[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Immigration & Migration: Urbanization Page I of2

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Immigration & Migration:

Urbanization ~~~~c!!!!~n occurs when the population shifts from rural to urban areas.

With of innovative agricultural teclmologies and industr~;n,

[ZMMi.7hftWY] [~ao~rMAt . U [.~ . .t'MMJ [MODBlN~] [~l.AW.sJ

[Mif~]

Americans began to migrate to cities in droves during the 1800s. B 20 over

This movement had many negative consequences for the people living in cities:

t>f Negative Effects of Urbanization

t ,,~OlTUpt political machines such as

~ Political Tammany Hall in NYC took advantage of Their poslttons in order to receive graft. These

Machines organizations also provided much needed services for immigrants and new ci~ 8os~1L dwellers in exchange for their vote.

The massive wave of population entering

fillUnsanitary cities helped to spread diseases. To make matters worse, clean water and proper

Conditions sanitation were virtually unheard of, making disease even more common.

Housing was constructed quickly and cheaply to provided for the ~at numbers of people

~ Poor entering cities. Ma enements were Housing unhealthy due to lack of light or sanitation.

Neighborhoods of tenement housing became slums where crime flourished.

Soon, many of these problem began to be addressed, and cities soon demonstrated positive characteristics.

~ Positive Effects of Urbanization

Social reformers began to provide services for immigrants and new city dwellers,

"i ~ Community making them less susceptible to the influence of poli~l machines. Examples abound,

Improvement includi Jane Addams who found~e Settlement House Movement with h ull House in Chicago. This freed public money to be spent for the public good.

Museums, libraries, schools, parks, zoos, and

~ other cultural centers were built in cities.

Cultural These facilities provided urban citizens with

~

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/immigration/urban.htm 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY 1 Immigration & Migration: Urbanization Page 2 of2

Opportunities cultural and educational opportunities that were unavailable in rural areas.

Technology made urban living more practical and comfortable .• Eleyators and use of steel girders allowed cities to

Technological Advancement

into the sky. Mass transit was being urc,viiled by trolleys, street cars, and eventually subways. Public lighting made areas safer, while water and sewage syst"ms improved the ov~rall health of cities.

rban Sprawl ~S With the p . eration of the automobile due to Hemy Ford's mass production

,!, assembly line, an a . ing middle class, people began to move into suburbs. \a.~f) Levittown, on Long Island Ol • of New York City, was the first planned

suburban development built in the ear 50s.

This trend continued through today and led to spraw Amel~icans continue to spread out away from cities. This has caused an increase in . ffic congestion, pollution, and infrastructure costs as American drive longer dista ~s to and from work.

Created by Thomas C. Caswell

© 2001 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Center

http://regentsprep. org/regents/ushisgov/thel11es/il11l11igration/urban.htl11 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Immigration & Migration: "New" Immigration Page I of3

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Immigration & Migration: '4. The Era of "New" Immigration Introduction The '.'new immigrants" came during the period of intense industrial

, development known as the gilded age as well as the reaction to this growth L" ( fID'ME" J during the progressive era. This period immediately following the Civil War ::;;::;;;;:;:;:: and extending up until the 1920's.

M<DE..s'f!lNY.·I-=--~

i~'~'···~'~·····~··'·'~' ~~~~~W;h~O re the New Immigrants?

, ' lese immigrants came to America from areas that had not traditionally supplied settlers to the US. The lands of southern Europe and eastern Europe

tiMM..~yj such as Italy, Russia, Poland and Greece, as well as Asian locales such as

=5;;;:~;";'~' ;';"~_~China and Japan.

[~«D'..r;IfM.~id They Come? .

[' _-"_.' ... 11".",,. ',:::1 Inll~lIgrants came to America _' "I'I/C''''':~.';:! dUring these eras mostly for

n. .... . .................... ' ...... : eco.nomic opportunities. As the ~l,;;MOIJ:l::;JB;-:· 5'1/=~;.:· 5!;=] Umted States saw iii unprecedented industrial [~.LAW$.j growth following the Civil War - ' - an unprecedented demand for .... _,.,.. __ ""!"_ ..... labor, mostly cheap and [ . PllAt:'1Z't:Ii' ] unskilled, also grew. The vast .. _ .. ______ .... .;. majority of these "new

immigrants" came here seeking work and the dream of going from "rags to riches".

~O

"'iIJO

~O

Political Reasons - Some New Immigrants such as Russian and Ukrainian Jews came seeking refuge from religious oppression by govermnents at home. Social Reasons - One idea that gave motivation to many immigrants leaving their homelands for America was the social mobility offered by the "rags to riches" American dream. This popular idea viewed America as the land of opportunity where anyone willing to work hard, save money and be smart could become rich. These notions were reinforced by the rags to riches stories of Horatio Alger jr.,,t. many of which feature industrious immigrants becoming successful by hard work and perseverance. Economic Reasons - By far the greatest reason for new immigration was for employment. The southern and eastern European nations most new immigrants fled were in dire economic times with high unemployment and limited opportunity. The stuJllling growth in US industrial development fueled a seemingly endless demand for workers, which the desperate immigrants willingly fulfilled. The reality of the immigrants life was far from the roads

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/immigration/new_immigration.htm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Immigration & Migration: "New" Immigration Page 2 of3

paved with gold many envisioned. Industrial jobs paid low wages, demllUPed long hours and offered no benefits or security. Thnenement housing most immigrants could afford in the near-bursting American cities proved crowded, expensive, dangerous and unsanitary. This experience is best chronicled by photographer and report~JahQh Riis in his expose of New York City "HolV the Other Half Lives".

What Issues Did They Face?

L'o~,;.'j,[Many newly arrived immigrants found themselves at the mercy of corrupt political forces like those running auss

arrived immigrants to dominate and corrupt the political nt'(lr,,,<" in many of ArneJl'iclls growing cities. L<tugl'''g'', customs, ~''''<;Hm' and traditions CIaSJl(!Q with those ,pn~Vallll1lg in the US at

time, based on the culhlre brought my the

older immigrants. This social conflict led to discrimination against such groups and the Irish on the east coast and the Chinese/Asians on the

.~ western coast. This also aided in the neighborhood distinctions (i.e. "I<J Chinatown, Little Italy, etc .. ) that developed in large cities, as immigrant

groups clustered together and continued to speak, worship and practice the traditional ways of their homelands.

• Labor unions feared and opposed the influx of new innuigrants, with whom they feared a competition for jobs and a lowering of wages as new arrivals proved willing to work for lesser

.AJ Restrictive laws also ~:,-,=-'-T ________ ...,.,.,.,.,-=~---,

~ became a barrier to immigration, as the .Chinese were excluded from . immigrating and quotas and limits began to fhrther restrict arrivals.

What Impact Did They Have? The contributions of the new immigrants were transformative

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov /themes/immigrationinew _immigration.htm 1/l3/20l3

[Regents Prep U.S. History 1 Immigration & Migration: "New" Immigration Page 3 of3

to America. The etlmic diversity of the immigrants changed America into a more multi-cultural society with varied language. traditjons and practices. The culturai contributions of the iiew immigrants can be seen in the art, food, music and culture of modern America.

Created by Joshua Delorenzo

© 2000 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Center

http://regentsprep.orgiregents/ushisgov/themes/immigration/new_immigration.htm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Immigration & Migration: Immigration Laws Page 1 of2

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Immigration & Migration:

Immigration Laws Major Immigration Legislation:

Law

)I Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882)

Gentleman's Agreement

(1907)

II Roots

Many on the west coast of the US (California)

feared a "yellow peril" of Chinese immigration.

As Illore and more Chinese inmligrated to work on the western

railroads, many feared competition for jobs.

In the wake of the "yellow peril" and the

barring of Chinese immigration, the

Japanese and American govermnents reached an

agreement barring further Japanese

II Provisions

This law severely limited Chinese h11l11igration into

the US, it made provisions for types of workers allowed and barred families from

joining existing immigrants. "

While not a formal law, the agreement did curb Japanese immigration into the US, as much a desire of the Japanese govermnent as the US

government.

[ •.. ~~] 1i=========~:=in=lm=M=i:",~=.;=:t~=o:':;li;=~:=te=od:=t~=::=aU=t =S=j' l========~

If

Literacy Tests (1917)

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

allowing non-English speaking immigrants

into the US was a threat to assimilation, as

language and loyalty was still tied to the

immigrant's "homeland" .

With the memory of World War I still fresh

in the American psyche, many looked to isolate

the US from involvement or

association with foreign governments. Part of this reaction was also a call to limit immigration.

The nativist reaction to the inmligration of the

Gilded Age was a call to not only limit the

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgoY/themes/immigrationilaws.htm

The literacy tests denied admission to any

immigrant who could not pass a basic

reading/writing test.

The Emergency Quota act limited the number of immigrants allowed into the US to 350,000 per

year.

The National Origins Act further restricted

immigration by basing

1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Immigration & Migration: Immigration Laws Page 2 of2

number of inunigrants the numbers of allowed into the US, but immigrants allowed from also restrict the countlY a specific region of the oftheir origin. This was world. The effect was a

National Origins Act as much a racist reaction severe bias towards the

against the increase in northern and western (1924) southern and eastern European nations that

Europeans and Asian had been the "traditional" immigration as a call for areas of immigration increased isolation from during the era of "old"

world affairs. immigration.

With isolationism taking fhrther hold The second origins act

National Origins Act during the 1920's, many further reduced the

(1929) critics called for greater number of immigrants and greater restrictions allowed into the US to

on the number of 150,000 per year. immigrants.

With attitudes towards The 1965 Immigration

US involvement in Law reopened the US

world affairs changing borders for greater

Immigl'ation Act of and an increased desire numbers of inunigrants,

1965 to reopen American as well as greatly

(1965) shores to immigration, modifying the regional and ethnic restrictions

the restri cti ve and instituting political

immigration laws of the US were reexamined.

oppression as immigration reasoning.

The act increased the size and scope ofthe US

border patrol service as well as streamlining the

The increased problem process of deportation of

Immigration Reform of illegal immigration illegal immigrants. The

and Control Act in the 1980's caused a law also punished

(1986) call for greater employers who

monitoring and control knowingly hired illegal of US borders. immigrants, but provided

limited blanket amnesty for illegals who had been

living in the US since 1982 or prior.

Created by Joshua Delorenzo

© 2000 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Center

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/iImnigration/laws.htm 1113/2013

'81 Growth of Big Business in the Gilded Age 1865-1895

Contributing Factors:

1. Transportatlon- RR tied the country together with ~

less expensive and more reliable means of

transporting goods and people. (1860- 30,000 miles

laid, 1890-165,000 miles)

2. Communlcation- ability to communicate rapidly

and reliably to facilitate interrelated functions over

large geographic areas. (Telegraph, later the

telephone)

production, mass marketing and mass distribution

possible.

4 .• Scientific management or Taylorism- (Early efforts

led by Frederick Taylor) application of science to

Industry to improve efficiency, involved careful

definitions of duties and responsibilities, specialized

ways of performing duties and methods to gather,

analyze, and transmit information.

5. Characterized bV large-scale enterprises (nation­

wide market), required large pools of capital (start­

up costs, factories, machines, labor. .. etc.), innovatlv~

entrepreneurs eager to invest capital

3 .• Technologlcal advan~es- specialized knowledge

about processes and highly specialized machines for

producing, finishing and assembling greatly

increased ProdUCtiVity~utPut) making mass

6. Growth patterns: Vertical integration: example Gustavus Swift and the Meat-Packing

Industry.

Production: raw resources

• largenurnbers of cattle syslemat!caHybutchered In \~Ige-~a\e slaughter hou,es

Transportation

• refrigerated c.attle (aISIO transpoft the ready-te-market meal

Distribution • Built a netv,'ork. of bran<h hou~s to sell and dlstrlb-iJte chilled meat

·2hrge ,mneries

·1/100fll1e ]rulustry

Pre;.suredor persuaded

competitors to seliol/t to Standard

• Rockefeller a trustee for stock In comp3nles controlled b'/ Standard

·9/10ofll1e industry

~ Horizontal integration: example John D. Rockefeller and the oil industry

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Economics:lndustrial Revolution

Regents Prep: U.S. Historv: Economics:

Industrial Revolution BaCK ound The Indus " al Revolution began in Great Britain for a variety of

~; . . ;:{:.'Ht1In~. ~. ~. ~Nt~A~-;"';':~: reasons inclu' ,capital for investment, natural resources, a _ _. ~ large labor force, nd technological innovations. This revolution

quickly spread to the nited States which had many of the same ·c .. ?I!iifIY' advantages. The Industr I Revolution in the U.S. was primarily ".III .. lIIiilll! •• 1II centered in the northel'll s es, as the southern states continued to

::. :.:.'MI.~_ ..• ;N .•.. ~_·~_<.' .. =.·~_~.~._·,-. rely on agriculture, which wa xtremely profitable using slave labor under the plantation system.

Page 1 of3

===·;;~=='=,=rlllD-.=:!!I.",III.=1!I Pre Civil War

I=-==~=~'='.",,='.'=.J..;.' II.= .. ,." .. _=;, II .. === Factories and mills spread quickly through It New England prior to the Civil War due to

........ -_____ ... good supplies of natural resources such as irOl and coal, and the ease of transporting finished goods along the many navigable rivers. This in fl' lead to the building of more railroads

[:J55~~:J~ and canals to handle the increased traffic. The Sou relied upon the North to purchase its [ It'I/It:ffQII . ] agricultural products, and as a market for finished goo ,This made the North economically

stronger than the South.

The Civil War increased industrialization as bot! orth and South required weapons. The North was in a better position to ex and as they already had industrialized to a celiain extent. Factories for guns, amlllO, clothing, and various other supplies quickly grew. Also,lIIechaniz tion in agriculture

became a primary concern as many farmers were away fighting the war.

Post Civil War~ After the war, the transcontinental railr~1 opened commerce across the counfty, and fmiher stimulated economic growth. The North continued to industri~e at a rapid pace, while the South switched to sharecrop farming after the end of slaverj.f'Slmrecropping is where a farmer would lease out parcels of land for others to work in exchange for a portion of the crops. This left many sharecroppers poor as the larger landowners took nearly everything they produced.

Industrial Revolution As the Industrial Revolution grew, new business practices developed. Before, most business was owned by a sole proprietor (single owner), or a small pattnership. But, ways of doing business changed dramatically during industrialization,

New Ways of Doing Business

A business with many share holders,

~ Corporations are formed to raise capital for

Corporation expansion. Share holders receive dividends when the company makes a profit, and can only lose what they put in,

A monopoly is when a company or corporation controls an entire market. This

* Monopoly allows them to raise prices to any level. Government regulation prevents all but a few monopolies such as utility companies.

Companies in a single market making an

http://regentsprep.org(regents(ushisgov(themes(economic(ind.cfm 1113(2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Reform: Industrial Reform Page 1 of4

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Reform:

Industrial Reform Background During the 1800s, the United States began to jdustrialize. Whole industries and companies grew large, sometimes forming monopolies, or a company or

r.- ~ Ht7ME J group of companies that completely controls a single mdustry. Often, . . ~.' '. monopolies were created through mergers, where one company obtains legal

I, ..... a-. __ • ~ control over another. !here were a variety of types of business organizations ~"~''&_''_J that became monopo!tes'

r: .$I.JFFIW;E J r-~J

[avJz.sstVrQiJ

[ ZNl)VS'I'RZAL J r~~l

LIfHFARE,J [ cnI.lLRrIIH'T5~ ~ , ~J

Business Organization

Conglomerate A group of unrelated business owned by a single corporation.

Competing companies that agree to fix

Pool prices and divide regions among members so that only one company operates in each area.

Companies in related fields agree to

~Trust combine under the direction of a single

- board of trustees, which meant that shareholders had no say.

A company that buys controlling amounts

Holding of stock in related companies, thus

Company becoming the majority shareholder, and holding considerable say over each company's business operations.

Business Philosophy The idea that the government s~uld not interfere with economic development, or specific busin~sses, is known as Laissez-faire. This idea 9/:'iginated with British economi~ Adam Smith and was published in 1776 iff The Wealth of lfs11.i2!2s. He believed that the laws of supply and demand, combined with profit motive, would be the most efficient type of economy. Many business leaders in the 1800s echoed these sentiments and wanted the government to leave their businesses alone.

J:J Two social philosophies also seemed to support laissez-faire capitalism. ~ Horatio Alger wrote popular fictional books in which the protagonist poor

boys became wealthy through their honesty and hard work. These novels demonstrated the idea of the PlII'itan Work Ethic which was introduced by the Puritans during the Colonial Era. This ethic held that hard work was its own reward and built character.

~ Social Darwinism stated that success in society was determined by "survival of the fittest." This interpretation ofChades Danvin's theOlY caused many to believe that the poor were deceitful and lazy, while the rich were honest and

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reformiindustrial.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Reform: Industrial Reform Page 2 of4

hard-working. This also explained how healthy businesses thrived while unhealthy ones went bankrupt.

As the rich became wealthier, ·and the poor more so, people began to question these philosophies, and some even attacked leading industrialists calling the Robber Barons, while others maintained that they were Captains of Industry.

I • I . "'''II/ri\\If. pt?'t.j.Hv~ .. I 'vi(W

",t.»J

','

"

Government Involvement ~ "_",,ually a grass-roots movement to combat the abuses of business was formed I the fanners' social organization called the Grailge. During their informal meeting, mbers of the Grange discovered that many of their group were being charged enorm mounts by the railroad companies for short hauls, while big businesses like Sta 'd Oil were receiving rebates where they were charged less for long hauls. Throug use of bloc-voting, this group was able to get candidates elected to state legis . s who supported railroad reform legislation. These state laws were eventually c nged in Supreme Court, eventually forcing the Federal Government to pass re atOlY

'legislation.

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reform/industrial.htm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Economics:lndustrial Revolution Page 2 of3

agreement on prices and the division of Pool business. Railroad companies practiced this

until it was outlawed by the government.

Corporations in the same market or related markets would form a trust that put control

)f Trust of business under a single group oftrustees. Share holders still received dividends, but had no say in the business. Trusts were later outlawed.

A holding company would buy enough stock in different companies to control

Holding Company them. This was done to get around the outlawing oftrusts. Eventually, holding companies were outlawed also.

A corporation that owns many different unrelated businesses. Conglomerates are

Conglomerate formed by mergers, where one company would take over another. These are still in practice today.

Economic Philosophy Laissez-Faire Economics: This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth a/Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in the govermnent taking a more active role in U.S. Business and the economy.

Government Reform In the late 1800's the govermnent decided to take a more active role in business and the economy. The U.S. slowly moved away from the policy oflaissez-faire. and more toward a

;nixed economy where the free market and the government shared power over the econom1:.

:Ii rGovernment Regulation

Munn Y. Illinois Supreme Court decision stating that states had the

(1876) ability to regulate private property if it affected public interest.

Wabash Case Declared that it lVas unconstitutional for states to

(1886) regulate interstate commerce. Showed need for Federal regulation of interstate commerce.

]Sf Intel'state In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Commerce Act that setup the ICC. This act states the federal

Commission government has the ability to regulate all aspects (1887) of interstate commerce. 1 Sherman In 1890, Congress passed this act which prohibited

Antilrust Act monopolies or any business that prevented fair (189) competition.

Tariffs: The U.S. pursued an aggressive tariff policy as a way of promoting domestic business. A tariff in 1890 that protected American sugar growers lead to Anlericansin ." I Hawaii leading a revolution against the native government and subsequent annexation by the U.S .. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 raised the tax on Cuban sugar to 40%. This led Cuba to revolt against Spain because of the economic problems they faced.

http://regentsprep.orgiregents/ushisgov/themes/economic/ind.cfm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Human Systems & Society: Response of Labor Page 1 of2

Regents Prep: U.S. Historv: Human Systems & SOCiety:

Response of Labor The Development of Labor Unions "To be ii-ee, the workers 11IUSt have choice. To have choice they must retain in their own hands the right to determine under what conditions they will work." -Samuel Gompers

f J.IOMI!. J From the late 1700s onward, factory work gradually replaced the system of home-based

NIf.TZJIE'. '" urban, steam-driven factories, filled to the roof with chugging, hissing, C' ............... '.......... .' J' production known as the cottage industry. Rural, water-powered mills, were replaced by

AMERr~.. clunking machines. A task once accomplished by a group of skilled

rtu •......... t.·.·.· ......•.... ' ...... i)... artisans became a thoug~ltless chore completed by, and depending on, ~~j faceless, nameless cogs 111 an assembly hne. . '.

. .. .. .'. Employers soon realized that if factories were built in cities, there would

[ •...• ~..... . '.' ...... '. . ·· .. l., ,be a larger supply of workers ayailab!e. With 1I10re people willing to do " '. et-IAIlIIiE.,. j the work, employers felt that they could cut wages, ,imd put more money L 10

• '.' .., into their own pockets. Naturally, employers wanted to maximize their profits. That meant It ,or f).IIB ... ·.· .~. ..' . ' .... - .OF . ... ~.J that men, women and children were hired for very low wages, usually worked in dangerous C4I1<iiflJy)S L;·. ./.A/J(JR .... j or unhealthy conditions, and often worked for twelve or more hours. '

~ACi~ 'llndustry in America developed far more rapidly than it had in Europe. Factories and mills ~~ ts!I spread quickly throughout New England prior to the Civil War due to good supplies of ~ .' ~. natural resources such as iron and coal, and the ease of transporting finished goods along the r:., MotiEAN. . .lmm~y navigable rivers. This in turn lead to the building of more railroads and canals to handle ~~~ the mcreased traffic

~RENEWEb" . . ·-v..s.0' In addition, immigrants fi'om Europe were swelling the labor pool, allowing employers to POWER:/:MAiIE drive waa~< low~,' ,rl low~,' The combination of unsafe and unhealthy working conditions, . ." ." . lxJ Click To Download extremely long work days, and the growing number of people

- (especially children) injured or killed working at mills, led to the Broad C I'IIAt:"I'Zi:E. :-:\ organization of concerned groups of labor unions in the UnitedStates'~G J - .. . . .. J Most unions wanted to lower the total hours worked per day, raise OCII.5

wagcs, and outlaw child labor. Some were more successful than others.

L-_____ --' Efforts at National Labor Unions In 1866, a new organization called the National Labor Union called on Congress to order an eight hour workday. The National Labor Union was a group offarmers and reformers that wanted Congress to pass labor reforms. Although the National Labor Union failed to convince Congress to sholien the workday, its efforts made the public aware ofJabor issues. It also increased public support for labor reform before it broke up in 1873.

T71 Knights of Labor, founded in Philadelphia in 1869, were more successful. The union was organized by industrial workers who welcomed women, blacks, and even accepted employers, an uncommonly open attitude at the time. The Knights of Labor tried to expand their appeal through demanding an eight-hour work day, and the end ofchild labor. By 1886, the Knights of Labor, who accepted both ski11ed and lmskilled workers, countedOver 700,000 farmers, laborers and shopkeepers among its members. The union diScouraged the use of

.strik-es and supported remaking society along more cooperative lines. Many Americans considered such ideas socialist 01' communist thinking, and opposed labor reform movements because of it.

In 1886, a series of violent strikes by railroad workers stained the union's r~~;~~::.~~~; Police were called in when fighting broke out between striking \' and strikebreakers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine ,

http://regentspl'ep.org/l'egents/ushisgoY/themes/humansystems/responseoflabor.cfm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Human Systems & Society: Response of Labor Page 2 of2

Company in the Haymarket area of Chicago, Illinois.

Two union men were shot by police. Later an explosion killed seven policemen. Although the person who set off the bomb was never ident~d, four labor leaders were convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and hanged. Tl?rH:aymarkct Riot made the idea of the eight­hour-day seem very "radical," and this lessened popular support for the organized labor movement. ...

As the power of the Knights of Labor declined, thtimerican Federation of Labor rose to the top. Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, the A F ofL

'tried to reform the length of the work day and child labor laws, and also tneer to protect the independence and ri/'>uts. ~~ other existing unions. C"GIII~ W~\'\. A~. AM, .. tAlS\(.nu. 11111001'. The Attitude of Early Labor Unions Early labor unions were an exclusive group. At that time, most Americans were Western European in heritage. When Catholics from Italy, Ireland and Poland began to arrive in the early 1800s, they were often treated poorly by the majority white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants (W.A.S.P.) already here. Blacks, especially, were excluded from union membership. Ethnic and religious minorities often found assimilation into American culture difficult.

Government's Treatment of Unions Government leaders feared labor unions would disrupt business, and adversely affect the economy of the United States. In 1895, the Su reme COlutused the Shennan Anti-trust Act against unions, ruling that strikes were illegal because they interfered with interstate ,... commerce. Both federal and state troops were used to stop strikes. ('(,.vt~ wi Prt:!>,l2.eo$(.-'('\-t

Following t?e'\riangle Shittwaist FactOlY fire of 1911, where 146 'workers were killed, the government began to change its opin.ion. Public sympathy for workers grew, and as a result. Congress passed laws helpful to unions._ ~

In 1913, Congress created the' Department of Labor to help enforce labor laws, and study labor statistics. The next year, Congress passed the Clayton Antitrust Act, which exempted unions from antitrust laws and federal injunctions, or court orders, prohibiting strikes. ~

Congress did not order an eight-hour day until 1933. Even then, the National Industrial Recovery Act was an emergency act taken by President Franklin Roosevelt to help counter the economic ruin caused by the Great Depression. The Act defined maximum hours, minimum wages, and the right to collective bargaining.. Struck down by the Supreme Court in May 1935, the Recovery Act was soon replaced by tl~agner,Ag. "ihich assured workers J,he right to upiouiz,,-" •

Created by Shannon Babble

Copyright © 1999·2003 Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center

ReqenlsPrep and StudyZone are FREE educaUonal resources.

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/humansystemslresponseoflabor.cfm 1I13120l3

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Environment: HistOlY Page 1 of5

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Environment:

History Throughout United States history the American people have attempted to tame the environment for their own growth and success. Early colonists cleared forests for farmland and built early America on the foundations of an agrarian society and trapped American forests for the furs demanded by European fashion. Later, as the industrial revolution raged, early entrepreneurs and companies fueled industrial growth by extracting the riches ofthe soil in oil, coal and iron ore. As the twentieth century unfolded, many looked to preserve and protect the environment for future generations, setting aside wild lands and protected spaces. As science better helped to understand the dangers and impacts of industry and development on the environment, regulations were introduced, not only to ensure the health and safety of the envirorunent, but of the human population as well.

Early voices In the opening half of the 1800's the new nation of the United States, which had sprung from

["'.-·PRA"'!·~. "GTrt:E" . ............. ~ .. ·· .. 1 the Revolutionary War began to grow. The Louisiana Purchase would kick off the great _ ~ westward push of Manifest Destiny and open new lands for farming, mining and trapping to

the early Americans. As growth continued and new envirorunents and beauty discovered, this served as a backdrop for new ideas concerning nature and man's place within it.

Waldo Emerson began to write of the beauty and personal discovety possible within the natural environment. These ideas formed the basis

the artistic and litermy movement ofTranscendenlalism, which e~~~~.~~.~~~ the depiction of natural beauty in artistic works. Also e, these natural themes was the writer Henry David Thoreau,

1854 work Waldel/, expressed mans place within nature. Thm-,>o" demonstrated this harmony with man's environment by

two years in the solitude ofWaldcn Pond, Massachusetts. The thc,ughtsexpressed by both writers served years later as influence

a budding environmental movement within the United States.

American Industrialization and the Environmen~ The later half of the 19th ~ury is often referred to as the "Gilded Age" of American history. The term, coined tfY1M.ark Twain. was a reference to the outwardly showy riches of the era, that merely coated a hollow and abusive interior. In this era prior to any government regulation, the environment was viewed merely as a tool for development, with lands and resources to be utilized in any manner necessmy to fuel America's growing industrial capacity.

Environmental Issues:

zf Oil Exploration

Effect or Concern:

• Oil proved a valuable resource in industrial development. The byproduct of Kerosene also provided the first fuel for stable heaters and lamplight.

• As oil became more important to industry (and later essential to transportation via the gasoline -...4 powered intemal combustion P9 ~ that powers automobiles),

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/environment/histoly.cfm 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Environment: HistOlY

)l:: Demand for Coal

businesses began to drill for oil on a wide-scale. 1859 saw the first successful well in Titusville, Penn. and set off an oil "boom" that saw drilling fro~ Ohio to­Texas and beyond.

• Coal fueled much of the early eleCTricity production via coal fired power plants, which proved effective, but highly polluting. Coal also fueled much of the early heavy industry in the US, which had begun to grow up in the major Eastern cities such as New York and Philadelphia. Coal also craved necessaty in the prodnction of Steel from iron Ill!, whIch allowed those major cities to reach new heights as steel framed buildings replaced iron and wood as the material of choice.

• The demand for coal lead to the exploitation of coal reserves in the mountains ofthe Southeastern United States. Strip-mining and the diversion of rivers and steams associated with coal mining proved to have long-term environmental concerns for this area of the nation.

Pres. Theodore Roosevelt & The Conservation Movement

Page 2 of5

What was to become the Conservation Movement, was not so much born as evolved. Prior to the turn of the 20th century, not many politicians were willing to tackle the problems associated with regulating any aspect of the economy, least of all the resources that were seen as essential to continued industrial development and growth. However, the Progressive Movement was growing from the grassroots upward and environmental regulation, along with corporate regulation, govenunental reforms as well as consumer and worker protections were focal points of this growing reform movement.

"Progressive" politicians such as Wisconsin Govel'l1or Robert M. La Follette, Califol'l1ia Govel'l1or Hiram Johnson and then New York Govel'l1or (and later US President) Theodore Roosevelt lead the way in not only regulating business and industly, but in setting

!. up environmental protections and preserving wild lands within their individual states. These "/Il. initiatives would bl' translated onto a national scale fol4l5ving the 1901 assassination of

Presjdent William McKiJ.lley when then Vice-Preside~ Teddy Roosevelt would ascend to the presidency (1901- I 909), taking hi~ conservation policies with him. In his successful 1904 reelection campaign, Roosevelt made\nvironmental conservation a co!;nerstone of his

~ "Square Deal" promi~ to the American worker, which also included~tonsumer protection, 'J jmsiness regulation and'I\abor reform:. li flOoC"bs

I-ijf I Much of Roosevelt's thinking on conservation and the enviromnent was b.:i ~~ influenced by his personal IQve of the outdoors as well as the writings of

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/enviroruuentlhistory.cfm 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. Histoty] Environment: HistOlY Page 3 of5

prominent naturalists Gifford Pinchot and John Mnir. The influence of Muir is most pronounced, as Roosevelt followed his suggestions to put land under federal government control, a direct change from previous govermnent policy against holding land that could be used for development. John Muir's influence is also seen in his founding of the Sierra Club, a continuing organization that is still very influential in national environmental policy and his aid in the creation of the Yosemite National Park.

Progressive Era Change !Impact

Environmental Reform

This act set aside public lands as lI11ational forests", now under the control of the US Forest Service

; ~ Forest Reserve Act (see below).

(1891) It was greatly expanded by President T. Roosevelt (1901-1909) as he added over 300 million acres to federal forests and national parks.

Writer and naturalist John Muir founded the Sierra Club as an

Sierra Club advocacy group, working for the

(1892) protection and preservation of wild lands. The club is still active in enviromnentallobbying and advocacy today.

Money raised from the sale of public National (Newlands) lands which funded irrigation

Reclamation Act programs in western states such as (1902) the Roosevelt Dam and the

Shoshone Dam.

As Roosevelt tripled the amount of federally protected land from 150 to

Creation of US Forest 450+ million acres, the US Forest Service (1905) Service was developed to manage

and oversee lands in conjunction with the National Parks Service.

Named for naturalist John James National Audubon Audubon, the Audubon Society is Society founded an advocacy group dedicated to the

(1905) protection and preservation of bird habitats, among other wild lands.

Developed to study the impact of Inland Waterways rivers, soil, forest, and waterpower

Commission (1907) developments, as well as water transportation on the environment.

National Conservation Created to draft long-range Commission proposals for the conservation of US

(1909) national resources.

The Natiimal Parl<s Service was created to accommodate growing US interest in exploring federal

National Parks Service parks (Le. Yellowstone). The

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/environmentlhistoty.cfm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History 1 Cultural Life: Philosophy Page 1 of3

* Laissez-Faire As America began the process of industrialization in the ISOO's an economic philosophy known as Laisse-Faire became the guiding principle of both government and industry. The core idea in Laisse-Faire is one of non­involvement by government in the workings of a nations economy. This is typified by a lack of regulation or interference in the capitalist marketplace, allowing businesses and industries to complete for consumers dollars based on the efficiency of their production and the quality of their products.

The roots ofLaisse-Faire lay in the writings of English economi~Adam Smith in his work The Wealth of Nations. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith hypothesized that no government regulation was necessaty because the competition among businesses will insure that the best and most necessary products at ideal prices will be produced. This "self-regulating market" would, according to Smith, be guided by an "invisible hand".

During the late IS00's, as the US economy expanded at a furious rate the lack of goverrunent regulation over the economy led to many abuses by businesses, as a result by the Progressive Ear of the early 1900's the govennnent was forced by public outcry to begin to enact consumer and worker protections via regulation.

Laisse-Faire Era Government Action or Abuse(s) Regulation

The Granger movement of the

~ Railroad monopoly abuse of late 1800's helped enact

farmers: passage of the Interstate ex. "short-haul" rates - " ~ ·ce Act which created

charging farmers more to ship 0/ the ICC (Interstate goods sholier distances Commerce Commission) to

regulate railroad rates.

2- In 1890 the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed, making • it illegal lor a company to be

"in restraint of trade".

Monopolies, Pools, Trusts: • ~ The 1911 C1arton Al!iilrust ex. The Standard Oil , ~ was passed to fmiher Company of NJ, headed by

~ Joh!! D. Rocl{efeller used its strengthen the govenUllent's

mOiiopoly over 90% of refined ability to eliminate harmful

oil to manipUlate prices, drive monopolies.

smaller competitors out of Several early monopolies which business, and demand

"rebates" from railroads for the government acted against

shipments of its oil. include the 1904 "busting" of the Northern Securities Co., the 1905 prosecution of the Swift & Co. beef trust and

most famously the 1911 break up of the Standard Oil Trust.

Fueled by the growing popularity of Unions such as

)i the Knights of Labor and the AFL (American Federation of

Labor) the goverrunent -responded to workers issues.

In 1906 the Employers Liability Act was the first step

http://regentsprep.org/regellts/ushisgoy/themes/culture/philo .cfm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistolY] Cultural Life: Philosophy

']Jf Abuse ofworl,ers: ex. working conditions of this era included long hours, poor

pay, use of child labor, dangerous worl'places and

little to no job security

towards disability insurance, and individual states such as

New York and Oregon passed laws limiting working hours.

The most notable shift in policy came during the 1902

'ill Anthracite Coal Strike, in '\ which President Theodore

Roosevelt reversed the long standing trend of the

government siding with business interests by backing .rhe strikinfo\ miners iii'iiie

.dlspute.

In 1906 the government responded directly to the

conditions ofthe meat packing

¥I. Lacl, of Consumer •• industry exposed by ~on Pf P t t' l" Sinclair's muckraking work

1'0 ec IOn: . The JUl1gle with passage of the Absent ~overnment regulatIo~~eat Inspection Act, requiring compallles were free to producao govenunent oversight of the

product.s that were often meat ackin industr . meffectIve or dangerous. . . p g y

ex. I?edicines that contained. "~ Also in 1906 came the l,!ure nothmg more than alcohol or ~ F d I D A t I' I

d . d dd" '.':- 00 anr _rug c, W lie 1 worse, angelous an ~ IctIve limited ingredient~ and most

dn~gs such as cocame or notably required ingredients to morplune, were not uncommon. be listed OIi food and drug

packaging, allowing consumers a better idea of what they were

ingesting.

Social Darwinism _

Page 2 of3

Closely linked to th~ idea of Laissez-Faire economic theory was the philosophy of Social Darwinism •. Social Darwinism was based upon the theory of Natural Selection in evolution that was put forth by Charles Darwin in his work The Origill o[Species (1859). Darwin's ideas held that competition among a species for limited resources lead to a "survival of the fittest" under which only the best will survive and propagate.

Herbert Spencer (pictured at right) used Darwin's theories as the basis for Social Darwinism in his 1862 work First Principles, in which he applied natural selection to human society. Social Darwinism was used as justification for why some people succeeded, becoming very wealthy and successful and others remained poor and destitute, the most successful must be the "most fit" and justified by these natural laws. Economists also adapted these teachings as justification for Laisse-Faire economic policies, believing that success or failure in business was governed by these same natural laws and as such should not be interfered with by government regulation.

Darwinism was embraced by American society due in part to the growth ofthe "American Dream" held by many Americans and recent immigrants, which was obtainaple to anyone ifhe or she was simply willing to work hard to obtain success. These ideas were reinforced popular novels such as the "rags-to-riches" stories of Horatio Alger jr .. Alger's novels such as Facil1g the World, Risen From the ROllks and Ragged Dick were widely read in the late 1800's and usually focused on a hero who rises from humble beginnings to great success by being honest, hardworking, thrifty and smart. While inspiring to many, the reality faced by

http://regentsprep.org!regents!ushisgov!themes!culture!philo.cfm 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Cultural Life: Philosophy Page 3 of3

millions of Americans and recent arrivals was a far cry from Alger's' ideals, even the hardest working found success illusive amid squalid city conditions and abusive work environments.

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/culture/philo.cfm 111312013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Reform: Industrial Reform CE"€~~ Page 3 of4

Populism

Fbpulisi- JI,.,.PIIIC.1't:C.. on JalVS

Granger state Laws: State repl'Bsentatives voted into office by m,mb.,. of 11\6 Gra"g' pass.d Jaws mgulati"g raihoad p,icing in 18 states.

• M u nn v. lIfinois (1877): U I'h,ld a" IllillOis stat, law,egulating milroad shipping mt.s.

• Wabash Case (1886): Rul,d that grang.r stat. laws we,. unconstitutional because th,y ,.gul.ted interst.te trade, wlriel, only the Federal Govemm,nt is authorized to do.

• Interstate Commerce Act (1887): A Federal law th.t established the Interstate COl"lUnel'Ce Comn'lission to investigate and end l'aihoad abuses.

• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): A F.de,aI law that plOlubited monopolies, making aI1Y combulation or tnlst

1 u n\ restraint of hade» illegal.

Farmers decided to more formally organize their political views and in doing so founded the Populist Party. This third political party was largely unsuccessful, but introduced ideas that were later adopted by the Republican and Democratic parties during the Progressive Era.

Planks in the Populist Party Platform ",d,op-h J.

Party bosses controlled state legislatures . :; Direct Election

that elected representatives to the U.S.

of U.S. Senators Senate. To limit this control, the Populists proposed allowing citizens to directly elect () U.S. Senators.

Privacy at the ballot box would ensure that Secret Ballot citizens can cast votes without party bosses

knowing how they voted.

Initiative Would allow voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgoY/themes/reform/industrial.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. Hist01Y] Reform: Civil Service ~.p0r0 Page I of I

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Reform:

Civil Service Background In the 1830s President Andrew Jackson established the Spoils System, or patronage, in order to put an end to bureaucratic corruption. Based on the idea r / HQME '-J. that, "to the victor goes the spoils," Jackson and the Spoils System

-'o-__ -'--'-'--'-~~.. Democratic Party began to appoint loyal Suppolters

[AIk:JtrTZOAI. J to govermnent positions. ~

1.- ..' .'...~ TI;e Spoils System also became corrupt, and by the ,SUFFRAGE .:.;.1 nlld-1800s there were calls for reform. Pendleton Act

r 1FM~Aj'k:I?;J Civil ~rvice Reform _" . . ._ In 188~resident James Garfield was assassjnatyd [QY.IZ.SBilv.n::rtl by a disgi'untled party worker who did not receive

receive a goverrunent job through the spoils r~ ~~J system. Garfield's successor, President Chester '. '.' .,' ~rt~ur, ~orted civil serv.ice reform, eventually r~~l slgn111g tI~.!mdleton..Act 1111883.

L:.ffIEl.FAIlE . ... ) The Pendleton Act provided the following reforms:

~ Civil Service

Reform

1. A Civil Service Commission would be formed to administer tests to qualified applicants for government jobs;

2. Competitive exams would be used to hire some government workers; 3. Govenmlent employees would no longer be forced to make campaign

contributions to political parties.

With the enactment of the Pendleton Act, govermnent workers would be hired based on~, tlll'ough education and testing, rather than being based on which patty the applicant supported.

Created by Thomas C. Caswell

© 2001 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Center

http://regentsprep.orglregents/ushisgov/themes/reformlcivilservice.hlm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Reform: Progressive Era Refo~<.-G Page 1 of5

Regents Prep: U.S. History: Reform:

Progressive Era Reform Bac!<ground

) The"TI'ogressive Movement (1901-1917) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the turn of the Twentieth CentUlY. Religious groups, members of the

and radical political groups all cried out for reform, with solutions ranging from subtle reforms of the

_. ." '. '. ~~~:£ .. ~'i1 .. American capitalist economy, to a call r~l for the creation of a socialist government.

rav.a. .. ~ Reforms wertinitiated by individuals, and at the city, state, and national levels - . of govenuneJ1!lJ:President Theodore Roosevelt supported the movement by r-.D\t)(Is~j embracing enviromnental conservation, forcing arbitration in the Anthracite - . Coal Strike, and busting monopolies that were harmful to the public.

r~~l A number of social reformers also worked to reform what they viewed as the C tflELFlf'IRIf .. J ills negatively impacting United States society:

Social Reformers

;II Pioneer in the field of social work who Jane founded the settlement house movement

Addams through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois.

~ Educated urban poor about the benefits of

Margaret family planning tlu'ough birth control. She Sanger founded the organization that became

Planned Parenthood.

~ BookerT. Former slave who founded the Tuskegee Institute that focused on teaching African-

Washinton Americans trade skills to earn a living and gain the trust of white society.

Founder of the NAACP, and a Harvard-

~ educated professor who focused on the

W.E.B. need for a traditional liberal arts education DuBois for African-Americans who could then

insist upon equal treatment and rights from white society.

Muckrakers ." Muckrakers were members of the press that investigated corruption in order to

expose problems to the American people. They had a great amount of

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reform/progressive.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Reform: Progressive Era Reform Page 2 of5 ..

influence, often resulting in the passage of laws designed to reform the abuse that they reported.

These muckraker~ecalled the efforts of early reformers who exposed corruption in prin'irThomas refst worked diligently to exp~ the abuses of the NYC political machine calle am.!!lany Hall and its leade?"Boss Tweed tlu'ough the use of political cartoon~acob Riis exposed the plight of the urban poor and substandard housing in his 1890 book HolV the Other Half Lives.

Muckraker Work Subject Results

Political Tweed was corruption by convicted of

)r/> Thomas Political NYC's political embezzlement

Cartoons machine, and died in Nast Tammany Hall, prison. led by Boss Tweed.

HolV the Living NYC passed

Other Hal{ conditions of building codes to

~ Jacob Riis Lives

the urban poor; promote safety

(1890) focused on and health. tenements.

Provided NAACP joined

Ida B. A Red statistics on the the fight for

Wells· Record lynching of Federal anti-(1895) African- lynching

Americans. legislation.

In Northern This fictional Securities v. u.s. book exposed (1904), the

Frank The Octopus monopolistic holding company Norris (1901) railroad controlling

practices in railroads in the . . California . Northwest was

broken up.

Exposed the In Standard Oil

"History of ruthless tactics v. U.S. (1911),

Standard Oil ofthe Standard the company was

ComQany" in Oil Company declared a

Ida Tarbell McClure's

through a series monopoly and

Magazine of articles broken up. published in

(1904) McClure's Magazine.

Examined Cities began to

The Shame of political use city

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reform/progressive.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History 1 Reform: Progressive Era Reform Page 3 of5

Lincoln the Cities corruption in conmlissions and

Steffans (1904) cities across the city managers.

United States.

Investigated In 1906 the Meat . dangerous Inspection Act working and Pure Food

~ Upton The Jungle conditions and and Drug Act unsanitaty were passed.

Sinclair (1906) procedures in the meat-packing industry.

City Reforms Progressive reform began at the local or city level because it was easier to implement than at the vast state or national level. Urban corruption from political machines was a major focus, resulting in the reorganization of local government using the commissioner-and city-manager-styles of management.

City Reforms

Cities hired experts in different fields to run City a single aspect of city govermnent. For

Commissioner example, the sanitation connnissioner Plan would be in charge of garbage and sewage

removal.

City Manager A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report

Plan directly to the city council.

State Reforms Reform governors such as Theodore Roosevelt of New York, Robert M. LaFollete of Wisconsin, and Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey, all helped get reforms passed in their respective states. In addition, reforms first proposed by the Populist Party were enacted in order to make state govermnents more responsive to the needs of the people.

State Reforms

.~ Secret Ballot Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.

lit Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reformlprogressive.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Reform: Progressive Era Reform Page 4 of5

Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.

Recall Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

)J$ Direct Ensures that voters select candidates to run Primary for office, rather than party bosses.

Federal Reforms During the Progressive Era, the Federal Goverruuent passed an enormous amount of legislation designed to conserve the environment, tighten past economic regulations, preserve the health and safety of American citizens, and generally provide needed capitalist reforms.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation

Newlands Encouraged conservation by allowing the Reclamation Act building of dams and irrigations systems

(1902) using money from the sale of public lands.

Elkins Act Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad (1903) officials or shippers.

~ Pure Food and Required that companies accurately label Drug Act the ingredients contained in processed food (1906/1911 ) items.

~ In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The

Meat Inspection Jungle, this law required that meat Act processing plants be inspected to ensure the

(1906) use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Hepburn Act Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum

(1906) railroad rates.

Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, Federal Reserve each able to issue new currency and loan

Act member banks funds at the prime interest (1913) rate, as established by the Federal Reserve

Board.

k Clayton Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly

Antitrust Act through any means, and stated that unions (1914)

were not subject to antitrust legislation.

~ ~ Federal Trade Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business

Act practices including monopolistic activity (1914)

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/reforrn/progressive.htm 1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. Hist01Y] Reform: Progressive Era Reform Page 5 of5

I and inaccurate product labeling.

New Amendments To provide a stable base of income for the Federal Government while providing graduated taxation, the 16th Amendment was passed. Political machines were weakened by the passage of the 17th Amendment which allowed state citizens to directly elect representatives to the U.S. Senate, instead of allowing party-controll~d state legislatures to do so. In addition, the

~ Temperance Movement and tl~omen's Suffrage Movement finally paid off with tIle passage of the 17th Amendment and the 18th Amendment.

Progressive Era Amendments

16th (1913) Granted Congress the power to tax income.

17th (1913) Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

18th (1919) Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol.

19th (1920) Provided women suffrage (voting).

Created by Thomas C. Caswell

© 2001 New York State High School Regents Exam Prep Center

.'

http://regentsprep.orglregents/ushisgov/themes/reform/progressive.htm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. History] Cultural Life: Literature

(1787-1789) Hamilton, James

Madison, John Jay

Harriet Cabill Beecher (1852) Stowe

'* "Rags to Riches" Stories (Ragged Algerjr. Dick, Luck alUl Pluck, Tattered

Tom series) (1868-1885)

Riis

papers during ratification debates

• Encouraged ratification of the Constitution

• Abolition novel encouraging the end of slavery

• Depicted the harsh and cruel treatment of southern slaves

• Heroes novels were poor but honest, thrifty and hardworking, eventually becoming rich and successful

• Reinforced the 'Puritan Work Ethic'

• Photographs and essays on the squalid, unsanitary conditions of NY City tenement housing

• Exposed the exploitation of recent immigrants

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/culture/literature.cfm

Page 2 of6

ratified with Bill of Rights added

• Clarify founding fathers "intent" in Constitution (especially used in Supreme Court

• Increased sUPPoltfor abolitionists' calls for the end of slaveJY

• Enraged southern leaders

• Widely read 'bestseller' of the era

• Encouraged immigrants to work for an 'American Dream'

• Reinforced the concept of Social Darwinism

• Passage of building codes (such as maximum occupancy rules, fire escapes, ventilation shafts, etc .. )

• Increased municipal services (such as garbage removal, sewage, water and housing

1/13/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. HistOlY] Cultural Life: Literature Page 3 of6

Up FJ'olll Slm'ery: BookerT. • on to An Autobiograplty Washington ability of highlight the

(1901) African- capability of Americans to Afi'ican-increase their Americans to social status succeed

• Called for the despite practical discrimination education of and lack of African- opportunities Americans in • Sparked trades such as debate over the fanning best ways to

achieve racial

Tlte Souls of Black W.E.B. • for • Formed the Folk DuBois black access to NAACP (1903) higher education (National

• Criticism of Association BookerT. for the Washington's Advancement Haccommodation" of Colored policies People) in

• Black Equality 1909

• Sparked debate over the best ways to achieve racial equality and educate the African-American

Tlte Octopus • of the • Encouraged (1901) Norris railroad the

monopolies in strengthening the West of the ICC

(In tersta te COnUllel'Ce

Commission) via the Hepburn Act of1906, further regulating RR

• Increased SUppOlt for regulation or break-up of

The HistoJ;!' of tlte • on the • Encouraged Standard Oil monopolistic the "trust-

Company business busting" case (1903) practices of the against

Standard Oil Standard Oil

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/culturelliterature.cfm 1113/2013

[Regents Prep U.S. Hist01Y 1 Cultural Life: Literature Page 4 of6

Co. and its (United States president John v. Standard D. Rockefeller Oil Co. ofNJ) (such as price- • Standard Oil cutting and RR broken into 23 rebates) smaller

companies in 1911

• Increased antitrust legislation passed in the Clayton Antitrust Act

The Shame of the Lincoln • on • Cities Steffens political creation of (1904) corruption and independent,

graft in major professional US cities city

• Exposed the commissioners corrupt and un-elected workings of city managers political to handle city machines affairs and

finances

Upton • • Passage Sinclair unsanitary 1906 Meat

conditions in Inspection meat packing Act, requiring plants government

• Exposed poor inspection of working food conditions of processing many recent facilities immigrants • Passage ofthe

(USDA}.(eaIJ/IS~cl0r) 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, requiring labeling of food products and limiting some

The Jolm • Detailed child • Passage of the Children Spargo labor in several child

(1906) American coal labor laws, mines, exposing limiting hours hazardous worked and conditions and types of work long hours done

http://regentsprep.orglregents/ushisgov/themes/culture/literature.cfill 1113/2013

Name 10117/';:00-0-

5 ~~~-----

History

Response to The Gilded Age (1870-1910's)

Dkections: You will make flashcards out of index cards for the following items, Your index cards will be turned in to me for a grade. I will return your cards for you to study. Your test in next Wed. (10/26) We will be adding more terms as the week progresses. The first terms have been identified for you. You will use your lecture notes to make cards for the rest of the terms.

I.

Principle of Creation: We were created in God's image. God's creation was in a state of perfection before the Fall. When the fall occurred, this perfection was destroyed 'Ptd man was separated from full knowledge of God and His entire creation. (The World}'·\·

.- ", . ,- .. -- -.

God's Big Idea in History: to complete the restoration of all that was broken when sin entered the world

Appli~e>t.ion to The Gilded Age: Gilded Age ministers taught that God was concerned with tHe whole person; their spiritual, physical and social needs. The Church needed to

-attend to temporal and spiritual needs caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Directions: Use your lecture notes to create flashcards for the following fentty

n. • f'<"

Evidence of sin during the Gilded Age

What is the Social Gospel Movement

Who was Charles Sheldon, what did he write and what did he say?

Who was Walter Rauschenbusch, what did he write, what did he say?

What charities did the Churches run in the inner cities?

What was the goal of charity for the churches?

What problem did some churches face?

What is the Salvation Army? How does the organization help the poor and needy?

What is the YMCA? How did it help the young men and women of the Gilded Age?

II. In addition to living and working conditions- sin abounded.

-When America was primarily rural, small communities led to more of a sense of community. -In large industrial cities loss of individuality. No longer create a finished product but work on an assembly line or such tightening a bolt..'. etc. -Get lost in crowds of people you don't know when out on the street -Many far from home searching for excitement and wealth in the big city, less watching eyes- justifies letting loose -problem with drinking, gambling and loose morals

Conclusion: ills of society needed to be addressed but whose job was it? Several responses

~. First response: The Moral Response:

A. Social Gospel Movement: Gilded Age Protestant Christian Movement placing an ", emphasis on the applicatiOn of Christian principles to society's problems.

1. The Movement would expand to include other faiths and secular ideas about how to make a society better that were not biblically based.

2. Exaniple of a Christian advocate of the Social Gospel Movement:ts Charles _Sheldon who wrote In His Steps in 1897. He said American society couldbe transf;nned for the better if people would base their private and public actions on the answer to a simple question: What Would Jesus Do?

3. Another example ofa Christian advocate of the Social Gospel Movement was ~ Walter Rauschenbusch whose Baptist Parish was in a slum neighborhood of New

York City called Hell's Kitchen. He wrote Christianity alld the Social Crisis in 1907. He posed the notion that sin should not be applied to individuals but also to whole societies. Just as a sinful person needed forgiveness from God so did a sinful nation. Therefore American society as a whole needed to fight sin.

B. The Church- operates under the biblical principle that the church is to provide aid to the poor.

1. Developed inner city i'elief charities. -soup kitchens -Sunday Schools -Schools -orphanages -salvation tracts

2. goal: take care of temporal needs as they witness and share the gospel to attend to spiritual needs