Middle East,Middle East,Southwest Asia and Southwest Asia and

AfricaAfrica

By: Farah, Kate, Elena, WinnieBy: Farah, Kate, Elena, Winnie

8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.PersiaPersia

P (Political)P (Political)Kingdoms of MesopotamiaKingdoms of Mesopotamia SumeriansSumerians

Ur, Erech, and Kish were major city-states of first major civilizationUr, Erech, and Kish were major city-states of first major civilization Government was controlled by priests, but war between city-states allowed shift of Government was controlled by priests, but war between city-states allowed shift of

power to commanderspower to commanders AkkadianAkkadian

Sargon of Akkad created the world’s first empire after conquering Sumerian city-Sargon of Akkad created the world’s first empire after conquering Sumerian city-statesstates

BabylonianBabylonian King Hammurabi of Babylon created Code of Hammurabi (justice, responsibility, and King Hammurabi of Babylon created Code of Hammurabi (justice, responsibility, and

fairnessfairness HittitesHittites

Became military superpower due to their use of iron weaponsBecame military superpower due to their use of iron weapons AssyriansAssyrians

Assyrians learned to use iron after Hitties and built an empire that swept through Assyrians learned to use iron after Hitties and built an empire that swept through Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

Highly disciplined, but cruel Highly disciplined, but cruel frequent uprisings by those that were conquered frequent uprisings by those that were conquered PersiansPersians

Major world force that stretched beyond Nile River valley in Egypt around the eastern Major world force that stretched beyond Nile River valley in Egypt around the eastern MediterraneanMediterranean

satraps (local leaders) ruled provincessatraps (local leaders) ruled provinces rule became centralized during Sassanid Dynastyrule became centralized during Sassanid Dynasty Sassanid Empire falls (classical empires at this time fall) and Islamic Empire risesSassanid Empire falls (classical empires at this time fall) and Islamic Empire rises

PhoeniciansPhoenicians Powerful naval city-statesPowerful naval city-states

E (Economic)E (Economic) SumeriansSumerians

Sumerian workers began to use bronze to create tools and weaponsSumerian workers began to use bronze to create tools and weapons LydiansLydians

Concept of coined money over the barter system (goods exchange)Concept of coined money over the barter system (goods exchange) PhoeniciansPhoenicians

Dominated trade in Mediterranean in 1790 B.C.E.Dominated trade in Mediterranean in 1790 B.C.E.

R (Religion)R (Religion) HebrewsHebrews

Monotheistic, unlike other civilizationsMonotheistic, unlike other civilizations JudaismJudaism First JewsFirst Jews

SumeriansSumerians Each city-state had its own god (polytheistic)Each city-state had its own god (polytheistic)

S (Social)S (Social) SumeriansSumerians

Cuneiform (helped record laws, treaties, and social and religious customs) Cuneiform (helped record laws, treaties, and social and religious customs) many civilizations adapted this (such as Akkadians and Phoenicians)many civilizations adapted this (such as Akkadians and Phoenicians)

12 month calendar and math system based on 60 (60°, 360°)12 month calendar and math system based on 60 (60°, 360°) PhoeniciansPhoenicians

Developed simple alphabet that used 22 lettersDeveloped simple alphabet that used 22 letters

I (Interaction)I (Interaction) canals and dikes were built due to unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates canals and dikes were built due to unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates

RiverRiver Babylon fell to invasions of HittitesBabylon fell to invasions of Hittites Assyrians took over the entire Fertile Crescent, but was defeated by the Medes and Assyrians took over the entire Fertile Crescent, but was defeated by the Medes and

ChaldeansChaldeans Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar, rebuilt Babylon as a place of architecture and cultureChaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar, rebuilt Babylon as a place of architecture and culture PersiansPersians

Persian Wars united Greek city-states against Persia Persian Wars united Greek city-states against Persia war ended in stalemate war ended in stalemate Cyrus of Achaemenid Empire was responsible for most of the empire’s expansionCyrus of Achaemenid Empire was responsible for most of the empire’s expansion Macedonian Greeks overthrow AchaemenidsMacedonian Greeks overthrow Achaemenids

A (Arts/Architecture)A (Arts/Architecture) SumeriansSumerians

Architectural development such as arches and columnsArchitectural development such as arches and columns Ziggurats (pyramid-type temples that worshipped their gods)Ziggurats (pyramid-type temples that worshipped their gods) Introduction of wheel was a major development that reduced travel timeIntroduction of wheel was a major development that reduced travel time

PersiansPersians Great Royal Road (longest road used for transportation and communication)Great Royal Road (longest road used for transportation and communication)

Change and ContinuityChange and Continuity Conquering civilizations adopted and adapted the customs and technologies of those Conquering civilizations adopted and adapted the customs and technologies of those

that were defeated (ex: Hitties and Assyrians)that were defeated (ex: Hitties and Assyrians)

600 C.E. - 1450600 C.E. - 1450PersiaPersia

P (Political)P (Political) 632: Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph632: Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph Umayyad dynasty from 661-750Umayyad dynasty from 661-750 Abbasid Dynasty from 750-1258Abbasid Dynasty from 750-1258

762 - establishment of capital at Baghdad762 - establishment of capital at Baghdad Abbasid political unity starts to diminish due to geographical overextensionAbbasid political unity starts to diminish due to geographical overextension

Umayyads of al Andalus (Spain) from 756 to 976Umayyads of al Andalus (Spain) from 756 to 976 Fatimid Dynasty from 909-1171Fatimid Dynasty from 909-1171 Ottoman Turks rise to power (1300s and 1400s)Ottoman Turks rise to power (1300s and 1400s)

experience a series of rebellions that lead to declineexperience a series of rebellions that lead to decline

E (Economic)E (Economic) Trade routes such as the Silk Roads which transported spices and goods Trade routes such as the Silk Roads which transported spices and goods

also information to build upon their societiesalso information to build upon their societies Abbasids establish a single currency (dinar)Abbasids establish a single currency (dinar)

R (Religion)R (Religion) Caliphs who were successors or deputies who ruled by using the Caliphs who were successors or deputies who ruled by using the

Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions to guide themQur’an and Muhammad’s actions to guide them Qur’an and Sunna were the sources of authority and the guide to Qur’an and Sunna were the sources of authority and the guide to

daily lifedaily life The Five Pillars of Islam which are the religious dutiesThe Five Pillars of Islam which are the religious duties Sunni- Shi’a SplitSunni- Shi’a Split The Shi’a was the party of Ali who resisted the rule of the The Shi’a was the party of Ali who resisted the rule of the

Umayyad’s and the Sunni were the followers of Muhammad’s Umayyad’s and the Sunni were the followers of Muhammad’s exampleexample

jizya (tax) is enforced on Christians and Muslimsjizya (tax) is enforced on Christians and Muslims

S (Social)S (Social) Arabic becomes the official anguage during the Umayyad Arabic becomes the official anguage during the Umayyad

Caliphate.Caliphate.

1450 - 17501450 - 1750PersiaPersia

P (Political)P (Political) Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Osman Bey united groups of semi nomadic Turkish people (later Osman Bey united groups of semi nomadic Turkish people (later known as the Ottomans)known as the Ottomans)

Osman and his men aimed to be “ghazi” (holy warriors)Osman and his men aimed to be “ghazi” (holy warriors) employed elite troops: employed elite troops: JanissariesJanissaries Ottomans became a formidable naval power as they fought against the Ottomans became a formidable naval power as they fought against the

navies of the Christian statesnavies of the Christian states most aggressive enemy was another Muslim state, the Safavid Empiremost aggressive enemy was another Muslim state, the Safavid Empire

The Safavid EmpireThe Safavid Empire Established by shah IsmailEstablished by shah Ismail rulers of both empires had complete control over the army and were rulers of both empires had complete control over the army and were

able to appoint or dismiss any officials they wantable to appoint or dismiss any officials they want

E (Economic)E (Economic) Ottoman used new military technology such as gunpowderOttoman used new military technology such as gunpowder Columbian Exchange which brought new and exotic foods to the Columbian Exchange which brought new and exotic foods to the

plates of the Ottomans and the Safavids (ex: potatoes and plates of the Ottomans and the Safavids (ex: potatoes and tomatoes)tomatoes)

R (Religion)R (Religion) Ottoman Empire had large amounts of Christians and Jews. The Ottoman Empire had large amounts of Christians and Jews. The

Safavids had sizeable communities of Zoroastrian and Jewish Safavids had sizeable communities of Zoroastrian and Jewish communitiescommunities

To deal with these subjects, the Ottomans and the Safavids didn’t To deal with these subjects, the Ottomans and the Safavids didn’t require these people to convert to Islam, but instead referred to require these people to convert to Islam, but instead referred to them as dhimmi or protected people.them as dhimmi or protected people.

These people had to pay a special tax called jizya and were These people had to pay a special tax called jizya and were allowed a large amount of autonomyallowed a large amount of autonomy

I (Interactions)I (Interactions) 1453: capture of Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire was the 1453: capture of Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire was the

beginning of Ottoman Empire with Constantinople as the capital beginning of Ottoman Empire with Constantinople as the capital of the new empireof the new empire

Ottoman Empire with their advanced gunpowder weapons were Ottoman Empire with their advanced gunpowder weapons were able to overrun the Safavid Empire’s cavalry force, but lacked the able to overrun the Safavid Empire’s cavalry force, but lacked the forces to occupy all of the Safavid Empire, enabling the shahs to forces to occupy all of the Safavid Empire, enabling the shahs to regain power.regain power.

1750 - 19141750 - 1914PersiaPersia

P (Political)P (Political) Ottoman Empire (Military Decline)Ottoman Empire (Military Decline)

After the death of Suleiman I (1566) a series of weak sultans and After the death of Suleiman I (1566) a series of weak sultans and problems aroseproblems arose

Division of party in factions, corruption of government, inflation, Division of party in factions, corruption of government, inflation, foreign threat, and rebellionsforeign threat, and rebellions

Janissaries (military troops) were corrupted and undisciplinedJanissaries (military troops) were corrupted and undisciplined Provincial governors gained power Provincial governors gained power private armies private armies

E (Economic)E (Economic) By the 1700s the armies of the Ottoman Empire were behind Europe in By the 1700s the armies of the Ottoman Empire were behind Europe in

both strength and technologyboth strength and technology Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean

basinbasin European imports put pressure on Ottoman artisans because the items European imports put pressure on Ottoman artisans because the items

were inexpensive were inexpensive led to riots led to riots Ottomans depended on foreign loansOttomans depended on foreign loans Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882 Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882

extraterritoriality-extraterritoriality-right to rule according to their own lawsright to rule according to their own laws Suez Canal – linked Europe and its empires in Asia and East Africa to Suez Canal – linked Europe and its empires in Asia and East Africa to

increase trade.increase trade.

R (Religion)R (Religion) By 1700s Muslims began to persecute HindusBy 1700s Muslims began to persecute Hindus

S (Social)S (Social) government used the French legal system as a guide to form its government used the French legal system as a guide to form its

own lawsown laws Legal and educational reforms of the Tanzimat Era Legal and educational reforms of the Tanzimat Era

("reorganization") (1839-1876)("reorganization") (1839-1876) Young turks - a group of exiled Ottoman subjects that pushed for Young turks - a group of exiled Ottoman subjects that pushed for

equality before the law, universal suffrage, and the rights of equality before the law, universal suffrage, and the rights of womenwomen

I (Interaction)I (Interaction) Greece (1830) and Serbia (1867) broke away from Greece (1830) and Serbia (1867) broke away from

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire 1908 – Young Turks led a coup that overthrew the sultan and set 1908 – Young Turks led a coup that overthrew the sultan and set

up a sultan that they themselves controlledup a sultan that they themselves controlled

1914 - Present1914 - Present Southwest Asia:Southwest Asia:

Nations of this region had a rise in nationalismNations of this region had a rise in nationalism 1922-Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists to overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan1922-Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists to overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan

1923 Kemal became the president of the New Republic of Turkey, which was the first 1923 Kemal became the president of the New Republic of Turkey, which was the first republic in Southwest Asia. Many reforms were made by Kemal: Separation of Church republic in Southwest Asia. Many reforms were made by Kemal: Separation of Church and State; Legal system based on European Law; Woman gained freedom along with and State; Legal system based on European Law; Woman gained freedom along with the right to vote and holding public office positions.the right to vote and holding public office positions.

Persia:Persia: Britain tried to take over Persia, which led to Persian nationalism. A army Britain tried to take over Persia, which led to Persian nationalism. A army officer seized power in 1921, and in 1925 got rid of the Shah. Reza Shah Pahlavi, officer seized power in 1921, and in 1925 got rid of the Shah. Reza Shah Pahlavi, Persia’s new leader, wanted to modernize them. He created public schools, public Persia’s new leader, wanted to modernize them. He created public schools, public roads and railroads, promoted industrialization and extended women’s rights. roads and railroads, promoted industrialization and extended women’s rights. Although, he kept all the power to himself, and changed Persia to Iran in 1935.Although, he kept all the power to himself, and changed Persia to Iran in 1935.

Saudi Arabia:Saudi Arabia: 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, made a campaign to unify Arabia. 1932, 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, made a campaign to unify Arabia. 1932, he renamed the kingdom Saudi Arabia for his family. He carried Arab and Islamic he renamed the kingdom Saudi Arabia for his family. He carried Arab and Islamic ways and the loyalty to the government was based on custom, religion and family ties. ways and the loyalty to the government was based on custom, religion and family ties. Alcohol was considered illegal. He also brought modern technology such as Alcohol was considered illegal. He also brought modern technology such as telephones and radios to his country. This was only limited to religiously acceptable telephones and radios to his country. This was only limited to religiously acceptable areas.areas.

Oil Resources: Oil Resources: Rising need for petroleum brought industrialization. In the 1920’s and Rising need for petroleum brought industrialization. In the 1920’s and 30’s European and American countries found oil in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and 30’s European and American countries found oil in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Foreign businesses invested money to create oil fields. Persian Gulf has 2/3 Kuwait. Foreign businesses invested money to create oil fields. Persian Gulf has 2/3 of the world’s oil supply. Oil brought vast profits, but along with it imperialism by of the world’s oil supply. Oil brought vast profits, but along with it imperialism by western nations were also brought.western nations were also brought.

North Africa:North Africa: During WWII, Mussolini wanted control of Egypt. It would allow for the takeover of During WWII, Mussolini wanted control of Egypt. It would allow for the takeover of

Egypt’s Suez Canal which was key to getting into the oil fields of Middle East. In Egypt’s Suez Canal which was key to getting into the oil fields of Middle East. In February of 1941, British swept 500 miles across North Africa and Italy lost. Then February of 1941, British swept 500 miles across North Africa and Italy lost. Then General Rommel was sent to command the new tanks called “Afrika Korps”, so he General Rommel was sent to command the new tanks called “Afrika Korps”, so he could take over Egypt and the Suez Canal. After fierce fighting, on November 3 could take over Egypt and the Suez Canal. After fierce fighting, on November 3 Rommel was defeated. Rommel was defeated.

Middle EastMiddle East Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi welcomed Western government and their oil Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi welcomed Western government and their oil

companies. Iranian nationalists disliked this and under Prime Minister Muhammad companies. Iranian nationalists disliked this and under Prime Minister Muhammad Mossaddeq they took control over the British oil company and in 1953, the shah was Mossaddeq they took control over the British oil company and in 1953, the shah was forced to flee. U.S. arrested Mossaddeq because they thought he would turn to forced to flee. U.S. arrested Mossaddeq because they thought he would turn to Soviets for support, resulting in the shah returning to power. End of 1950’s Tehran, Soviets for support, resulting in the shah returning to power. End of 1950’s Tehran, Iran’s capital was westernized with skyscrapers banks and modern factories. Iran’s capital was westernized with skyscrapers banks and modern factories. Conservative Muslim leaders such as Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini wanted a republic Conservative Muslim leaders such as Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini wanted a republic ruled by Islamic law, so in late 1978 riots occurred in major Iran cities. 1979(January) ruled by Islamic law, so in late 1978 riots occurred in major Iran cities. 1979(January) Khomeini came back from exile and created anti U.S. policies. Iran and Iraq’s tensions Khomeini came back from exile and created anti U.S. policies. Iran and Iraq’s tensions worsened and war broke out between then in 1980. 1988 U.N. ceasefire stopped the worsened and war broke out between then in 1980. 1988 U.N. ceasefire stopped the bloodshed after millions died.bloodshed after millions died.

OPEC:OPEC: 1970’s Arab-Israeli conflict had used oil as a political force. 1970’s Arab-Israeli conflict had used oil as a political force.