Scanner Course #4

Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P-2012, O-2013, O-2003

Controlled and Special Use Airspace

Plot a Route on a Sectional Chart

Grid Sectional Charts

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Controlled and Special Use Airspace

Scanner Course #4

Controlled and Special-Use Airspace

Military Operating Area (MOA) (Magenta hatched outline)

– Military may be conducting high-speed operations– VFR aircraft are not prohibited

Military Training Routes (Gray lines)– Instrument routes (IR) Flown above 1500’ IFR– Visual routes (VR) Flown at or below 1500’ VFR– Difficult to see (grey) military aircraft not restricted

to < 250 KTAS below 10,000’ as civilian aircraft, may be much faster

– Depiction is misleading: Widths vary- might be be 4 miles either side or might 9 miles either side of Centerline

Restricted Areas (Blue hatched outline, R-XXXX)

– Military may be conducting air-to-ground bombing or gunnery practice

– No other aircraft are allowed

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Controlled and Special-Use Airspace

Airports– Shape and symbols depict size

and facilities– Color depicts controlled or not

Blue indicates Control tower (at least some times)

Magenta indicates uncontrolled

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Controlled and Special-Use Airspace

Prohibited Areas (Blue hatched outline, P-XXX)

– No aircraft are allowed for national security or other reasons

– Example is the White House

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Military AirportMilitary AirportWith Control TowerWith Control Tower

Restricted AirspaceRestricted Airspace

Special Use Special Use AirspaceAirspace

AirportAirportUncontrolledUncontrolled

No paved runwaysNo paved runwaysfuel availablefuel available

AirportAirportUncontrolledUncontrolledMultiple paved runwaysMultiple paved runwaysfuel availablefuel available

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Military Operations AreaMilitary Operations Area

Prohibited AirspaceProhibited Airspace

AirportAirportUncontrolledUncontrolledMultiple paved runwaysMultiple paved runwaysfuel availablefuel available

IFR Military Training RouteIFR Military Training Route

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Airport with Control TowerAirport with Control Tower

Low LevelLow LevelMilitary Training RouteMilitary Training Route

Uncontrolled AirportUncontrolled Airport

Uncontrolled AirportUncontrolled Airport

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Controlled and Special-Use Airspace Great flash cards available on AOPA website

http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/airspacecards.pdf

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Plot a Route on a Sectional Chart

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An example We want to fly from Honker Flats Airport to Norris Airport

in Minnesota…

So we:– Locate departure and destination on the chart– Lay a plotter along the route with grommet on Latitude or

Longitude line– Read the course– Read the distance– Note magnetic variation

Scanner Course #4Plotting a course

True course:084 degrees

Distance: 47 NM

Magnetic variation: 4 degrees East

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Dead reckoning: The calculation, part one

True course

minus East magnetic variance

or plus West magnetic variance

equals magnetic course

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Fuel

Time Fuel Req. Taxi/TO

Climb

Cruise

Approach

Alternate

Reserve

Total

ATIS Advisories Departure Destination

ATIS Code

Ceiling & Visibility

Wind

Altimeter

Approach

Runway

Airport Information

Departure Destination

ATIS or AWOS

ATIS or AWOS

Ground

Approach

Tower

Tower

Depart.

Ground

FSS

FSS

CTAF

CTAF

UNICOM

UNICOM

Field Elev.

Field Elev.

Notes:

NAVIGATION LOG

Navaids

Route

Checkpoints

Ident.

and Wind CAS TC MC MH Dist. GS Time

Freq.

Course Altitude

Dir.

Vel.

TAS

Var

WCA

±Dev CH

Leg

Est.

ETE

ETA

Honker (OBS)

Temp. (-E +W) (-L +R)

Rem.

Act.

ATE

ATA

Flats 84 80 47

Norris -4

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Dead reckoning: The calculation, part 2

Magnetic course

minus left wind correction

or plus right wind correction

Equals magnetic heading

Distance divided by ground speed

Equals estimated time enroute (ETE)

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Additional information needed to compute wind correction angle and ground speed

True Airspeed 115 Kts– Determined from tables in the aircraft’s POH (pilot

operating handbook)– Depends on altitude and engine power setting

Wind 300 at 24 Kts– Determined from winds aloft forecast

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Wind Recap Using a flight computer

we can find that:– The wind is from 300,

behind us to our left– We will have a tail wind

(133 Kts ground speed given 115 Kts air speed)

– We will need to steer left (7 degrees)

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Wind 300

Wind correction 7 degrees leftGround speed 133 Kts

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Fuel

Time Fuel Req. Taxi/TO

Climb

Cruise

Approach

Alternate

Reserve

Total

ATIS Advisories Departure Destination

ATIS Code

Ceiling & Visibility

Wind

Altimeter

Approach

Runway

Airport Information

Departure Destination

ATIS or AWOS

ATIS or AWOS

Ground

Approach

Tower

Tower

Depart.

Ground

FSS

FSS

CTAF

CTAF

UNICOM

UNICOM

Field Elev.

Field Elev.

Notes:

NAVIGATION LOG

Navaids

Route

Checkpoints

Ident.

and Wind CAS TC MC MH Dist. GS Time

Freq.

Course Altitude

Dir.

Vel.

TAS

Var

WCA

±Dev CH

Leg

Est.

ETE

ETA

Honker (OBS)

Temp. (-E +W) (-L +R)

Rem.

Act.

ATE

ATA

Flats 300 24 84 80 73 47 133 :21

Norris 115 -4 -7

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Dead reckoning: The calculation, part 3

Magnetic heading

plus or minus magnetic deviation

Equals compass heading

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Dead reckoning: magnetic deviation

Magnetic deviation is determined by looking at the ‘compass card’ inside the aircraft– Magnetic deviation is the effect of compass error

due to metal and magnetic fields inside the aircraft

For our example, we’ll say that the deviation is zero, so magnetic heading and compass heading are the same

Scanner Course #4

Fuel

Time Fuel Req. Taxi/TO

Climb

Cruise

Approach

Alternate

Reserve

Total

ATIS Advisories Departure Destination

ATIS Code

Ceiling & Visibility

Wind

Altimeter

Approach

Runway

Airport Information

Departure Destination

ATIS or AWOS

ATIS or AWOS

Ground

Approach

Tower

Tower

Depart.

Ground

FSS

FSS

CTAF

CTAF

UNICOM

UNICOM

Field Elev.

Field Elev.

Notes:

NAVIGATION LOG

Navaids

Route

Checkpoints

Ident.

and Wind CAS TC MC MH Dist. GS Time

Freq.

Course Altitude

Dir.

Vel.

TAS

Var

WCA

±Dev CH

Leg

Est.

ETE

ETA

Honker (OBS)

Temp. (-E +W) (-L +R)

Rem.

Act.

ATE

ATA

Flats 300 24 84 80 73 47 133 :21

Norris 115 -4 -7 0 73

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Dead Reckoning: recap

Primary navigation instruments are compass (or directional gyro) and clock

Predictive, mathematical, in nature Based, in part, on forecast information Primary limitation:

– Accuracy of forecast

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Checkpoints (Pilotage) Tick marks at 2, 4, 5, or 10 NM or other spacing can be used to

help keep track of position– At 120 kts, 4 NM tick marks represent 2 minutes of flight

Prominent features easily seen from the air (cites, towns, lakes, and rivers) make the best checkpoints

Can be circled before the flight for easy reference Takes practice

– Seasons make a difference, especially winter– Be careful using lakes – be sure of the shape and placement next to other

features– Difficult in sparse areas– Difficult at night

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Pilotage tricks

Tricks:– Look for trees

to find creeks, rivers, and towns

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What Checkpoints could be used on this route?

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CAP Grid System

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CAP Grid System Overlays standard sectional maps Subdivides the map into distinct working areas Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of longitude (15 minutes

square) and is assigned a number A grid is identified by a Sectional Chart name plus a number

– Example: Twin Cities Grid 444 (St. Cloud Area)

Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B, C, and D Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid numbers —

for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used

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Sectional Grid System

94 00’ W o 93 30’ W o

45 30’ No

46 00’ No

30’ x 30’Aeronautical Chart Divison

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Sectional Grid System

93 45’ o

94 00’ W o 93 30’ W o

45 30’ No

46 00’ No

45 45’ o

15’ x 15’ 15’ x 15’

15’ x 15’ 15’ x 15’

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CAP Grid System A grid can be divided into

quarter grids 7 ½ Minutes square in size

Quarter-grids are labeled A, B, C, and D– Example:

Twin Cities Grid 159A(The Northwest quarter of TC Grid 159)

Letters are used to define sub-grids

102-15 W

102 15’ W

102-00 W

102-00 W

36-00 N

36 15’ N

A B

CB

C D

159 A

36-07.5’ N102 11.25 W

102-07.5 W

A B

C D

159 ADB

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Standardized Latitude/Longitude Grid System

This system does not require special numbering

Lat-long of lower right corner defines the grid

Letters are used to define sub-grids

103-00 W

103-00 W

102-00 W

102-00 W

36-00 N

37-00 N

A B

CB

C D

36/102 AA

36-30 N102-45 W

102-30 W

A B

C D

36/102 ADB

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Making Grid Charts

You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out

Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler

Mark grid identification in black ink for easy visibility

You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids