Cell wall

Cell membrane

Ribosome

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosome

Cell membrane

Mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Vacuole

Mitochondrion

Cell

Membrane

Ribosome

Nucleus

Cell wall

Flagellum

Cytoplasm

DNa

Plasmid

Cell membrane

Ribosome

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Cell wall

Plasmid

Made of cellulose, strengthens the cell filled with cell sap here energy is released during respiration controls cell activities chemical reactions take place here absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis controls passage of substances in and out of the cell small DNA molecule that can replicate independently where protein synthesis occurs

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Chloroplasts Vacuole Cell wall Plasmid

Plants Animals Yeast Bacteria

Explain why leaf cells contain many chloroplasts but root cells contain none. (3)

Explain why a scientist studying viruses would use an electron microscope instead of a light microscope. (3)

The length of a bacterial cell is 2 micrometers. Most mitochondria are 3 micrometers in length. Why are there no mitochondria found in bacterial cells? (1)

Sourdough bread is light in texture and tastes slightly sour. It is made using bacteria and yeast. The bacteria produce lactic acid and the yeast produces carbon dioxide. Use the graph to explain why the dough rises fastest at 27oC and tastes most sour at 32oC. (4)

Sperm cells have many mitochondria arranged around a filament near the tail. How do these mitochondria help the sperm carry out its function? (1)

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Describe the structure of the leaf and the functions of the tissues in the leaf. You should use the names of the tissues in your answer. (6) 'Describe the structure' means ' state the parts of the leaf and describe the role of each part'. 'Describe the functions of the tissues' means ' name the tissues and describe the role of each tissue'. Tissues: Epidermis Xylem Phloem Mesophyll Other structures: Waxy cuticle Spongy mesophyll Palisade mesophyll

Remember that gene < chromosome < nucleus < cell < tissue < organ (leaf, stem, root) < system

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The human body consists of different types of tissue. A tissue is a collection of specialised cells of the same type:

Muscular tissue to produce movement. Epithelial tissue which covers all surfaces and lines all tubes.

Nervous tissue which carries electrical signals around the body. Glandular tissue which produces enzymes and hormones. Skeletal tissue which supports and protects the body.

The stomach has three layers of muscular tissue to..................................................... The inner wall contains glandular tissue to.................................................................. ..............................................covers the inside and outside of the stomach.

The heart has muscular tissue to............................................................................... Nervous tissue to ensure the heart ........................................................................... ..............................................covers the inside and outside of the heart.

Your words here...

Label me

Salivary glands: Stomach: Liver: Small intestines: Large intestines: Amylase: Protease: Lipase: Bile:

Describe and explain the shape of each graph.

Which of these enzymes works best in the stomach and which enzyme works best in the small intestines?

Bile is produced in the liver and is released into the small intestines. Explain how bile helps the digestion of milk. (2)

A patient has a disease that damages the pancreas. A doctor prescribes capsules that contain hundreds of small, dry beads made of enzymes normally produced by the pancreas. The capsule coating is made of lipid. Name

the enzymes made by the pancreas. Explain how the coating ensures that the enzymes are not released until the capsule reaches the small intestines. Explain why the enzymes inside the capsule cannot digest the lipid

coating. (6)

Suggest why starch is not digested in the stomach. (2)

Different parts of the digestive system help to break down food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the body. Describe how. Include information on mechanical as well as chemical digestion. Name the enzymes

involved and where each enzyme is produced, the products of digestion and any other chemicals involved. (9)

Examples of proteins found inside the human body:

Tissues such as muscle

Hormones

Enzymes

Antibodies

Remember that proteins are synthesised inside the ribosomes.

A food contains protein. Describe, in as much detail as you can, what happens to this protein after the food is swallowed. (4)

Why is it necessary to break down proteins in the digestive system? (3)

Enzymes are used in industry. Give two uses of enzymes in industry. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using enzymes. (6)

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Aerobic respiration equation: Respiration and photosynthesis inside plants: What the energy produces during respiration is used for in plants and animals: Plants- Animals-

Anaerobic respiration equation:

Amount of energy released compared to aerobic respiration:

Problems caused by lactic acid:

Oxygen debt:

Why you continue breathing heavily after strenuous exercise:

Why you breathe more deeply and more often during exercise:

What is VO2 max:

Yeast cells can respire anaerobically. The equation is glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ( energy). How is yeast cell respiration different from human anaerobic respiration? (1)

The amount of O2 and CO2 absorbed by the leaves of a plant was measured over 24 hours. The results are shown in the graph. Explain the shape of the graph (6)

Explain why heart muscle cells contain a lot of mitochondria. (3)

Susan is training for a Basketball match. Why does she want to increase her VO2 max? use the graph to suggest which sport would be best for her to improve her VO2 max. Give an explanation for your choice. (5)

Diffusion is Examples of diffusion:

What will happen in each experiment? ( this is the famous visking tubing experiment. The tube is a model for a cell membrane. It has tiny gaps which allow small molecules to pass through.)

Equation:

Chlorophyll appears green as it absorbs the red and blue parts of the light spectrum.

How does water get to he leaves? How does the glucose transported around the plant? What is the glucose used for? To convert glucose to proteins, plants need nitrogen. Where does the nitrogen come from? Starch is insoluble. Once made, can it leave a cell? Most plants use starch for energy instead of fats and oils. Suggest why.

Limiting factors

As light intensity increases, ............................................................................................................................ Light is a limiting factor for photosynthesis. Eventually, .................................................................................................................................................... Greenhouses have heaters, lamps and automatic watering systems to increase the rate of photosynthesis. The heaters increase the temperature, the lamps increase the light intensity. To maximise photosynthesis, a motor is often added which burns a fuel and releases carbon dioxide. Why is the temperature- rate of photosynthesis graph different in shape from the other two graphs? .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................

The rate of photosynthesis in a plant depends on several factors. Describe and explain the effect of two of these factors. Include graphs in your answer. (5)

Describe the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light. (2) Explain the effect of temperature on oxygen production in the light when the temperature is increased from

25oC to 35oC and from 40oC to 50oC. (2)

Factors affecting distribution

Sampling

Exam tip: place the quadrat randomly for validity. Place it in 10 different places to ensure reliability.

Describe how you would a 1/2 x 1/2 metre quadrat frame and a 30m tape measure to obtain data similar to the data shown in the diagram. (6)

Meiosis in words:

Mitosis in words:

Meiosis The cell divides.......... .........cells are made The new cells shave ..............of chromosomes as the parent cell Meiosis happens to make............... This happens .....................in the body.

Mitosis The cell divides.......... .........cells are made The new cells shave ...............................of chromosomes as the parent cell Mitosis happens to make............... This happens ...........................................in the body.

Stem cells are: The two types of stem cells are: Stem cells are found in:

Diseases that can be cured through the use of stem cells are:

Reasons against using embryonic stem cells: Reasons against using adult stem cells:

Gamete Chromosome DNA double helix Number of chromosomes in gametes Number of chromosomes in all other cells Carrier Reasons for sexual reproduction Allele Dominant Recessive

From this pea experiment, Mendel came up with the idea that some genes are dominant and some are recessive. When describing genes and characteristics we use the words genotype (gene combination) and phenotype (the characteristic that appears as the result of the genotype, homozygous (same) and heterozygous (different). Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following Parent plants and Offspring. G = yellow, g= green.

Genetic crosses to determine gender in animals:

Dad has homozygous blue eyes (bb) and mum has heterozygous brown eyes (Bb). Draw a genetic cross for the offspring.

Tay-Sachs is a recessive disease. Children born with this disease usually die by the age of four. Suggest the genotype of parents who give birth to a child with Tay-Sachs disease.

This is the family tree for cystic fibrosis, a recessive disease. What is the genotype of persons A, B and E? What is the probability of person D being a carrier of cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis Causes, symptoms, treatment, genotype, example genetic cross

Polydactyly Symptoms, genotype, example genetic cross

Embryo screening Pros & cons

Mr and mrs brown decide to have their unborn child tested for cystic fibrosis. There are two different methods: PGD- pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and CVS- chorionic villus sampling. In PGD eggs are fertilised in a dish and allowed to grow into embryos. A cell is taken from each embryo when it is three days old to test the DNA. CVS can only be done after nine weeks of pregnancy. A small piece of Placenta is removed using a syringe. The placental tissue is grown in a lab for a week and the DNA tested for cystic fibrosis. About 2% of all women undergoing CVS miscarry. 1% of all tests give incorrect results. The costs for the test are £500. The parents then need to decide whether or not to abort the pregnancy. PGD costs about £6000 and 1/6th of all tests give incorrect results. Evaluate both methods. (6)

Mr and mrs brown have a child with cystic fibrosis. They both wish to have another child. Their counsellor informed them that they have a 25% chance that their second child will also suffer from cystic fibrosis. What is their genotype? Use a genetic diagram to show what their genotype is. (4)

Which type of cell division produces root cells in plants? (1) What happens to genetic material before the cell divides? (1) If you want to grow more onions, should you use sexual or asexual reproduction? (2)

How fossils form:

Why early life forms left few traces behind:

Why animals can become extinct:

Geographical isolation Genetic variation

Natural selectionSpeciation

How do fossils provide evidence that species evolved from simpler life forms? (3)

A small fish is found only in a stream in France. Carp introduced into the stream by humans could lead to the extinction of the small fish. Explain why ( give two reasons). (2)

In one area of a meadow the soil is contaminated with toxic metal compounds. Describe how a new species of grass might evolve in this meadow. (6)

Explain the process that led to the evolution of the many different finches found on the Galápagos Islands. (5)