Minor Research Project Entitled “ A Survey of Medicinal ... Research Project...Minor Research Project Entitled “ A Survey of Medicinal Plants of Kapotagiri Hills” Page3 NEED

Minor Research Project Entitled “ A Survey of Medicinal Plants of Kapotagiri Hills”

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INTRODUCTION

Indians had an incredible knowledge of Phytomedicine. The herbal drug plays a key

role in the treatment aspects and it is essential to know the morphology and properties

of herbs. So which enables to identify and procure genuine drug materials. At no time

in the history of mankind, progress has been so rapid and as meaningful as that

achieved in last two decades in our understanding of drugs of natural origin . the

human being appears to be afflicted with more diseases than any other animal species.

In the past, almost all the medicines used were from plants being man’s only chemist

for ages.

Human passion herbal medicine dated back to times immemorial. As we all aware,

the survival of animal Kingdom is dependent on the plant kingdom. The plants/herbs

have played a major part in the treatment aspects. During the vedic period in India

vedic literature indicates mainly about the utility of single herbs in the management of

common diseases. Plants forms a major source of drugs and it is necessary to have

fairy full knowledge regarding the position of the plant wealth. India is a vast country

with huge tropical variations. The character of the plant vary according to the region

and climate due to this morphology of plant can differ which brings out controversy to

identification of plants.

The importance of herbs especially medicinal plants identified in the modern times by

many scholars and scientists. It will be surprising for many to notice that number of

scientific studies conducted on medicinal plants /herbs by scientist of other faculties

like chemists, botanist, pharmacologists and modern doctors is 80 to 90 % compared

to 10 to 20 % contribution of I .S.M. Doctors. Preliminary analysis of medicinal

plants distribution shows that most of the medicinal plants are distributed across

diverse habitats and landscape elements around 70% of Indian’s medicinal plants

recorded in the dry and moist deciduous tropical forests is higher as compared to

those recorded on the tropical evergreen forest.

Karnataka state, part of the Union of India, was formed on 1st Nov.1956 to fulfill the

aspiration of Kannada speaking people. Several contiguous administrative units were

pooled together to form a territory of 1,92204 square kilometers situated between

110,400 and 180, 270 north latitude and 740, 5’ and 780, 33’ east longitude in the

centre of western peninsular India.


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Kappatagiri hills is a dry and moist deciduous hill station where large among of

medicinal plants are available. It is one of the hilly areas situated in the Gadag District

of Karnataka state.

The range of Kappatagiri hills starts from Binkadakatti of Gadag District extends to

Shingtaloor (south of Mundaragi Taluk) and almost touches Tungabhadra river.

The hills comprising of Kappatagiri hills almost all are of same height. The hills are

situated about 1:2500 height above sea level. In general the hills are covered by thick

forest. Consisting of mainly shrubs and trees during rainy seasons because of the

development and full growth of plants and trees the entire area appears as green belt.

To highlight the scene of greenery there is a popular saying in this part of the region

as instead of seeing seventy gills, the viewing of Kappatagiri hills is more pleasant

and beautiful. In present study seven medicinal plants are selected, which are easily

available in all places among the plants found in Kappatagiri hills.


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NEED FOR THE MEDICINAL PLANTS SURVEY STUDY

On a board level the living matters are classified as animals and plants. To study these

living things their systematics classification is essential. Classification is an ordinary

organization of various plants and animals as per their similarities and differences.

Classification provides us the suitability to study and to recall the necessary

information. Medicinal plants contain varieties of cells which may participate in

plants action. These cells have been studied and their chemical nature has been

identified. These active chemical substances are called secondary metabolites are

further classified as:

1. Alkaloids

2. Glycosides

3. Tannins

4. Resins, etc, as per their chemical nature

There are some other ingredients which do not contributes in the action of plants but

may have some other role are called as inert constituents. Pharmacognostic study

includes Organoleptic (Microscopic, Macroscopic, Taxonomy and Medicinal Plants).

It also provides the knowledge of collection, storage, packing and cultivation of

natural crude drugs. While studying the medicinal plants Pharmacognostic knowledge

is very important.

BOTANICAL IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS:

OFFICIAL TITLE:

Many herbal pharmacopeias are considered as the standards for giving the official

titles to the plants. For the study of medicinal plants Indian pharmacopeias can be

considered as a standard.

TAXONOMY:

It is an accepted method of studying the plants. Drugs are classified on the basis of

their sources and classified according taxonomical princciples like classes, orders,

families, genera and species.


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MORPHOLOGICAL:

According to the parts which get utilized in medicinal preparation, the drugs are

classified or divided into groups such as leaves, flowers, fruits, herbs and so on.

PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OR THERAPEUTIC APPROACH:

According to the pharmacological actions the drugs are classified as cardio tonic,

laxative etc. However many actions may present ion a single plant due to variety of

chemical molecules as an active ingredients.

BIOGENIC:

The important constitution e.g. alkaloids, glycosiders, volatile oils, etc. are present in

the plants and as per these contents, plants can studied.

FIELD SURVEY:

Field Survey of medicinal plants helps the research scholar to understand the natural

habitat of medicinal plants. Plants growing in their natural habitat have maximum

chemical constituents various geographical belts show that different plant species are

found at specific altitudes.

1. Synonyms and Regional Names:

Synonyms give the different features of a particular plant. On the basis of

structural, pharmacological actions, chemical nature or historical aspect the

synonyms give the information about the plant under study. Regional

variations in names should be taken into consideration while studying the

medicinal plants.

2. Geographical and Cultivation Information:

Geographical consideration provides the knowledge about availability,

potency, authenticity whereas environmental factors in relation to plants give

us cultivation clues. Cultivation measures or techniques are essential as the

scarcity of many medicinal plants in the measures issues in present time.

Advances in cultivation techniques should be learned and implemented for the

improvement of plant product.


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METHODOLOGY

A) Plan of Study:

1) Slection of selected part of the Kappata gudda area in view of rich floral

growth.

The present survey was conducted at kelur beat. This is part of Kappata gudda

situated in the Mundargi Taluka of Gadag Districy. The Kelur beat begins

from Kelur village to Mallappana Maddi Temple to the extent of 2 to 4 kilo

meters not the whole of Kappat gudda hill range.

2) Study of Previous Works:

Knowledge of flora of an area to be explored saves a lot of time and energy

spent on collecting and identifying plants in gathering all requisite information

about the occurrence of different species, including notes on geography, paths,

etc.

3) Fixation of time and period in appropriate season.

The survey was conducted by visiting and surveying of selected part of Kappat

gudda hill range regularly all seasons.

4) Limitations of the Study:

Survey of the medicinal plants available in the selected in the hilly parts of

Kappat gudda not the whole area of Kappat Gudda.

5) The data’s of the Survey will be documented on the basis of following

parameters:

a) Latin Name, Family.

b) Vernacular names.

c) Botanical description and habitat

d) Chemical compositions

e) Action and Uses

f) Useful parts

g) Dose


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MEDICINAL PLANTS OF KAPPATTAGIRI HILLS

DOCUMENTED BY S. J. Hiremath

Sl no Botanical name Family Kannadaname

Englishname

1 Abutilon hirtum Malvaceae Shree mudre

2 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Thutthi

3 Abutilon paniculatum2 Malvaceae

4 Acacia caesia Mimosae

5 Acacia farnesiana Mimosae

6 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaeae

7 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae

8 Aerva sanguinolenta Amaranthaeae

9 Aloe barbadensis Mill Liliaceae

10 Alternanthera pungens Amaranthaeae

11 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaeae

12 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaeae

13 Andrographispaniculatum N

Acanthaceae Kala megha King ofbitter

14 Argemone Mexicana papaveraceae Gol galike

15 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Ishwari balli Indian birthwort

16 Asparagus officinalis Liliaceae Kadu majjigegedda

17 Asparagus racemosus B. Liliaceae

18 Barleria cristata Acanthaceae

19 Barleria integrifolia H. Acanthaceae

20 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae

21 Barleria strigosa D. Acanthaceae Gura

22 Basella alba Basellaceae

23 Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpinia

24 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae

25 Caesalpinia bondus (L)W.

Caesalpiniaceae

26 Calotropis procera Asclepediaceae

27 Capparis decidua E. Capparidaceae

28 Capparis sepiaria Capparidaceae

29 Carissa spinarum L. Apocyanaceae Chikkakavale hannu


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30 Carrisa carandus L. Apocyanaceae Kavalehannu

31 Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpiniaceae Honnavari

32 Cassia fistula Caesalpinia

33 Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpiniaceae Aane sogate

34 Cassia surratensis B. Caesalpiniaceae

35 Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae

36 Cerapegia hirsutum Asclepediaceae

37 Cissus pallida S. Vitaceae

38 Clerodendrum serratumM.

Verbenaceae Jatili

39 Coccinia grandis V. Cucurbitaceae

40 Crotalaria albida H. Asclepediaceae

41 Crotalaria chinensis Papilionaceae

42 Crotalaria pallid A. Asclepediaceae

43 Croton bonlandianum Euphorbiaceae

44 Cryptolepis buchananii

45 Cryptostegia grandiflora Asclepediaceae

46 Cyanotis fasciculate

47 Cyanotis fasciculate Commelinaceae Chigale kasa

48 Cynodo dactylon P. Graminae

49 Dalbergia latifolia R. Papilionaceae Hasiru ganni

50 Delonix elata G. Caesalpiniaceae

51 Desmodium laxiflorum

52 Diospyros japonica K. Ebenaceae

53 Eclipta prostrate L. Compositae

54 Eriolaena quinuelocularisC.

Sterculiaceae

55 Gomphrena celosioides

56 Grewia eriocarp Sterculiaceae

57 Grewia rhombifolia Sterculiaceae

58 Gymnema sylvestis Ret Asclepediaceae

59 Hardicikia binnata Caesalpiniaceae Aanjana

60 Hemidesmus indicus B. Asclepediaceae Sogade beru

61 Hibiscus lobatus L. Malvaceae

62 Impatiens balsamina Balsamaceae

63 Indidofera tintoria L. Papilionaceae

64 Ipomoea obscura Convoluaceae


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65 Ixora auricularis Rubiaceae

66 Jasminumroxburghioanum

Oleaceae

67 Jatropa curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Maraowadala

68 Justicia betonia L. Acanthaceae

69 Lantana camara Verbenaceae

70 Mimosa pudica Mimosae

71 Nerium oleander L. Apocyanaceae

72 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalitaceae Hu;I hunase Indiansorrel

73 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae

74 Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae

75 Premna integrifolia L. Verbenaceae Bachanikegida

76 Premna serratifolia Verbenaceae

78 Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae

79 Santalum album Santalaceae Shri ghanda Sandalwood

80 Sida acuta L. Malvaceae

81 Solanum immane Solanaceae

82 Solanum torvum Solanaceae

83 Stachytarphetajamaicensis

Verbenaceae

84 Stephania japonica I.

85 Tamarindus indicus L. Caesalpinaceae

86 Tectona grandis Verbenaceae

87 Terminalia catappa Combretaceae

88 Terminalia chebula Combretaceae

89 Tinospora cordifoliaMiers

Menispermaceae

90 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Sarati

91 Vallaris solanaceae Apocynaceae Ramrasa

92 Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae

93 Wrighitia religiosa B. Apocyanaceae Aale

94 Ziziphus jujube Rhamnaceae Bari gida


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BRIEF STUDY OF

COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS

Tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hook f. & Thoms. )

It is a deciduous perennial climber belongs to the family Menispermaceae. It is

distributed throughout tropical India. The species produces a lot of aerial roots. It is

propagated by stem cuttings as well as by seeds. The stem and leaves are medicinally

used as raw drug. Tinospora stem is a common constituent of a number of ayurvedic

vital tonics for the treatment of general debility, dyspepsia, fevers and urinary

diseases. Starch called as “Sat Giloe” present in the stem along with alkaloids is the

active principle of the species. Major constituents are tinosporon, tinosporic acid,

tinosporoside, tinosporin and cordifolide. Leaf also contains a number of alkaloids.

Leaf is used for the treatment of gout, jaundice and rheumatism. Raw drug is mainly

obtained from the wild habitats of the species.

Aloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill)

Aloe – a member of the family Liliaceae is indigenous to African countries and

naturalized in India. The plant is common along the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and

West India, but has been introduced all over country. The plant is perennial herb with

fleshy leaves and condensed stem.Flowering occurs in winter and the inflorescence


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stack is about 90-150 cm long with orange coloured flowers. Leaves contain gel

(polysaccharides) and leaf exudates contain aloins, which are commercially useful.

Gel has a cooling and moisturizing action and hence used in cosmeticindustries and

the leaf exudates contains aloins and aloe emodine, which are used as pain killer and

purgative. The crop is under cultivation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and

Uttar Pradesh. Raw material is collected both from wild and cultivation for the

industry.

Madhunasini (Gymnema sylvestis Retz.)

It is a woody climber of family Asclepiadaceae distributed in hill regions of Bihar,

Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and southern parts of India.The leaves when chewed

temporarily cease one’s ability to sense sweet taste. The species gained importance,

since it is used to cure diabetics. Leaves are used for the treatment of diabetics.

Gymnemic acid present in the leaves is believed to reduce blood glucose level. Leaves

and roots are also used to treat headache, polyuria, leprosy, wounds and prurutis. The

raw drug is mainly collected from the wild.


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Abutilon hirtum (Lamarck)

Sub-shrublike herbs.Branchlets, leaves, petioles, and pedicels densely hairy, with long

hirsute and short gland-tipped hairs, or densely tomentose. Stipules filiform, petiolate,

leaf blade orbicular-cordate, both surfaces stellate tomentose, base cordate, margin

denticulate, apex cuspidate. Flowers solitary, axillary, large.Pedicel shorter than

petiole, apically articulate. Calyx campanulate, lobes 5, ovate, densely tomentose.

Corolla orange with purple center; petals obovate, ca. 1.5 cm, adaxially

glabrous.Filament tube ca. 1 cm, stellate hairy at base.Schizocarp nearly globose,

apex truncate; mericarp, stellate hispid with long hairs. Seeds 3–5, nearly reniform,

pilose


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Abutilon indicum

Herbs sub-shrublike, annual or perennial, erect, many branched, entire plant gray

puberulent. Stipules subulate, curved outward; petiole, gray puberulent and sparsely

hairy, hairs silklike, ca. 1 mm; leaf blade ovate-orbicular or nearly orbicular, densely

gray stellate puberulent, base cordate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acute or

acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary, Pedicel ca. 4 cm, articulate near apex, gray

stellate puberulent. Calyx green, disk-shaped, densely gray puberulent, lobes 5,

broadly ovate, apex acute. Corolla uniformly yellow; petals 7–8 mm. Staminal

column stellate scabrous.Ovary 15–20-loculed. Fruit black.


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Aerva sanguinolenta (Linnaeus)

Herbs perennial.Stem erect or slightly stoloniferous, simple or branched.Leaves

ovate-elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, Inflorescences white or purple sericeous. Bracts,

bracteoles, and tepals densely white lanose or puberulous abaxially. Tepals white or

pink.Pseudostaminodes triangular.Utricles ovate, glabrous.Seeds reniform.


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Achyranthes aspera Linnaeus,

Herbs perennial,Stem quadrangular, pubescent; nodes slightly inflated; branches

opposite. somewhat hairy; leaf blade broadly obovate or ellipticoblong, papery, both

surfaces hairy, base cuneate or rounded, margin entire or undulate, apex obtuse, with

a mucro. Spikes terminal, erect, reflexed after anthesis, rachis angular, stout, densely

hairy. Bracts lanceolate, apex acuminate; bracteoles spiny, shiny, rigid, base 2-

winged, membranous, margin entire. Tepals lanceolate, with a vein.Stamens 2.5ñ3.5

mm; pseudostaminodes truncate or crenate at apex, fimbriate and ciliate. Utricles

ovoid, 2.5ñ3 mm. Seeds brown.

Amaranthus viridis Linnaeus,

Stem erect, green or somewhat tinged purple, conspicuously angulate, slightly

branched, glabrous. Petiole 3ñ6 cm, green or somewhat tinged purple; leaf blade

ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-elliptic, base broadly cuneate or subtruncate, margin

entire or slightly undulate, apex notched or rounded, with a pointed mucro. Complex

thyrsoid structures terminal, branched, composed of spikes; spikes erect, slender,

terminal ones longer than lateral ones; Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, shorter than

1 mm, apex pointed. Tepals oblong or broadly oblanceolate, 1.2ñ1.5 mm, apex

acute.Stamens shorter than perianth; stigmas 3 or 2. Utricles green, longer than

perianth, globose, slightly compressed, Seeds black.


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Alternanthera pungens Humboldt et al.,

Herbs annual. Stem diffuse, creeping, much branched, densely rigidly hairy. glabrous

or hairy; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or elliptic-obovate, unequal in each pair, glabrous

or annexed pilose, base acuminate, apex obtuse. Heads sessile, 1ñ3, axillary, white,

globose or oblong, Bracts lanceolate, spiny at apex; bracteoles lanceolate, apex

acuminate, without spines. Tepals unequal, outer 2 lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, 3-veined

below, rigid after anthesis, midvein stretching into spines; central segment elliptic,

3ñ3.5 mm, compressed; inner 2 small, enclosing ovary. Stamens 5; pseudostaminodes

shorter than filaments, entire or irregularly dentate.Style very short.

Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Candolle,


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Linnaeus. Herbs perennial, Stem ascending or creeping, green or somewhat tinged

purple, striped, hairy, across nodes with a transverse row of hairs. Petiole 1ñ4 mm,

glabrous or pilose; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, oblong-obovate, or ovateoblong,

glabrous or pilose, base attenuate, margin entire or slightly serrate, apex acute or

obtuse. Heads axillary, sessile, at first globose, later cylindric, Flowers dense; rachis

densely white hairy. Bracts and bracteoles white, glabrous, apex acuminate; bracts

ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm; bracteoles subulate, Tepals white, ovate, 2ñ3 mm,

glabrous, with a vein, apex acuminate or acute. Stamens 3connate into a cup at base;

anthers oblong; pseudostaminodes subulate, shorter than stamens, margin entire, apex

acuminate. Style very short; stigma shortly parted. Utricles enclosed in perianth, dark

brown, obovoid, Seeds ovoid.

Aegle marmelos (Linnaeus

Trees to 10 m tall; spines ,Leaflet blades ovate to elliptic, base rounded to narrowly

cuneate, margin crenulate, apex acuminate or sometimes acute. Calyx lobes ca. 1 mm.

Petals white, Stamens nearly as long as petals. Gynoecium .Fruit greenish

yellowSeeds .


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Barleria cristata Linnaeus,

Subshrubs to 2 m tall. Stems terete, branched, covered with soft trichomes. leaf blade

elliptic to oblong to ovate, both surfaces villous especially along veins, secondary

veins 4–7 on each side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent onto petiole, apex

acute to sometimes acuminate. Inflorescences axillary short and dense cymes, shortly

pedunculate; bracts absent; bracteoles variable, linear to linear-lanceolate, base

cuneate, margin usually spiny but sometimes bristly pilose and becoming spinescent

with age, apex acuminate. Outer calyx lobes ovate to narrowly elliptic to lanceolate,

pilose, reticulately veined, margin spiny, apex mucronate; inner calyx lobes linear to

lanceolate, Corolla purplish blue, outside pilose; tube basally narrowly cylindric then

gradually widened; lobes oblong-elliptic, equal. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments

pilose especially toward base; staminode 1, filament sparsely pilose. Ovary oblong-

ellipsoid, glabrous; style linear, glabrous; stigma slightly inflated. Capsule glabrous,

4-seeded.Seeds subglobose to ovoid.

Barleria prionitis Linnaeus,

Shrubs to 1.8 m tall with spines in lower leaf axils, branched. Stems and branches

terete, smooth, lenticellate, glabrous. leaf blade elliptic to ovate, both surfaces

pubescent when young but soon glabrescent, sparsely strigose along midvein, base

attenuate and decurrent onto petiole, margin entire, apex acute. Flowers clustered in


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axils of upper leaves and/or bracts; bracts linear-oblong, margin ciliate, apex abruptly

acuminate; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, spinetipped. Outer calyx lobes ovate-oblong,

apex mucronate; inner calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, apex mucronate.Corolla yellow

to orange, outside pilose; tube with narrow basal portion slightly shorter than throat;

lobes ovate-oblong to orbicular, recurved. Stamens 4, longer pair with anthers ,shorter

pair with anthers. Ovary ovoid;stigma slightly enlarged, 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule

ovoid, contracted gradually at tip forming a beak, 2-seeded. Seeds ovate in outline,

Cassia fistula L.

Deciduous tree to 10 m; glabrous or almost so; bark smooth, pale. Stipules setaceous,

2 mm long. Leaves paripinnate, stipellae absent; leaflets 3-5 pairs, discolorous,

elliptic or ovate, Inflorescence of pendulous, axillary racemes, Bracts caducous,

linear-lanceolate, bracteoles at base of peduncle, caducous. Peduncle long; pedicel

Sepals 5, equal, free, ovate to obovate, Petals 5, equal, free, shortly clawed, yellow,

elliptic to obovate, Stamens 10, free, of varying length, opening by longitudinal slits.

Ova r y stipitate, slightly hairy; ovules numerous; style short, stout; stigma

vaginate.Pods dark brown, cylindrical, indehiscent, woody, Seeds numerous,

transverse, discoid, enveloped by sticky brown aromatic pulp.Flowering: late Dry

season; fruits persisting throughout year.


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Bauhinia racemosa Lamarck,

Trees, deciduous, small, to 15 m tall. Bark blackish, rough; branches spreading or

pendulous, zigzag, slender, glabrous. Stipules caducous; leaf blade broadly orbicular,

leathery, abaxially pubescent or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, apex bifid

to lobes rounded at apex. Inflorescence a lateral or terminal raceme, bracts and

bracteoles linear. Flower buds obovoid, puberulent, apex protruding. Hypanthium

turbinate, short.Calyx split spathaceously at anthesis. Petals yellowish, subequal,

oblanceolate, subsessile. Fertile stamens 10, unequal; filaments 6–7 mm; anthers

small, Ovary stalked, glabrous; stigma subsessile, peltate, small. Legume linear-

cylindric, valves woody, glabrous.

Boerhavia diffusa Linnaeus,

Herbs perennial.Stems trailing, stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent.Roots thick,

fleshy.leaf blade ovate, both surfaces sparsely pubescent, abaxially gray-yellow,

wrinkled when dry, base rounded or cuneate, margin undulate, with stout, muticellular

hairs, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescences terminal, capitate-cymose panicles;

peduncle slender, sparsely pubescent.Pedicel short to almost absent.Bracts small,

lanceolate, pubescent. Perianth limb bright purple or purple-red, slightly exserted or

included. Anthocarp clavate, 5-ribbed, with viscid glands and sparse pubescence, apex

rounded.


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Basella alba Linnaeus,

Herbs annual. Stems green or red, fleshy, glabrous. leaf blade ovate or rotund, base

shallowly cordate or rotund, margin entire, apex acuminate. Bracteoles oblong.

Perianth reddish or purplish, ovate-oblong, 3–4 mm, base pale, margin entire, apex

blunt. Filaments white; anthers yellowish.


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Capparis sepiaria Linnaeus,

Shrubs, sometimes scandent, Twigs thick, with dense ash-yellow pubescence when

young then glabrescent. leaf blade oblongelliptic, oblong-ovate, or sometimes linear-

oblong, Inflorescences terminal on lateral shoots, subumbellate or shortly racemose,

sessile, densely pubescent. Flowers fragrant.slender, glabrous. sepals of outer whorl

concave, herbaceous, glabrous, margin narrowly membranous; sepals of inner whorl

slightly smaller, thin, margin broadly membranous. Petals white, oblong-obovate,

membranous, Stamens 25–45; Gynophore, slender, often shortly pubescent near base;

ovary ovoid, glabrous; placentae 2. Fruit dark brown when dry, globose, smooth;

fruiting pedicel slender, Seeds 1–4 per fruit.

Calotropis procera (Aiton)

Shrubs or small trees to 6 m tall. Petiole very short; leaf blade grayish green or hoary

white, ovate to obovate, base cordate, apex abruptly pointed. Cymes umbelfinely

woolly; Sepals elliptic or ovate, Flower buds subglobose.Corolla white outside,

pinkish inside, lobes with purple-brown apices, broadly ovate or ovate-triangular,

spreading.Corona as long as gynostegium.Follicles subglobose to obliquely ovoid,

inflated, pericarp thick, spongy.


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Crotalaria chinensis Linnaeus,

Herbs, brownish yellow pilose except for legumes. Stems terete, branched at base.

Stipules absent. Leaves simple, subsessile; leaf blade variable in shape, usually

lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, linear, or oblong-linear, abaxially densely brown

coarsely pilose but more densely so on veins and along margin, adaxially glabrous or

sparsely pilose, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Racemes congested on branch apices,

1–5-flowered or with 1 or 2 flowers in axils; bracts lanceolate, bracteoles inserted at

base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, parted to base; abaxial 3 lobes

linear to linear-lanceolate; adaxial 2 lobes broadly lanceolate. Corolla pale yellow,

included in or ± as long as calyx; standard ovate to orbicular, base with 2 appendages;

wings oblong, keel narrowed apically from middle and extended into a twisted beak.

Ovary subsessile. Legume cylindric, included in or exserted from calyx, 15–20-

seeded.


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Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth,

Herbs, short-lived or perennial, erect to ascending, Stems sometimes branched above

base, occasionally branched only at base, appressed pubescent to spreading pilose.

Stipules acicular, minute, caducous, sometimes apparently absent. Leaves simple,

subsessile; leaf blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or obovate, abaxially strigose, adaxially

glabrous, base cuneate, apex obtuse and mucronate. Racemes terminal, often on

lateral branches, rarely leaf-opposed, bracts filiform, CROTALARIEAE bracteoles

inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, parted; abaxial 3 lobes

lanceolate; adaxial 2 lobes broader, falcate, apices slightly obtuse to acuminate.

Corolla pale yellow; standard elliptic, base with appendages, apex barbate; wings

oblong, ± as long as standard; keel rounded, narrowed apically from middle and

extended into a twisted beak. Ovary subsessile.Legume cylindric, slightly exserted

beyond calyx, 6–12-seeded, glabrous.


Page 24

Crotalaria pallida Aiton, Hort.

Herbs, perennial.Branches terete, ribbed, densely appressed pubescent.Stipules

acicular, very minute, caducous. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflet blades oblong to elliptic,

abaxially sparsely silky pubescent, adaxially glabrous, veins distinct on both surfaces,

base broadly cuneate, apex obtuse to retuse. Racemes terminal, bracts linear,

caducous.bracteoles inserted at base of calyx tube, similar to bracts, Calyx

subcampanulate, 5-lobed, densely pubescent; lobes triangular, ± as long as tube.

Corolla yellow, exserted beyond calyx; standard orbicular to elliptic, base with 2

appendages; wings oblong, marginally pilose on basal part; keel rather shallowly

rounded, marginally pilose at base, beak narrow and ± projecting. Ovary

subsessile.Legume oblong, 20–30-seeded.

Bauhinia racemosa Lamarck,

Trees, deciduous, small, Bark blackish, rough; branches spreading or pendulous,

zigzag, slender, glabrous. Stipules caducous; leaf blade broadly orbicular, 7–9-veined,

leathery, abaxially pubescent or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, apex bifid

to ca. 1/3, lobes rounded at apex. Inflorescence a lateral or terminal raceme; peduncle

short; bracts and bracteoles linear. Flower buds obovoid, puberulent, apex protruding.


Page 25

Hypanthium turbinate, short.Calyx split spathaceously at anthesis. Petals yellowish,

subequal, oblanceolate, subsessile. Fertile stamens 10, unequal; anthers small, ca. 3

mm. Ovary stalked, glabrous; stigma subsessile, peltate, small.Legume linear-

cylindric, valves woody, glabrous. Seeds 12–20, dark brownish, ellipsoid,

Caesalpinia bonduc (Linnaeus) Roxburgh,

Climbers, prickly, yellowish pubescent throughout. Prickles straight or somewhat

recurved. Racemes axillary, long pedunculate, densely flowered in upper part and

sparsely so in lower part; bracts caducous at anthesis, reflexed,

subulatepubescent.Sepals 5, ca. 8 mm, both sides ferruginous hairy. Petals yellowish;

standard tinged with red spots, oblanceolate, clawed. Filaments short, hairy in basal

part. Ovary hairy. Legume oblong, leathery, apex rounded and with beak, swollen,

with dense, slender spines 5–10 mm. Seeds 2 or 3, grayish, shiny, ovoid to globose.

Mimosa pudica Linnaeus,

Herbs, diffuse, shrubby, to 1 m tall. Stems cylindric, branched, with reflexed bristles

and scattered, curved prickles. Stipules lanceolate, bristly; pinnae and leaflets

sensitive; pinnae usually 2 pairs, digitate, 3–8 cm; leaflets 10–20 pairs, linear-

lanceolate, abaxially slightly hispid, adaxially glabrous, margin ciliate, apex acute.

Heads solitary or 2, axillary, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.; peduncle long; bracts

linear.Flowers numerous, pink, small.Calyx minute.Corolla campanulate; lobes

outside pubescent. Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary shortly stipitate, glabrous; ovules 3 or


Page 26

4; style filiform; stigma small. Legumes arranged in a star, slightly recurved, flat,

oblong, 1- seeded segments which fall away from persistent, bristly sutures. Seeds

light brown, ovoid,

Acacia caesia (Linnaeus) Willdenow,

Climbers, with recurved prickles on internodes.Branchlets and leaf rachis tomentose

or glabrous. Stipules filiform; petiole with gland 0.3–1 cm above base, in lower half

of petiole, and glands on rachis between several upper pinnae; leaflets 8–19 pairs,

oblong, both surfaces glabrous, main vein starting from center of leaf base, close and

parallel to upper margin, apex apiculate. Heads less than 1.2 cm in diam., 1–4

arranged in panicles; peduncles tomentose. Flowers yellow. Calyx 1.5–2 mm; lobes

ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm, apex acute.lobes ovate-elliptic,. Ovary puberulent to velutinous;

stipe Legume strapshaped, dehiscent, sutures straight or slightly sinuous, base

attenuate, stalklike. Seeds 8–12.


Page 27

Acacia farnesiana (Linnaeus) Willdenow,

Shrubs or small trees, 2–4 m tall. Bark brown, rough. Branches numerous; branchlets

zigzag, with small lenticels. leaflets 10–20 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous. Heads 1–3,

axillary.; peduncles 1–3 cm, hairy; bracts at or near tip of peduncle. Flowers yellow,

fragrant.Calyx.mm, 5- toothed. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens as long as corolla. Ovary

cylindric, puberulent. Legume brown, straight or curved, turgid, subcylindric,

glabrous, scarcely dehiscent, filled with a pith separating seeds from each other. Seeds

several, brown, ovoid, ca. 6 mm.


Page 28

Desmodium laxiflorum Candolle,

Subshrubs or shrubs, erect, Young branchlets with adpressed and minute hooked

hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole terminal leaflet blade ovate or ovateelliptic, abaxially

densely yellow sericeous, adaxially sparsely adpressed hairy, apex shortly acuminate.

Racemes terminal and axillary, often 2 axillary, rachis pubescent intermixed with

minute hooked hairs, 2–7-flowered, fascicled. densely hairy as rachis. Calyx densely

villous; upper lobes entire or nearly so at apex. Corolla white to violet, standard

broadly obovate or orbicular; wings auriculate and clawed; keel clawed. Legume

linear, with dense, minute, hooked hairs, 4– 12-jointed, both sutures nearly not

constricted between articles; articles oblong.

Cyanotis fasciculate C. B. Clarke

Herbs perennial; roots fibrous. Main stem undeveloped, short; fertile stems arising

from beneath leaf rosette, diffuse, creeping, Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline;

rosulate leaf blade linear, cauline leaf blade on fertile stems much shorter, abaxially

rather densely arachnoid. Cincinni often several, forming both terminal and axillary

heads, sessile or on peduncle to 4 cm; Sepals connate at base, linear-lanceolate,

abaxially arachnoid. Petals blue-purple, blue, or white, ca. 6 mm. Filaments blue

arachnoid.Capsule broadly oblong, trigonous, densely hirsutulous at apex. Seeds gray-

brown, pitted.


Page 29

Gomphrena celosioides C. Martius,

Herbs annual, erect. Stem white villous. long gray hairy; leaf blade oblong or oblong-

obovate, papery, long white hairy and ciliate, narrowing toward base, margin

undulate, apex acute or obtuse. Heads silvery; bracteoles purple, triangular-lanceolate,

much longer than bracts. Tepals rigid after anthesis.Filaments connate into a tube, 5-

parted at apex.Styles linear, shorter than tube of stamens; stigmas 2, furcate.Utricles

subglobose.


Page 30

Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus,

Plants annual, Stem erect, robust, base succulent, simple or branched, glabrous or

laxly pubescent when young, with many fibrous roots, lower nodes swollen. Leaves

alternate, sometimes lowest ones opposite; adaxially shallowly sulcate, both sides

with few pairs of stipitate glands; leaf blade lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or

oblanceolate, with a pair of sessile black glands toward base, both surfaces glabrous

or sparsely pubescent, lateral veins 4–7 pairs, base cuneate, margin deeply serrate,

apex acuminate. Inflorescences 1-flowered, or 2 or 3 flowers fascicled in leaf axils,

without peduncles. densely pubescent, bracteate at base; bracts linear. Flowers white,

pink, or purple, simple or double petalous. Lateral sepals 2, ovate or ovate-lanceolate.

Lower sepal deeply navicular, pubescent, abruptly narrowed into an incurved spur;

slender. Upper petal orbicular, apex retuse, mucronulate, abaxial midvein narrowly

carinate; lateral united petals shortly clawed, 2-lobed; basal lobes obovate-oblong,

small; distal lobes suborbicular, apically retuse; auricule narrow. Stamens 5; filaments

linear; anthers ovoid, apex obtuse.Ovary fusiform, densely pubescent. Capsule

broadly fusiform, , densely tomentose, narrowed at both ends. Seeds many, black-

brown, globose, tuberculate.


Page 31

Ipomoea obscura (Linnaeus) Ker Gawler,

Herbs twining; axial parts glabrous, spreading pubescent, or almost woolly. Stems

thinly angular, leaf blade cordate-circular or ovate, occasionally reniform, , glabrous

or sparsely pilose, base cordate, margin entire or minutely undulate, apex attenuate,

acute. Inflorescences 1–3-flowered; peduncle almost filiform, bracts subulate

subglabrous, thickened and recurved in fruit distally. Sepals reflexed in fruit, elliptic-

ovate, subequal, glabrous or ± pubescent, mucronulate, outer ones whitish margined.

Corolla white or pale yellow, with darker midpetaline bands and a purple center,

funnelform, Stamens included; filaments very unequal. Pistil included; ovary

glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed.Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, apiculate.Seeds black-

brown, gray-brown tomentellous.

Ixora auricularis Chun & F. C.

Shrubs or small trees, branches glabrous. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile; blade

drying thinly papery, brown adaxially, pale abaxially, oblanceolate, oblongelliptic, or

obovate-elliptic, glabrous on both surfaces, base cordate-auriculate, apex shortly

acuminate; secondary veins stipules ovate to broadly triangular, abruptly narrowed

and aristate. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, articulate near base, at articulation

with reduced leaves; bracteoles linear-lanceolate; Flowers sessile or pedicellate.Calyx

with hypanthium obconic; limb deeply lobed; lobes ligulate.Corolla purplish red,

glabrous at throat; lobes oblanceolate-oblong, acute.Drupe globose, 6–8 mm in

diameter.


Page 31





















diameter.


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diameter.


Page 32

Plumbago zeylanica Linnaeus,

Shrubs or perennial herbs, erect, , evergreen. Branches spreading, often

lianous.Petiole base sometimes auriculate; leaf blade ovate, thin, base cuneate to

obtuse, apex acuminate and mucronate. Corolla white to pale bluish white, lobes

obovate to oblong-lanceolate, , apex mucronate to acuminate. Anthers blue, Ovary

ellipsoid, 5-angular. Style glabrous.Capsule pale yellow-brown, oblong.Seed red-

brown, apex acute.

Pongamia pinnata

is a medium-sized evergreen or briefly deciduous, glabrous shrub or tree, with straight

or crooked trunk 50-80 cm or more in diameter and broad crown of spreading or

drooping branches. Bark grey-brown, smooth or faintly vertically fissured. Branchlets

hairless with pale stipule scars. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate with long slender

leafstalk, hairless, pinkish-red when young, glossy dark green above and dull green

with prominent veins beneath when mature. Leaflets 5-9, paired except at end, short-

stalked, ovate elliptical or oblong, obtuseacuminate at apex, rounded to cuneate at

base, not toothed at the edges, slightly thickened. Inflorescence raceme-like, axillary,


Page 33

bearing pairs of strongly fragrant flowers; calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm long, truncate,

finely pubescent. Flower clusters at base of and shorter than leaves, to 15 cm long,

slender, drooping. Flowers 2-4 together, short-stalked, pea-shaped, Calyx

campanulate, 4-5 mm long, truncate, finely pubescent; corolla white to pink, purple

inside, brownish veined outside, 5- toothed, standard rounded obovate ,with basal

auricles, often with green central blotch and thin silky hairs on back; wings oblong,

oblique, slightly adherent to obtuse keel.

Tectona grandis Linnaeus

Trees Branchlets gray to grayish brown, 4-angled, yellowish to grayish brown stellate

tomentose. Petiole robust, 2–4 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, papery, abaxially

densely grayish brown to yellowish brown minutely stellate tomentose, adaxially

scabrous and puberulent along veins, base cuneate and de-current, margin entire, apex

acuminate to obtuse, veins 7–12 pairs. Panicles.Flowers fragrant.Calyx tube white

stellate hairs.Corolla white; tube, outside puberulent glandular; lobes obtuse.Ovary

strigose.Style 3–4 mm. Fruit globose, minutely tomentose.


Page 34

Premna serratifolia Linnaeus, Mant.

Shrubs or trees, , erect or rarely climbing. Branchlets with elliptic yellowish lenticels,

densely pubescent when young, subglabrescent. puberulent; leaf blade oblong to

broadly ovate papery, subglabrous or pubescent only along veins, base broadly

cuneate, rounded, or truncate, margin entire, slightly undulate, or crenate, apex acute

to rarely acuminate or obtuse. Inflorescences Calyx cup-shaped, 2-lipped, lower lip

subentire to shortly 3-dentate, upper lip longer than lower lip and 2-dentate, outside

puberulent and yellow glandular. Corolla yellowish green, outside glandular, villous

in throat, slightly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe slightly

longer and broader; upper lip entire or emarginate. Ovary glabrous, apically . Fruit

globose,


Page 35

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl,

Subshrubs or robust perennial herbs, Branches 4-angled when young, sparsely

pubescent to subglabrous. Petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-ovate, papery,

subglabrous, base elongated, margin serrate, apex acuminate, veins 5 or 6 pairs.

Spikes few bracts, membranous. Calyx glabrous. Corolla dark blue, slightly curved.

Capsules included in calyx.


Page 36

Lantana camara Linnaeus,

Shrubs with long weak branches, armed with stout recurved prickles, pubescentleaf

blade ovate to oblong, papery, wrinkled, very rough, with short stiff hairs, aromatic

when crushed, base rounded to subcordate, margin crenate; lateral veins 5 pairs, very

prominent, elevated. Capitula terminal, Flowers yellow or orange, often turning deep

red soon after opening.Ovary glabrous. Drupes deep purple, globose.

Solanum immaneHance

Herbs or subshrubs, erect or spreading, , armed, densely pubescent throughout with

pale yellow, many-celled stellate hairs. Stems and branches stout, with flat, erect or

slightly recurved prickles often with stalked, stellate hairs and erect prickles; leaf

blade ovate, pubescent as on stems, denser abaxially, prickly along veins on both

surfaces, base truncate or subhastate, margin apex acute. Inflorescences extra-axillary,

several flowered, scorpioid-racemose; peduncle ca. 3 mm. Flowers andromonoecious.

Pedicel Calyx lobes ovate, Corolla white, subrotate, Filaments very short; anthers

lanceolate, acuminate, Style glabrous. Fruiting pedicel erect, Fruiting calyx somewhat

enlarged, reflexed. Berry orange, globose, densely stellate hirsute, tomentum

persistent. Seeds brown,


Page 37

Solanum torvumSwartz var

Shrubs sparingly armed, densely pubescent overall with rust-colored, short- or long-

stalked stellate hairs. Stems angular, with short prickles Petiole stout, sometimes

armed; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, , base obtuse or cordate, often asymmetric,

3–5-lobed to parted; lobes deltate or long deltate, unequal, irregularly sinuate, densely

pubescent with rust-colored, stalked stellate hairs, denser abaxially, acute or

subobtuse at apex. Inflorescences extra-axillary, many-flowered racemose panicles;

peduncle mostly 2- or 3-branched, pubescent as on stems.Pedicel stout.Calyx cup-

shaped, 5–8 mm; lobes deltate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, pubescent as on

peduncle.Corolla white, lobes ovate-oblong, acute.anthers oblong, Style 8–10 mm.

Berry yellow-orange, globose,. Seeds discoid,

Terminalia catappa Linnaeus,

Trees ,trunk to 2 m d.b.h. Bark brownish black, longitudinally peeling. Branches

spreading, forming tiers. Branchlets densely brownish yellow tomentose near apex,

densely covered with conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves alternate, crowded into


Page 38

pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets; petiole stout, tomentose; leaf blade obovate to

oblanceolate, narrowed in proximal half, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially sparsely

softly hairy when young, base narrow, cordate or truncate, apex obtuse or mucronate;

lateral veins in 10–12 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, simple, long, slender spikes,

numerous flowered; axis shortly white tomentose. Flowers fragrant.Calyx tube

distally cupular, 7–8 mm, abaxially white tomentose, densely so on ovary, sparsely so

on cupular part, adaxially glabrous; lobes 5. Stamens 10, exserted, 2–3 mm. Fruit not

stipitate, red or blackish green when ripe, ellipsoid, slightly to strongly compressed,

strongly 2-ridged to narrowly 2-winged (wings to 3 mm wide), glabrous; pericarp

woody, rigid.

Terminalia chebula Retzius,

Trees ,trunk to 1 m d.b.h. Bark grayish black to gray, coarsely split and thick.

Branchlets conspicuously white or yellowish long lenticellate, glabrous, or tomentose

or appressed villous at least when young, hairs tawny, rarely silvery. Leaves alternate

or subopposite, spaced along branchlets; petiole moderately stout, with glands below

apex; leaf blade elliptic, both surfaces glabrous, or appressed (and rarely silvery)

villous at least when young, base obtuse-rounded or cuneate, oblique, apex

mucronate; lateral veins in pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, simple spikes,

numerous flowered, sometimes grouped at branchlet apex and forming a panicle; axis

glabrous or sparsely hairy, with denser hairs near base of flowers.Flowers slightly


Page 39

fragrant, bisexual.Calyx tube distally cupular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially tawny

tomentose; lobes 5, apex mucronate to aristate. Stamens 10, exserted, Fruit not

stipitate, blackish brown when ripe, ovoid or broadly so, ellipsoid, or cylindric-ovoid,

obtusely 5-ridged, rigid, becoming deeply wrinkled when dry, glabrous.

SCeropegia longifolia Wallich,

Stems herbaceous, twining sparsely pilose along 1 or 2 sides.Petiole narrowly winged,

pilose; leaf blade lanceolate, abaxially glaucous and glabrous except for midvein,

adaxially appressed pubescent, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute to acuminate;

lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs. Inflorescences umbel-like, 4–8-flowered Sepals linear,

glabrous. Corolla purplish, basal inflation expanding wide at base of lobes; lobes

oblong, pale at base, terminal purple, puberulent. Outer corona lobes divided into

pairs of linear teeth; inner corona lobes erect, linear.


Page 40

Cryptolepis buchananii Schultes

Lianas glabrous throughout.Branchlets pale gray, not exfoliating. Petiole leaf blade

oblong or elliptic, base broadly cuneate, apex rounded, retuse, or sometimes acute and

apiculate; lateral veins .Cymes extra-axillary, paniculate, shorter than leaves. Sepals

broadly ovate, basal glands 10. Corolla greenish yellow or yellow-white; tube ca. 2

mm; lobes linear-lanceolateCorona lobes club-shaped.Anthers hirsute at base.Follicles

cylindric, with 2 longitudinal ridges. Seeds brownish, ovate-oblong, coma white,


Page 41

Abutilon paniculatum Handel-Mazzetti,

Shrubs, deciduous, to 2 m tall, most parts stellate tomentose.Branchlets slender,

terete. Stipules filiform, , tomentose; leaf blade ovate-cordate, both surfaces densely

stellate tomentose, base cordate, margin irregularly crenate, apex long caudate.

Flowers in conical, terminal panicle.articulate near apex. Calyx diskshaped, lobes 5,

ovate, Corolla yellow to orange, petals obovate, glabrous.Filament tube stellate

hispid. Schizocarp nearly globose; mericarps 10, ovate, apex rounded.

Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze, Revis.

Herbs annual, erect, Branchlets puberulent (hairs simple) and rarely sparsely stellate

hairy. Stipules lanceolate, villous; petiole as long as or slightly longer than leaf blade,

stellate, puberulent and villous; leaf blade membranous, dimorphic; blades on

proximal part of stem ovate-orbicular, those in middle 3-parted, on distal part of stem

nearly divided or 3-foliate, margin roundly dentate, stellate pilose and puberulent

abaxially, pilose adaxially. Flowers solitary or arranged in sparse racemes,

axillary.pilose, articulate near end. Epicalyx absent. Calyx cup-shaped, , membranous,


Page 42

lobes 5, lanceolate, abaxially pilose and strigose, persistent. Corolla yellow; Staminal

column Styles 5, extending. Capsule broadly ovoid, apex beaked; mericarps 5,

endocarp thin, villous along ventral suture.Seeds with scalelike hairs.

Ziziphus jujube Miller,

Trees small, rarely shrubs, Flowers yellow-green, bi-sexual, 5-merous, glabrous,

solitary or 2–8 crowded in axillary cymes, shortly pedunculate. Pedicel 2–3 mm.

Sepals ovate-triangular, adaxially distinctly keeled. Petals obovate, as long as

stamens, clawed at base. Disk orbicular, thick, fleshy, 5-lobed. Ovary basally slightly

immersed in disk; style 2-cleft to half. Drupe red at maturity, turning red-purple,

oblong or narrowly ovoidmesocarp fleshy, thick, sweet- or sour-tasting; stone acute or

obtuse at both ends, 2-loculed, 1- or 2-seeded; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm or longer.

Seeds compressed-orbicular,


Page 43

Carissa spinarum Linnaeus, Mant.

Shrubs or small trees; spines simple or forked, Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, leathery,

finely puberulent abaxially, base rounded or acute, apex acute or short acuminate;

lateral veins 3–5 pairs, conspicuous. Cymes terminal or axillary, 3–7-flowered, finely

puberulent.Sepals without glands.Corolla white, overlapping to right; ovules 1 in each

locule.Berries shining black, subglobose.


Page 44

Carissa carandas Linnaeus,

Shrubs, small trees, or climbers Spines simple or forked, Leaf blade broadly ovate to

oblong, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex short apiculate; ascending, Corolla

white or pale rose; puberulent inside; lobes lanceolate, acute, overlapping to right,

puberulent, ciliate. Ovules numerous in each locule.Berries reddish purple, ellipsoid.

Rauvolfia serpentina (Linnaeus) Bentham

Shrubs, erect, glabrous.Stems usually unbranched, slender, straw colored. Leaves

grouped near stem apex; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or obovate, membranous, base

cuneate, apex acuminate or rarely obtuse; Cymes congested; red or reddish. Pedicel

and calyx red or reddish. Corolla white, tube cylindric, inflated at middle and pilose

inside distal half; lobes obliquely suborbicular, Stamens inserted at middle of corolla

tube. Ovaries connate in basal half. Drupes


Page 45

Nerium oleander Linnaeus,

Stem. Leaves very narrowly elliptic, leathery, base cuneate or decurrent on petiole,

apex acuminate or acute.Flowers showy, fragrant.Sepals narrowly triangular to

narrowly ovate, Corolla purplish red, pink, white, salmon, or yellow, single or double.

Follicles cylindric, Seeds oblong,


Page 46

Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze,

Shrubs climbing, often twining, Bark dirty whitish gray; flowering branchlets,

slender, grayish pubescent. leaf blade elliptic to narrowly densely pubescent on both

surfaces, base cuneate or rounded; lateral veins . Cymes di- or trichasial. Flowers

fragrant; Sepals ovate or narrowly elliptic, Corolla white or pale yellow, limb, lobes

rounded at apex. Staminal glands yellow, globose; disc shorter than ovary, apex

pilose. Follicles oblong, Seeds ellipsoid,

Wrightia religiosa (Teijsmann & Binnendijk)

Shrubs ,Branchlets thin, often with many lateral short branchlets, minutely puberulent

leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or narrowly oblong, pubescent along midvein Cymes often

on short, few-leaved branches, short pedun-culate, 1–13-flowered. Sepals ovate,

Corolla white, subrotate; glabrous; lobes ovate, densely pubescent on both surfaces;

corona obsolete. Stamens inserted at mouth of corolla tube. Ovaries free. Follicles

linear, free,


Page 47

Barleria integrisepala

Shrubs ,evergreen. Stems sparsely lenticellate, strigose, soon glabrescent. Leaves

clustered at shoot apices; strigose; leaf blade ovate, narrowly ovate, or lanceolate,

both surfaces pilose and strigose along veins, base cuneate and decurrent onto petiole,

apex acute. Flowers axillary, solitary; bracteoles linear, sparsely pilose.Pedicel short.

Outer calyx lobes elliptic, outside sparsely strigose, inside pilose, base cuneate,

margin ciliate, apex acute; inner calyx lobes lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex

acuminate. Corolla bluish purple, funnelshaped, tube basally cylindric for throat;

lobes suborbicular,subequal. Stamens 4; filaments basally pilose, longer pair with

anthers, shorter pair ca. 4 mm with anthers; staminode 1, Ovary subellipsoid,

glabrous; stigma enlarged. Capsule ellipsoid, contracted at tip forming a beak, 4-

seeded. Seeds ovate in outline,


Page 48

Barleria strigosa Willdenow,

Subshrubs ,branched. Stems subterete, coarsely fulvous strigose. leaf blade elliptic to

ovate, both surfaces fulvous strigose especially along veins, secondary veins on each

side of midvein, base cuneate and decurrent onto petiole, apex acute. Flowers in

axillary and terminal dense spikes bracts oblong to elliptic-oblong, abaxially shortly

strigose along veins, apex sharply acute; bracteoles elliptic, 1-veined, margin ciliate,

apex acute.Outer calyx lobes purple, ovate, base rounded, margin subentire to dentate,

apex acute; inner calyx lobes yellowish brown, lanceolate, both surfaces strigose,

apex acute.Corolla purplish red, tube basally cylindric for throat lobes obovate-

oblong, subequal.Stamens 4; filaments basally pilose, longer pair with anthers shorter

pair with anthers; staminode 1.Ovary ovoid; style.Capsule ellipsoid, glabrous, shining,

4-seeded.

Argemone mexicana Linnaeus,

Herbs, annual or occasionally short-lived perennial, usually stout. Stems mostly short,

branched, with sparse explanate fulvous spines. Basal leaves dense; blade glaucous

with blue-green markings on veins, paler abaxially, broadly oblanceolate or obovate

to elliptic, glabrous, sparsely sharply spiny on veins, base cuneate, margin

pinnatipartite, apex acute; lobes undulate teeth, teeth apically spiny. Cauline leaves


Page 49

alternate, similar to basal leaves, but upper leaves smaller and sessile, often

subamplexicaul. Flowers solitary, sometimes in few-flowered cymes.Pedicel very

short. Flower buds ovoid,. Sepals 2(or 3), cymbiform, apex spurred, glabrous or

sparsely spiny. Petals 6, yellow or orange, broadly obovate, base broadly cuneate,

apex rounded. anthers narrowly oblong, coiling after dehiscence. Ovary elliptic or

oblong, with explanate fulvous spines; styles very short; stigmas dark red, 4–6-lobed.

Capsule oblong to broadly elliptic, sparsely fulvous spinySeeds spherical, obviously

tessellate.

Eriolaena quinquelocularis (Wight & Arnott)

Trees, bark gray-white. Branchlets sparsely stellate hairy when young.leaf blade

round or broadly ovate., thickly papery, abaxially densely white stellate puberulent,

adaxially sparsely stellate puberulent, base cordate, margin obtusely dentate, apex

obtuse or acute. Inflorescence cymose, terminal or axillary; peduncle robust, often 3-

flowered.Pedicels shorter than flowers; epicalyx lobes entire, ovate or elliptic-

ovate.Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, abaxially densely yellowish brown stellate

tomentulose, hairs shorter adaxially, glandular at base. Petals 5, yellow, as long as

sepals, apex obtuse, with broad stipe. Stamens as long as petals; stigmas 6–8, curved


Page 50

outward. Capsule long ellipsoid, abaxially densely yellow-brown puberulent and

mealy, not verrucose, valve loculicidal, lower 1/2 densely white villous, apex acute.

Seeds 8 in each valve, arranged in 2 lines, including wing, wing membranous, oblong,

apex obtuse

Grewia rhombifolia Kanehira & Sasaki,

Shrubs.Branchlets rust-brown stellate tomentose. Stipule subulate; leaf blade

rhomboid or ovate, rarely ovate-orbicular, sparsely stellate, abaxially hairy only on

veins, adaxially glabrescent, lateral basal veins to 1/2 as long as leaf blade, base

broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, margin irregularly serrate, apex slightly acute or

obtuse. Cymes axillaryBracts subulate, glabrous abaxially, adaxially stellate

tomentose. Petals oblong, ca. 1.5 mm; glands nearly round, hairy. Stamens many,

with long silk hairs.Ovary hairy; style glabrous.Drupe 2–4-lobed; drupelets 1 per lobe.


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Diospyros japonica.Trees to 17 m tall, deciduous.Branchlets dark brown to blackish

brown, glabrous. Winter buds ovate, glabrous. leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, thin

leathery, glabrous or sparsely appressed pubescent, abaxially glaucous, base rounded

to truncate, apex acuminate; reticulate veinlets dense, dark, not raised. Staminate

flowers in cymes; corolla urceolate, lobes 4; stamens 16. Pistillate flowers solitary or

in clusters of 2 or 3; calyx lobes 4, sparsely pubescent; corolla yellowish, urceolate

style 4-parted; stigma emarginate. Fruiting pedicel 2–3 mm. Fruiting calyx divided to

below middle, ± spreading, outside sparsely pubescent; lobes 4, triangular-ovate,

appressed to fruit, margin sometimes revolute. Berry orange-yellow, becoming red,

globose to depressed globose, 8-locular, glaucous. Seeds oblong, strongly compre


Page 52

Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus,

Herbs, annual, usually few branched. Root fibrous, Stem branched from middle or

above, ascending to erect, rarely prostrate, with mixture of long yellow-brown

multicellular hairs and much shorter white hairs. Leaves opposite; stipules

membranous, triangular, caducous; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong, long elliptic, or

ovate-lanceolate, adaxially green to red, sometimes with purple blotch along midrib,

abaxially gray-green, both surfaces pilose, denser abaxially, base slightly oblique,

margin entire or few serrulate below middle, finely serrulate above middle, apex

acuminate or obtuse. Cyathia in dense, often headlike, pedunculate cymes at upper

nodes, all parts very hairy; involucre campanulate,.Male flowers 4 or 5; anthers red.

Female flower: pedicel short, exserted from involucre; ovary 3-angular, sparsely

pilose; styles free; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 3-angular, smooth, shortly pilose;

fruiting peduncle to 1.5 mm. Seeds subglobosetetragonal, reddish, sides transversely

furrowed; caruncle absent.


Page 53

Jatropha curcas Linnaeus,

Shrubs or treelets, with watery latex; bark smooth; branches glaucous-gray, glabrous,

sparsely lenticellate, pith larger. Stipules small; leaf blade rotund to ovate, papery,

nitid green and glabrous adaxially, gray-green and along nerves puberulent to

glabrous abaxially, base cordate, apex acute; palmate veins 5–7. Inflorescences

axillary; bracts lanceolate, Male flowers: sepals 5, connate at base; petals oblong,

green-yellow, connate to middle, hairy inside; disk glands 5, nearly terete; stamens

10; outer 5 filaments free, inner filaments connate in lower part. Female flowers:

pedicels elongate; sepals free, ca. 6 mm; petals and disk glands as in male; ovary 3-

locular, glabrous; styles bifid at apex. Capsules ellipsoidal or globose.


Page 54

Tamarindus indica Linnaeus,

Trees. Bark dark ashy, irregularly longitudinally splitting. Leaflets oblong, small,

glabrous, base obliquely rounded, apex rounded or emarginate. Flowers few,

yellowish tinged with purplish red stripes; peduncles and pedicels yellowish green

puberulent; bracteoles enclosing flower bud before anthesis. Petals obovate, subequal

to calyx lobes, margin repand, curled. Stamens pubescent near base, free parts of

filaments; anthers elliptic,. Ovary slightly incurved, terete, ca. 8 mm, hairy. Legume

brownish, straight or arcuate, terete-oblong, turgid, often irregularly constricted.

Seeds 3–14, brownish, shiny.


Page 55

Tribulus terrestris Linnaeus,

Herbs, annual, prostrate, glabrous, pubescent, or hispid.Branches. Leaves opposite,

even-pinnate, with 6–16 leaflets; leaflet blades oblong to obliquely oblong, base

slightly oblique, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse. Flower.Pedicel shorter than

leaves.Sepals persistent. Stamens inserted on base of disk, with scaleform

appendages. Ovary 5-angled, 5-locular, with 3 or 4 ovules per locule; stigma 5-

parted.Schizocarp, hard, pubescent or glabrous, with 5 carpels with 2 hardened spines

at mid margin, surface spiny or prickly.


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HEMIDESMUS INDICUS (ANANTMOOL):

RARE HERB Leaves of the basal parts of the shoots are linear to lanceolate. Flowers:

Greenish yellow to greenish purple outside, dull yellow to light purplish inside, calyx

deeply five lobed, corolla gamopetalous, about twice the calyx, Stamens five, inserted

near base of corolla with a thick coronal scale. Stamens five, inserted near base of

corolla with distinct filaments and small connate oblong anthers ending in inflexed

appendages. Pistil bicarpellary, ovaries free, many ovuled with distinct styles.Fruit

two straight slender narrowly cylindrical widely divergent follicles. Seeds many, flat,

oblong, with a long tuft of white silky hairs

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller,

Herbs annual, sprawling, viscid pubescent, odorous.; leaf blade mostly pinnately

compound or divided, sometimes entire, base oblique, cuneate, apex obtuse; leaflets

mostly 5–9, sessile or petiolulate, unequal, ovate or oblong, entire or irregularly

dentate, sparingly glandular pilose. often 3–7-flowered. Calyx rotate-campanulate,

lobes lanceolate. Corolla lobes narrowly oblong, often reflexed. Berry red or orange-

yellow, subglobose, fleshy, juicy, shiny. Seeds straw colored, pilose.


Page 57

Santalum album

is a small evergreen tree , with slender drooping branchlets. Bark is tight, dark brown,

reddish, dark grey or nearly black, smooth in young trees, rough with deep vertical

cracks in older trees, red inside. Leaves thin, usually opposite, ovate or ovate

elliptical, glabrous and shining green above, glaucous and slightly paler beneath; tip

rounded or pointed; stalk grooved, 5-15 cm long; venation noticeably reticulate.

Flowers purplish-brown, small, straw coloured, reddish, green or violet, about long,

up to 6 in small terminal or axillary clusters, unscented in axillary or terminal,

paniculate cymes. Fruit a globose, fleshy drupe; red, purple to black when ripe, with

hard ribbed endocarp and crowned with a scar, almost stalkless, smooth, single

seeded.


Page 58

Verbena

is a slender perennial herbwith a woody stalk. The lower leaves are obovate, deeply

divided and stalked, the upper ones lanceolate, slender, sessile and toothed. The tiny

blue flowers are complete (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by

bees, flies, moths, and butterflies. The flowers appear in long slender spikes in the

axis of a bract, becoming denser higher up each spike. The fruit comprises four

cylindrical nutlets enclosed in the calyx.


Page 59

Asparagus racemosusWilldenow,

Subshrubs hermaphroditic.Stems climbing, branched, branches usually distinctly

striate-ridged, ridges ± cartilaginous denticulate.Cladodes in fascicles linear, flat,

midvein distinct. Leaf spur spinescent; spine straight or subrecurved, woody, sharp.

Inflorescences developing after cladodes, axillary, each a many-flowered raceme

Perianth campanulate.Stamens equal, anthers yellow, minute.

Aristolochia indica

Aristolochia indica (Indian birthwort) is a perennial climber with greenish white

woody stems found throughout India in the plains and low hills. The leaves are

glabrous and very variable, usually obovate-oblong to sub-pandurate, entire with

somewhat undulate margins, somewhat cordate, acuminate. Flowers are few, in

axillary racemes with a perianth up to 4 cm long having a glabrous pale-green inflated

and lobed base narrowed into a cylindrical tube terminating in a horizontal funnel-

shaped purple mouth and a lip clothed with purple-tinged hair. Capsules are oblong or

globose-oblong and the seeds are flat, ovate and winged


Page 60

Andrographis paniculata

is an annual, branched, herbaceous plant erecting .The stem is acutely quadrangular;

much branched and can be broken easily due to its fragile texture. Leaves are simple,

opposite, glabrous, lanceolate, wide with acute entire margin. Inflorescence is

terminal and axillary in panicle, The flowers possess calyx with 5 sepals which are

small and linear. Corolla tubes are narrow, about 6 mm long, bilabiate, upper lip

oblong, white with a yellowish top,


Page 61

Capparis decidua Capparidaceae (Forssk.)

Capparis decidua is a bushy shrub in dense tufts, or occasionally a small tree with

many green vine-like apparently leafless branches, hanging in bundles. Bark turns

whitish-grey colour with age, but most branches and twigs are a glossy dark green.

Small, light brown spines occur in pairs on the twigs at each node. Leaves very

minute ,with a very short life span on young shoots, so that the plant looks leafless

most of the time. Flowers pink, red-veined, in small groups along the leafless shoots,

in the axils of the spines. Fruit a small many-seeded ovoid or sub-globulous, slightly

mucronate pink berry of the size and shape of a cherry, becoming blackish when dry.

Cassia occidentalis L.

LeguminosaeCommon names: Fedegoso

Description Erect herb; stems subglabrous. Leaves paripinnate; petioles with a

large sessile gland; rhachis without glands; leaflets in 4-5 pairs, ovate to ovate-elliptic

or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, glabrous with ciliolate margins and

inconspicuous scattered glands beneath. Inflorescence racemes from upper axils, very

short, almost umbellate; petals yellow. Pods linear, brown, subglabrous, many-seeded;

seeds compressed, grey-brown, ovate-suborbicular.


Page 62

Clerodendrum serratum

is a slightly woody shrub with blunty stems and branches.. It is annual or perennial,

usually aromatic. Root: Mature root hard, woody, cylindrical; external surface light

brown having elongated lenticels. Stem: Usually quadrangular (four-angled). Bark:

Thin and easily separated from a broad wood which shows marked medullary rays

and concentric growth rings in a transversely cut surface; short fractures; acrid taste.

Leaf: Leaves usually three at a node, sometimes opposite oblong or elliptic, serrate,

alternate without stipules. Flower: Blue, many in long cylindrical thyrsus. They are

bisexual, zygomorphic, rarely sub-actinomorphic, bracteolate or not. Corolla with a

slender tube,lobe-5, spreading; stamens epipetalous, 4 or 2, free; anther 1 or 2-celled

usually dehiscing longitudinally; disc persistent. Ovary superior, 2-celled and each

cell 2-ovuled; and style sub-terminal and gynobasic. Fruit: Four lobed purple durpe.

Seed: With or without endosperm.


Page 63

Coccinia grandis

is a fast-growing perennial vine that grows several meters long. It can form dense

mats on lands that readily cover shrubs and small trees. Leaves Its leaves are arranged

alternately along the stems; the shape of the leaves varies from heart to pentagon

shaped. (Up to 10 cm wide and long). The upper surface of the leaf is hairless,

whereas the lower is hairy. There are 3–8 glands on the blade near the leaf stalk.

Tendrils are simple. Coccinia grandis is dioecious. Flower Flowers are large, white

and star-shaped. The calyx has five subulate, recurved lobes, peduncle. The corolla is

white, campanulate, deeply divided into five ovate lobes. Each flower has three

stamens. The ovary of Coccinia grandis flower is inferior.


Page 64

Cassia tora

An annual foetid herb, Cassia Tora is mainly found in the states of Uttar Pradesh and

Madhya Pradesh, in India. It has pinnate leaves, which are about 10 cm long. Each

leaf has three pairs of leaflets that are opposite, ovate, oblong and oblique at the base.

The yellow-colored flowers are bearded in the axel of the leaves. The flowers

comprises of five petals, each about half inch in diameter. The seeds of Cassia Tora

are rhombohedral and brown in color, about 30 to 50 in number. The plant bears

flowers in the rainy season and fruits in the winter.


Page 65

Croton bonplandianum

Family: Euphorbiaceae Annual, erect much branched herbs Leaves ovate-lanceolate,

glandular, acute, dentate, base obtuse. Flowers yellowish-white in terminal

androgynous spikes.Capsules 3-angled, stellately hairy; seed oblong.

Cryptostegia grandiflora

Family: Asclepidaceae ,Climbing shrubs with plenty of milky latex. Leaves elliptic-

oblong, subcoriaceous, base acute to truncate, margin entire, apex subacute, lateral

nerves 8-14 pairs, closely parallel. Inflorescence a terminal, 3-5 flowered cyme.

Corolla purple. Follicles paired, ovoid-oblong, angled, tapering towards apex.


Page 66

Eclipta prostrate

Family: Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata (L.) Erect or decumbent herbs, about 30 cm high.

Stems striate, sparingly strigose., opposite, elliptic-ovate, acute to attenuate at base,

distantly serrate, sparingly strigose on both surfaces. Flowers white, in axillary,

strigose, ray florets ligulate, Achenes 0.4 cm long, flattened, faintly rugulose.


Page 67

Hardwickia binata

is a moderate-sized to large tree, graceful, drooping slender branches; crown conical

in early life, becoming broader later. Bark of saplings almost silvery white and

smooth, gradually changing as the tree gets older to dark grey and rough with

irregular vertical cracks, exfoliating in narrow flakes. In isolated situations, or on poor

soils, the tree tends to branch low down and produce a short bole, but when grown in

a fairly crowded crop on favourable soil it produces a long, straight, cylindrical bole

with an elevated crown. Leaves small, alternate, pinnate, almost kidney shaped and

greyish-green.Flowers small, pale yellowish-green in axillary and terminal lax

panicled racemes. The pod flat and samaroid, oblong lanceolate, coriaceous, narrowed

at both ends, with parallel longitudinal veins, containing 1 seed near the apex. The

seed is exalbuminous, flat, pointed at one end and rounded at the other, with a fairly

hard testa.


Page 68

Justicia betonica L.

Family: Acanthaceae Description: Shrub, 2–7 ft tall with purplish stems. Leaves

ovate, opposite, 8 inches long by 5 inches wide, green, lower surface lighter. Flowers

in spikes shaped like shrimp, white appearance because of 3 white bracts with green

veins covering each of the lavender flowers, blooms year round

Sida acuta

subglabrous. Leaves ± distichous; stipules filiform, often longer than petiole, usually

persistent; sparsely pilose; leaf blade ovate, oblong, lanceolate, or linearlanceolate,

both surfaces glabrous or sparsely stellate pilose, rarely with simple hairs adaxially,

base obtuse, margin dentate, sometimes partly entire toward its base, apex acute or

acuminate. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary, sometimes congested at stem apex.

margins often ciliate, lobes 5, caudate. Corolla yellow, less often white or yellow-


Page 69

orange, 8– 10 mm in diam.; petals obovate, ciliate, base attenuate, apex rounded.

Schizocarp nearly globose; mericarps, segmentiformtetrahedral, basally transversely

ridged, side walls reticulate-veined, glabrous, apex beaked, ± extending into 2 awns,

apically dehiscent. Seed trigonous, glabrous except around hilum.

Dalbergia latifolia

is predominantly a single-stemmed deciduous tree with a dome shaped crown of lush

green foliage, which on wet sites are not shed, The bark is gray, thin with irregular

short cracks, exfoliating in fibrous longitudinal flakes. Leaves are alternate, odd-

pinnate with 5-7 unequal sized leaflets originating from the same rachis. Leaflets are

broadly obtuse, dark green above and pale below. Flowers are white in axillary

panicles, The brown pods are oblong-lanceolate and pointed at both ends. They

contain 1-4 smooth brown seeds and do not open at maturity.


Page 70

Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.

is a creeping perennial grass, common in warm climates. It is a cosmopolitan species,

sometimes used for forage but familiar in subtropical and tropical agriculture as one

of the most troublesome weeds


Page 71

Dilonix elata

trunk of the tree is smooth, ash colored, leaves compound, Flowers yellowish white in

terminal corymbiform racemes, small pods, seeds are 4-8 in number. Flowers open

one at a time. Sepals are with a broadly ovate or rotundate-cun . Petals rounded in

outline and crisped on margins upper one smaller than rest, pale yellow; the

remainder white; later all turning apricot. Staminal filaments pale brown or reddish,

hairy at the base, Ovary pubescent or tomentose all over. Pods red-brown or purple-

brown, up to 20 cm long and smooth, compressed elliptic-oblong

Indigofera tinctoria

A branching shrub upto 2m high with 7-13 leaflets. Leaves are green when fresh and

greyish black on drying, tender branches bluish red in color, flowers many in nearly

sessile lax spicate recemes which are much shorter than the leaves with red or pinkin

colour; fruits cylindrical pods, pale greenish grey when young and dark brown on

ripening with 10-12 seeds.


Page 72

Jasminum Linn.,

Shrubs, climbing, twining, or erect.Leaves opposite, or alternate, simple or

imparipinnate.Flowers attractive, frequently fragrant, cymes tri-or dichotomous,

simple, or flowers solitary.Calyx 4-9-fid, teeth linear, long or short, or almost

truncate. Corolla salver-shaped, white or yellow, tube narrow; patent, imbricate in

bud. Flowers often heterostylous.Berry didymous or simple (by abortion); each part

globose, ellipsoid or elongated, containing 1-2 seeds; cultivated species frequently

without berries.


Page 73

Oxalis corniculatais a small creeping perennial herb which forms roots at nodes.

Leaves alternate, long-petiolate, trifoliate (clover-like in appearance), the leaflets

obcordate with a conspicuous notched apex, each leaflet up to 2 cm long.Flowers

yellow, 5-merous, borne in axillary few-flowered inflorescences. Fruit a sub

cylindrical capsule up to 20 cm long containing numerous tiny black seeds. Flowers

and fruit available throughout the year

Cissus pallida var. repanda


Page 74

Leaf blade, abaxially with sparse versatile hairs.Peduncle and pedicels densely

pubescent.Petals densely ferruginous villous.Ovary sparsely pilose at apex.

Senna surattensis

is commonly called glaucous Cassia in the trade or simply Cassia tree by many others.

It is frequently planted along roadways, gardens and community landscapes as a small

ornamental flowering tree. The tree is a strong bloomer. As a group, it is capable of

flowering from January through December. Many trees have their best bloom in the

spring and summer. Others are at their showiest from fall into spring. Late summer

and mid winter are usually the two periods of little or no flowering. Mid winter is also

when many trees become unkempt.


Page 75


Page 76

DISCUSSION

The reference regarding the concept of survey is seen from the time of Vedas that

emphasizes its popularity and usefulness, most of the earlier authors have dealt this in

various contexts: however references of these are found scattered in different

literatures.

The concept of Medicinal plants survey has been tried to arrange in a systematic

manner by using the methodology of survey as a separate section . this helps to have

clear knowledge of the required materials to be more contented during the medicinal

plants survey.

In identification of different species the local names helps in distinguishing the

varieties of plants and consideration of different souces. Collections of their

experiences in different uses are helpful for safe administration.

Most of the plants grown in kapotagiri hill area belongs to papilionaceae, mimosae,

caesalpiniaceae, asclepediaceae, convoluaceae, sterculaceae, vitaceae.


Page 77

CONCLUSION

Survey of medicinal plants helps in identification of authentic source, to minimize

controversies, adultrants. This also helps in knowing the natural habitat of the plants

so as to encourage cultivation.

Most of the medicinal plants are in endangered state in kapotagiri hill area. Due to

insufficient rain and drying up of small reservoirs and underground water level

receded to the depths. The hectic mining activities of manganese and iron ore raised

dust storms and stained the hilly surroundings with the pigment of micro dust. Hence

proper preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants are necessary in kapotagiri

hills with proper measures to be taken for storage of rain water.

In this study ninty four medicinal plants botanical description with photos has been

explained .


Page 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Amrit Pal Singh., Medicinal plants of the World., published by DIXBH.

2. Asima Chatterje., Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants vol 6 ., Published by

PUBINFO.

3. Daniel M., Medicinal plants Chemistry and properties., Published by DXIBH.

4. Deshpande D. J. Handboo of medicinal herbs ., Published by AGROBIO.

5. Janardhan reddy, Advances in medicinal plants., published by UNIPRES

6. Joshi S. G ,. Medicinal plants – HB ,. Published by DXIBH.

7. Kasadi R Gurude , Botanical and vernacular names of south Indian plants .,

published by DIPRBNS

8. Kokate C. K. Cultivation of medicinal plants., Published by NIRAPRA.

9. Lal S. M. Medicinal plants of India., published by NCBA.

10. Prased G. Manual of Medicinal trees., published by AGROBIO ltd.

11. Rajagopalan A., Herbs for the mankind., published by INTBKDC.

12. Ramesh bandari ,. Edicinal plants forests and their conservation., published by

CYTECPU.

13. Ramesh Kumar SR, Cultivation and uses of aromatic plants ., Published by

INTBKDC

14. Srivastava H. C. Valuable directory to boost medicinal and aromatic, agro

industries in India., published by INTBKDc.

15. Vanchoo K. M. Medicinal plants of India., Published by ABHPUCH.

16. Warrier P. K Indian Medicinal plants vol-1 compendium of 500 species

published by UNIPRES.

17. Warrier P. K Indian Medicinal plants vol-3 compendium of 500 species

published by UNIPRES.

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