Mining and the Environmental Impacts

Mining Methods

Surface Mining

SURFACE MINING

Shallow deposits = Surface mining – vegetation, soil, and rock (Overburden) are removed and set aside as spoils

Sometimes referred to as MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL

Need to restore the land after mining is done

Mountaintopremoval

Environmental efffects

Scarring and disruption of the land surfaceAcid Mine Drainage – rainwater seeping

through waste pile or mine carries sulfuric acid produced by bacteria in spoils and contaminates nearby groundwater

Filling in of valleys and streamsMajor air and water pollutionNoise, ugliness, heat, land accidents, etc.

Subsurface Mining

Deep deposits = Subsurface MiningLess land disturbance than surface miningLess waste materialMore dangerous & expensive (black lung)Subsidence – collapse of landBreaching underground water – aquifer

Reclamation

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) = the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States.

Mine operators are required to minimize disturbances and adverse impact on fish, wildlife and related environmental values and achieve enhancement of such resources where practicable. Restoration of land and water resources is ranked as a priority in reclamation planning.

Sounds good? Difficult in arid regions (little precip, low soil fertility, soil doesn’t hold water,etc)

Steps to Reclaim Land

Recontour/regrade land to original condition

Replace topsoil Replant with native vegetationMonitor for 5-10 years, depending on

location