Midterm Study Guide 1

8/12/2019 Midterm Study Guide 1

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ANCIENT ITALY (500 B.C.)LatinsSabinesEtrusiansItaly is never a unity. Broken down into mountainranges.

ROMELocated at the mouth of the Tiber River because itwas at a natural crossroad and connects to the sea.There is a cluster made up of 7 hills around the river

LIVYLivy describes history with very low criticalstandards (written as literature)Livy wrote the book to celebrate to the best of myability the history of the greatest nation on earth Believed that the moral character of Romans is whatmade Romans great.

Not strictly factualIntended to give people a sense of high moralstandards to origins

AENEUSSon of VenusDefended his city against the GreeksClassic Roman devotion to familyIn another version of the legend, he visits the site ofTome and found the Latin peopleRepresents the future of Trojan people as Troy

becomes RomeDuring the fall of Troy, carries his father on his backas his father is carrying the statue of the god LarusCarrying his father while he carries the statue ofLarus shows how he represents the devotion to thecity as a whole and to the godsThe idea of pietas (the idea of devotion)

AENEUS AND ALBAAborigines and King Latinus: Romans were

descended from a blended peopleThe legend of Aeneas finding the Latin peoplesecures Lavinium to RomeAeneas reached Italy and fought war again TurnusHe did NOT found Rome, he found LAVINIUM, butthats where the people of Rome came from, whichlinks the royal house of Troy to the Roman Republic~~~~~~****the more you know****~~~~~~~

THE SEVEN KINGS1. Romulus2. Numa3. Tullus4. Ancus5. Tarquin the Elder6. Servius Tullius7. Tarquin the Proud

ROMULUS AND REMUSThe famous foundation story for RomeThe legend of the wolf

Numitors brother took away the throne from himand killed his sons but not his daughterHis daughter becomes pregnant with two sons fromMars (Romulus and Remus)even though she is invirgin prisonThe sons are put into the Tiber River and get washedup against the bank

A wolf finds them and feeds themLater, a shepherd finds them and grow upThey eventually learn their origin and return to Albato serve justiceThey established the city in the banks where theywashed up.April 21 st is celebrated as the birth of the cityTwins fought about who should be kind firstRemus gets killed by Romulus and within this action,

performs the first act of fratricide (the killing of a brother), Romes original sin (parallel to Cain andAbel)

ROMULUS: FOUNDER OF ROMAN STRENGTHRome started as a small community in the PalatineHill (walls were built around the hill)Foreigners are enemies as a normRomulus tried to start building respect for newfounded Rome by placing a symbol on Rome(symbols of imperium)

o The symbol is lictors carrying fasces (a bundle of whips and an axe)

o Symbols represent power to command, theextension of power of life and death

o Used fasces as physical punishmentRomulus supposedly establishes the first senate (thecouncil of elders)They held victories over the neighboring people

o Veiio Franceo Sabines

ROMULUS: RAPE OF SABINE WOMEN *note that the asylum was more of a sanctuary andslaves reached it to be freeRomulus established a religious festival so that localscould come from SabineThe the Romans busted in and abDUCTED THEIR

WOMEN???????Then the Sabines were like hell no were not gonnatake this sitting downSo they formed an army and attacked to get backtheir women cause wtfThen the perfect angelic women kept the crazy menfrom killing each otherPeace was established between the two leaders

because IF THE WORLD WAS RUN BY WOMENTHERE WOULD BE NO WARThe Sabines decide to stayThe theme of this story is about bringing outside

populations into Rome and blending of peopleTHE DEATH OF ROMULUS

A storm killed him or took him away The senate was telling army that Romulus was teknup to heaven by the storm (as a god)Quirinus is the divine nature of RomulusHe is used as a model for treating emporers asdivine/godsIn another version, he was killed limb from limb bythe senators and apotheosis a lie announced to agullible people

2 ND KING: NUMA, FOUNDER OF ROMAN RELIGIOSITYBelieved that civic order = respect for authority (akathe gods)


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Lucius decides that Tarquin was so tyrannical, he lawlow from him by being/acting stupid and mute

He turned into the butt of the jokes (someone to bully) Two sons are sent to the oracle of Delphi They ask Apollo which of them was going to be king Delphi said the first to kiss your mother in returning

will hold emporium in Rome They race to Italy and kiss their mother But they found that Brutus kissed the ground

(MOTHER EARTH, GAEA THAT UGLY DIRTYFACE) He holds emporium as the royal concil of Rome Brutus comes to hear Lucretia, pulls dagger out of

her body and takes an oath to never allow anotherKind in Rome.

They made Lucretias demand a political idea insteadof a personal revenge

That ends the end of the kings in Rome Brutus doesnt kill anyone. He doesnt go hard. Go

home man, go home. BUT he does become founder of the republic. He has

redeemed himself. A little.

END OF MONARCHY, BEGINNING OF THE REPUBLIC The expulsion of the tarquins happened in 509 BC Sextus is murdered, King Tarquin dies in exile,

Kings power is distributed among two new leadersthat hold equal power

Election takes place for the first pair of consuls Tarquin is replaced by Publius Brutus leads people to swear the oath of no kings

BRUTUS AND HIS SONS Conspiract to readmit Tarquin to Rome They try to get reinstated they start secfrets meetings with people who favored

monarchy

the emabassaders receive letter of conspiracy people Brutus two sons are part of it Brutus has to watch as two sons are tortured, then

beheaded even though he was Consul at the time Again, he placed the state over his family Point is Brutus is paid incredible cost for his

patriotismTHE INVASION OF PORSENNA

The order of the republic have to be stressed throughthe stories (human excellence is rewarded withfreedom, in tyranny, it is feared)

King Lars Etroscan, King of Clusium gathers army toreinstate the Tarquins

Horatius single handedly holds army back so peoplecan get through the bridge

He then tells them to cut the bridge while he is stillon it

He sacrifices himself for the republic (but he lives. Not as badass)

A roman aristocrat named Mucius Scaevola tries toassassinate the king.

Accidently kill s the scribe (the kings secretary) Throws an empty threat and then burns his right hand

off as a symbol of indifference to pain He then bore the name lefty

Porsena says she will leave them alone in trade ofhostages

Cloelia leads a breakout of the hostages at the Tiberand they swim back.

THE FIRST SECESSION OF THE PLEBS 494 BC Plebs are the common people of Rome (everyone but

the senators) When the Plebs become miserable, senators see it as

an opportunity to bring them down further Rome is still small and surrounded by enemies There is a triple invasion (Volscians, Sabines, and

Aequi) The Plebs were actually pleased with the

invasions????? Whaaa The Plebs are able to achieve the following through

the need for them as the invasions increase:o Stop to slavery (like debt slavery)

So people are like Im, soooooo down for that So they fight against invaders and they win, nbd But THEN the aristocrats remove temporary ban on

slavery

The Plebs revolt after the senate tries to force theminto military service as a distraction The Plebs secession goes all the way to the Sacred

Mount They insist on having their own representatives The idea that the government is nothing without its

people and vice versa is described through MeneiusAgrippa, the story of belly and limbs, where limbsrevolt against the belly until they realize they need itto (the importance of concord)

Micolo Machiavellio Supported the struggle between the Plebs

and the Senate of Rome because i t made

the Republic both free and powerful CORIOLANUS: PATRICIAN ARROGANCE He seeks to reverse results of secession (meanwhile

theres famine in Rome) by proposing time to turn ontribunes (they make up charge to bring him to trialand he is exiled to Vultians)

After his exile he goes TRAITER BACKSTABBERand joins their army and invades Rome as highlyrespected leader among the enemy people

People plead with the Senate to offer him his termsfor peace but he rejects them; nurses a person grudgewithout interest for the good of his own country

Finally he listens to his MOM

Negative exemplum Corilanus gives up invasion and returns to exile Nobody knows how this fucker died

LUCIUS QUINCTIUSN CINCINNATUS He was this great aristocrat Began with narrative w/ attack on himself The tribians are fighting to get laws written down Son Caeso leads resistance against Tribians Unjust condemnation of son Caeso Caeso is then framed for murder (462 461 BC) Huge bail to set up and he escapes punishment


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Reduced to being poor because of this and works in asmall farm

Cincinnatus sets expressive example Both sides were fighting dirty Cincinnatus stands in the middle of senate/ tribians

CINCINNATUS AS A CONSUL Capture of capital by sabine Moral authority castigates senate as well as tribunes

and refuses re-election

He was made dictator in 458BC to rescue Republiand steps up, doesnt nurse resentment towards stateand resign office as soon as accomplished goal

DICTATOR 485 BC Cincinnatus is summoned to take over command of

republics army He defeats Aequil and whips his army back into

shape Resigns office after 16 days

CAMILLUSTYRANNICIDE: MAELIUS AND AHALA

Back to Brutus oath, what happens to tyrants whoseek power in Rome?

Exempla: The Execution of Suprius Maelius Whatever Gaius Servilius Ahala


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o o neglet of the divine (Voice in New Street)o neglect of the divine (Voice in New Street)o neglect of justice (banishment of Camillus)o Roman-ness is defined by character and

actions, not bloodo LAST WARNING from the gods gets

ignored because the Voice in New Streetwas heard by a commoner and nobodylistened (social arrogance)

o neglect of divinely sanctioned law

BATTLE AT ALLIA

The battle enraged the Gauls, which attack Romansin revenge

Romans didn't take precautions Romans were thrashed by the Gauls because unlike

the Romans, the Gauls had their shit together andwere acting disciplined

Then the Romans get their shit together and startacting Roman again

Livy emphasizes recovery of good relations w/ Gaulsand having a better relationship with the gods

Therefore, Plebian Albinius helps Vestals save sacredobjects

Social division is overcome because Plebian is lowerclass

The Gouls try to sneak through an undefended cliff The sacred goose of Juno (the Warner) notices and

alerts Romans of sneak attack This represents the Romans getting divine favor back Manlius Capitolinus saves the day Finally the Senate appoints Camillus dictator even

though he's still in exile Results in Romans coming to terms with the Gauls;

agreement is made that Gauls will leave in exchangefor 1k pounds of gold. And more because the balanceis unbalanced by the sword

Ransom of Tome is interrupted by Camillus, whohalts the migration from Rome to Veii (theabandonment of Rome)

Romans want to move to Veii because Rome is indisaster

Camillus fighting this shows that Romans won'tabandon Tome's gods, which symbolizes Romanstaying Roman

If they abandon Rome, they abandon being Roman aswell

Do not "abandon all the gods of the state and thosewe worship privately"

Camillus is A HERO BECAUSE he has savedRomans from Gouls and their mission (stayingRoman)

DISCORD AND CONCORD

It's always tribunes + people/plebs VS the senate SPQR: Senatus Populus Que Romanus

The popular power are set in opposition of the Senate,which leads to divided government, which leads todiscord.

THE GREAT PROBLEM: How to forge concord

from discord:o EASY WAY: come together to fight against

an external enemyo HARD WAY: through political virtue and

effective leadership

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Midterm Study Guide 1