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Migration, Diaspora and Development in the Caribbean
Dr. Keith Nurse
Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas &
Canadian Foundation for the Americas
Zacatecas, Mexico
October 2004
Diaspora and Globalization
Globalization of labour – more restricted than previous era of globalization
Globalization of travel, communication, media & consumption style
Globalization of higher education Globalization from below – “globalization in
reverse” Deterritorialization of nation-states Proliferation of transnational communities,
networks & hybrid identities
The Global Migration Context The migratory flow of people from Developing
Countries is driven by two global imbalances: The widening socio-economic polarization (i.e. the
widening income gap) between and within the countries of
the North and the South. CULTURE OF EMIGRATION
Labour shortages and demographic polarization in terms of the relative ageing of the population of the North, the looming generational crisis.
REPLACEMENT & LABOUR MIGRATION
Diaspora & the New International Division of Labour
Labour importation is the flipside of the relocation of production (sectors not yet mechanized): Export-oriented manufacturing & services Export processing zones or Maquiladoras
Labour importation supplies sectors that are not able or yet ready to migrate: Agricultural jobs Personal, education & health services Science & technology, IT & technical skills
Remittances: Sending & Receiving Countries, 2002
Sending Countries US $28.4bn Saudi Arabia $15.1bn Germany $8.2bn Canada $5.2bn
Receiving Countries India $11.5bn Mexico $9.9bn Philippines $6.4bn Egypt $3.7bn Morocco $3.3bn
Financial Inflows to Developing Countries, 2002
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
FDI Debt Aid Remit
Financial Inflows
Remittances by Region, 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Total LAC Africa SSA
Region Shares
The Caribbean Diaspora, 1996
80%
3%
3%
4%
10%
USCanadaFranceNeth.UK
The Caribbean diaspora is located in North America and in former colonizer countries like UK, France and the Netherlands.
Includes foreign-born & persons with one or both parents of Caribbean origin.
Types of Caribbean Migrants
Settlers: kinship, family reunification, economic migrants
Contract workers: domestics, farm workers, sex workers
Seasonal workers: e.g. CSAWP Professionals: doctors, nurses, sports players,
entrepreneurs Asylum seekers and refugees Swallows
Remittances to the Caribbean, 2002
Country Remittances US$m
Barbados 84
Cuba 1138
Dominican Republic 2111
Guyana 119
Haiti 931
Jamaica 1288
Trinidad & Tobago 59
Total 5730
Migration & Development: The Balance Sheet
Positive Remittances - stable source
of FEX Vent for surplus population Skills transfer & brain gain Diasporic investments Diasporic exports Diasporic tourism Diasporic lobby Transnational networks (e.g.
HTAs) Regional & hemispheric
integration
Negative Unearned income a disincentive Brain drain Educational investment & taxes
foregone Family breakup & gender
imbalance Culture of emigration Mobile populations & HIV/AIDS Deportees & crime New mode of dependency &
vulnerability
Remittances & Other Financial Flows to the
Caribbean, 1996 and 2001 (US$bn)
Year Remittances FDI ODA
1996 2.4 0.7 0.7
2001 4.5 2.7 0.5
Remittances compared to other Inflows and Key Economic Sectors, 1999
Countries Remitt-ancesUS$m
Tourism%
Agro Exports
%
Total Exports
%
Dom.Rep 1747 69 290 34
Haiti 720 1241 5455 220
Jamaica 781 63 12 52
Caribbean Brain Drain, 1990
Countries Tertiary Educated share of Total Migrants
Migration Rates of Tertiary Educated
Dominican Republic 22.6 14.2
Jamaica 41.7 67.3
Trinidad & Tobago 46.7 57.2
Guyana 40.7 77.3
Global Poaching of Labour: The Case of Nurses from the Caribbean
Country Number of Nurse per 10,000 persons
United States of America
97.2
Jamaica 11.3
Nursing Vacancies in Jamaica, 2001
Job Type Level of Vacancies (%)
Registered Nurses 37
Public Health Nurses 28
Nurse Practitioners 17
Assistant Nurses 61
Diaspora & New Global Political Economy The growth of the Diasporic political economy
signals the emergence of a new post-national, post-industrial & post-development phase in the GPE:
Diasporic flows exceed traditional external flows, for example, FDI, ODA, Debt financing.
Remittances, barrel imports, diasporic tourism, exports & investment are the new drivers of the LAC economy.
Diasporic diplomacy emerging as new plank of international relations and international security in the post 9/11 era.
Global Migration Problematique The exodus of human capital is a function of
diminishing returns in Latin America & the Caribbean
Labour migration is a process of shifting cultivation
The labour migration problem is one of the devil take the hindmost Rural Urban Global Cities Low income Middle income High Income Haiti Dom. Rep. New York
Strategic Responses
Secure rights of migrants and expand negotiating power (e.g. ILO conventions)
Reduce transaction cost of remittances Encourage remitters and recipients to use
banking system and expand savings Establish bilateral arrangements to train
labour for export
Strategic Responses (cont’d)
Facilitate diasporic investments, exports, tourism
Lobby for reduced restrictions on the mobility of natural persons (WTO GATS mode 4)
Need for more participatory action research.
Goals of June 2004 Conference – Jamaican Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1. To strengthen the linkages among Jamaican communities overseas;
2. To create the platform for increased business contracts between Jamaicans at home and abroad;
3. To create a platform to comprehensively involve more overseas Jamaicans in the political, social and cultural life of Jamaica;
4. To elicit ideas from the Diaspora community for the formulation of public policy, and
5. To see the formulation of high-powered lobby groups in the US, Canada and the UK to assist Jamaica in international trade