/li (/u' -'' <V==- - ^U"' -'•"' M
166
. <- I b LL (Y >
(j fc/ LiL. ^ / L- 0/C (J//i > v / ^^^ ^''^'
I/O;U:L^I ^ u-v^cf ^i^e/'—-^'ci//^' ^cjr ' i .u;^(^^
• U t U 7 j l ^ ' U^-^'^l^. •^.'^(J' O ^ ^ - C ^ " ^ ( Folklore
GU (*> « (siA^
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i M
168
O ^ A > J ^ 0 ^ 1 ^ ^ J ^ " ' " - ^ ^ - T ' ^ ' O O P / ^ ^ ^ I __.uJ'y^^^>
L . ^ ijy^ (J^b _ : > ^ (j' (Vanguard ) jDl^,^ J^
/
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169 i ^ . y j ^
t v* '-o-j^hh^oj^, "o^^^fiiyjOU^^ 'O^^fyy
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BOOKS
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Inf luence in Arabic Romantic Poet ry ,
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t he Arab World, Great B r i t a in iPenguin Books,
1986.
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Arabic Poetry , London:Cambridge Univers i ty
P r e s s , 1975,
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