Unit 2- Minerals, Rocks, Soils and Weathering

Minerals

Feb. 18,2014

What are four of the five questions to ask if you are trying to determine if you have a mineral?

For our bodies, to build our homes, roads, tools,

phones, televisions,_______________, and much more.

COMPUTERS

Glass is made from ___ minerals

SilicaLimestoneMagnesium Boric acidSoda_____________40 billion glass

containers/year in USA

35 % are recycled

Minerals make-up many practical parts of our lives

6

ALUMINUM

Gold in North Carolina

Gold has been an important part of North Carolina’s history since _______, the date of the first discovery of gold in the United States. 

North Carolina was the nation’s ________ gold-producing state from 1803 until 1828, and continued as a leading producer until 1848 when gold was discovered in California.

1799

ONLY

SaltEarly people collected salt before they understood how important the mineral is for ____________

Mediterranean-salt cakes were used as ___________

Greeks traded salt for slaves

England flourished when fuel for boiling brine changed from wood to ______, brine was used for food preservation.

SURVIVAL

MONEY

COAL

Minerals are mined for our use

•Other than Gold some minerals were of ________________ importance; for example, feldspar, zircon, and magnetite.

•Gemstones were found, notably the gem varieties of corundum—ruby and sapphire and _____________, the gem variety of beryl.

•By 1875, 140 minerals had been identified as occurring in North Carolina. In an early State Geological Survey report was accompanied by the statement: “…a variety of highly interesting and commercially important minerals and ores, which is ____________ than that of any other State in the Union [is found in North Carolina].”

INDUSTRIAL

EMERALD

GREATER

What is a Mineral?

A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic ________ that has a definite crystalline structure.

QuartzGeode

SOLID

It is a mineral if:5 questions can be answered.

Is it nonliving material?Is it a solid?Is it formed in _________?Does it have a crystalline structure?Can you write a chemical formula for it?

NATURE

Mineral Structure•Minerals are made up of ____________.

•There are 92 naturally occurring elements.•All minerals contain 1 or more elements.•Elements are pure substances that can not be _______down into simpler substances.

ELEMENTS

BROKEN

Atoms

Elements are made up of only ______ kind of atom.

An atom is the _____________ part of an element that has all the properties of that element.

ONE

SMALLEST

Compounds

A compound is a substance made of ______ or more elements that have been chemically joined or bonded.

Ex: Halite (NaCl) common table salt

• Chlorine atoms• Sodium atoms

TWO

• Atomic structure determines the minerals characteristics. Salt or halite always has a cubic form and tastes salty.

The one electron on the outer shell is given up

This leaves the sodium atom with more protons, +1

The one electron is added to Chlorines outer shell

This leaves the chlorine atom with one more electron, -1

cation anion

Cations and Anions

Native Elements

Minerals that are composed of only one element are called a _________ elements. Can you think of

others?

The atomicstructure of Gold. Only Gold(Au) atoms.

The crystalstructure of Gold.

Crystals ofThe mineralGold.

NATIVE

Two Groups of Minerals

Minerals are classified based on their ___________ compositions. These groups are the:

SilicatesNonsilicates

CHEMICAL

Silicate Minerals• The two most common

elements of the earth’s crust are __________ and oxygen

• Silicate minerals have these 2 elements (Si) and (O)

• ______% of the Earth’s crust are made from silicate minerals

• Si and O combine with other minerals such as Al, Fe, Mg, and K to make other silicate minerals

SILICON

90

Mineral Group Characteristics Examples

Silicates•Contain oxygen & silica•The most abundant group of minerals

Quartz, mica

MICA Quartz

Mineral Group Characteristics Examples

Non-Silicates•Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust•Include some of the most important minerals

iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies

Silver

Gold Ruby Iron

Copper

Diamond

Iron

What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?

•Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids. Each mineral has a ______________ chemical composition and a characteristic crystalline structure. A mineral may be a single element such as copper (Cu) or gold (Au), or it may be a compound made up of a number of elements. About _________ different minerals have been described. Ex, NaCl, SiO2 Au, etc.

•Rocks are made up of one or more minerals (heterogenous) a ____________.

DEFINITE

2,500

MIXTURE

Granite: individual minerals make-up the rock and the rocks make up the Mountains.

Minerals are the building block of Rocks

mica

Mineral FormationCooling of

magma: crystallization

Evaporation: salt

HydrothermalMINERAL CLASSIFICATION  BASED ON ORIGIN•igneous minerals = form by cooling of _________ rock ("crystallization") •sedimentary minerals = low-temp. precipitation or  chemical alteration •metamorphic minerals = chemical alteration at Hi-Pressure/Temp.

MOLTEN