Migration

What are the 3 Types of Movement?

• Cyclic Movement• Periodic Movement• Migration

What is Cyclic Movement?

• Journeys that begin at our home base and bring us back to it• Daily routines create Activity spaces- the space in which daily activities occur• The scale of activity space varies across society• The average North American covers a greater amount of territory than that of an

average African. Why?

Cyclic Movement

• Commuting- from home to work and home again, ranging from minutes to hours

• The average North American commuter travels a greater distance each day than the average Chinese villager does in a year.

• Ex: D. C. area people travel 100 miles each way on commuter trains and metro from surrounding suburbs or states

Cyclic Movement

• Seasonal Movement- moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions (Ex: farm workers following crop harvest or working in cities off-season, “snowbirds” moving to the southern United States during the winter)– Economic consequences; depopulates the north, but develops the tourist

centers in the south– Electoral consequences; permanent place of residence

• Nomadism- a form of survival, culture and tradition, they know territory well to find food, water and shelter; still seen in Africa and Asia

Nomadism

What is Periodic Movement?

• Movement that involves a longer period of time away from the home base

• Migrant labor- workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and often times become immigrants

• People who come to work in the farm fields of California and Florida

Periodic Movement

• Transhumance- a system or pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures.

• Ex: In Switzerland during the summer cattle is driven up the slopes to high fresh pastures, farm families follow the herds and live in cottages that are abandoned during the cold winter

Periodic Movement

• Military Service- 10 million U. S. citizens are moved to new location where they will spend tours of duty that can last several years

What is Migration?

• A type of relocation diffusion• The movement of people from one place to another for the

purpose of taking up permanent or semipermanent residence

Global Migration Patterns

What do you notice about the overall pattern of global migration?

International Migration/ Transnational Migration

• Movement across country borders• When a migrant leaves the home country, he’s classified as an emigrant of

the home country (EX: the pilgrims emigrated from England)• When the same migrant enters a country he’s classified as an immigrant in

the new country (EX: the pilgrims immigrated to America)

Internal Migration

• Migration that occurs within a single country’s borders; varies according to mobility of the population– EX: Early twentieth century African American families in the

U. S. moved from the South to industrialized cities in the Northeast and Midwest. Why?

Intervening Opportunity• The presence of a nearer opportunity that

greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away– This happened when African Americans migrated

north to seek work in growing cities like Chicago and Cleveland. Many found employment in St. Louis and Cincinnati, showing they encountered intervening opportunities along their northbound routes.

– How is this different than Intervening Obstacle?

Interregional vs. Intraregional Migration

• Interregional is movement from one region to another region, where intraregional is movement within one region.– Interregional- from rural

area to city– Intraregional- from city

to nearby suburbAverage annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

Interregional Migration in the US

Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.

Measuring Migration

Net Migration- the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants. - Net In- Migration- number is positive, immigrants exceeds emigrants - Net Out- Migration- number is negative, emigrants exceeds immigrants

Net Migration (per population)

• Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

Credits

• http://www.crmw.org/newsletter/CenterApril2009NewsletterGraphic.htm

• Rubenstein, J. M. An Introduction to Human Geography, The Cultural Landscape, 8th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2008

• De Blij, H. J, Erin Fouberg, and Alexander Murphy. Human Geography People, Place, and Culture 9th Edition. New Jersey: Wiley, 2009

• An Introduction to Human Geography, The Cultural Landscape, 8e, James M. Rubenstein