Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Essential Questions

•Describe the effects of the Crusades.

•What impact did Feudalism have on Europe?

•What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death?

No Baths for 1000 years

a disease that wipes out Europe

survival of the fittest

The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500

The Medieval Period

Rise of the Middle Ages

Decline of the Roman Empire

Western Europe

Justinian and the Byzantine Empire •Strong Central Government•Strong, well-trained military with advanced technology.•Justinian the Emperor of the Byzantines codified the laws. •Constantinople was the new capital of the Byzantine Empire•Gradually weakened by constant battles with Persia

 

Split in the Catholic Church • In the West, the Pope was the

head of the Church• In the East, the Emperor of

Constantinople was the most powerful church leader.

• Byzantines differed from the Western Christian Church on issues of religious practices.– West

• services in Latin• doesn’t believe in Icons

– East• services in local languages• Believe in Icons

• Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Ottoman Empire • After Justinian died,

the Empire was threatened by outside powers including the Seljuk Turks (the Ottomans)

• By the 1300’s the Ottomans had, captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire.

•The Ottoman’s Muslim beliefs were later challenged by the Crusades.

What were the Dark Ages?

After the decline of the Roman Empire:

Barbarian tribes ruled Europe– Art and Learning declined

•St. Patrick ( Ireland) adopted Christianity– He had Monasteries built that became centers for

learning and culture.– People came from all over to study at these monasteries– Monasteries began to pop up all over Europe.

The ClergyReligious officials had different ranks within the church structure

Vikings Attack

invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again.

• Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen

• From Scandinavia

• Worshipped warlike gods

Feudalism

Think of a chess set

Relationship Between Lords and Vassals

Lord – The person in charge of the landVassal- provided military service to the

Lord in return for land.The relationship between lords and vassals

made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system

Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord

All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.

CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER

CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER

LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)

LABOR PROTECTION

SERFS

CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER

LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)

LABOR PROTECTION

LORDS

SERFS

LAND ANDPROTECTION

LOYALTY ANDMILITARY SERVICE

CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER

LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)

LABOR PROTECTION

LORDS

KING

SERFS

LAND ANDPROTECTION

LANDLOYALTY ANDSERVICE

LOYALTY ANDMILITARY SERVICE

Workers on the Manor ( Fiefdom)• There were peasant workers on the

manor• Serfs – workers bound to the land by

contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they where the noble’s property.)

FeudalismManors

The lords estate –

The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland and protection

Serfs tended the lands, cared for the animals, maintained the estate

FeudalismManorsPeasants rarely

traveled more than 25 miles from the manor

Was home to 15 – 30 families

Self-Sufficient community

Peasants heavily taxed, including a

tithe – a church tax of 1/10 their income

Fief

land in exchange for service

Same thing was happening in Japan

• A war between two clans lead to a clear leader, Yoritomo, became the first Shogun.– supreme general of the Emperors Army.

• Surrounded himself with Samurai (one who serves).

• Each warrior lived by a code called “Bushido”

• After different losses, the Shogun lost money.

• Individual samurai chose to support their local lords for land in return for service…Feudalism.

Feudal Japan

Emperor

Shogun

Samurai

Ronin

Peasant

Merchant

Religious leader with no real power

Noble in the warrior class and the leader of the Military

Members of the warrior class and loyal to the Shoguns

paid soldiers whose loyalty was with the leader they defended at the time.

Farmers and fishermen made up 90% of the population

sold goods and produce made by others. They produced nothing of value

A violent society

Noble’s constantly fought each other

Defend estates

Seize new territories

Increased wealth

Kept Europe fragmented

Glorification of warriors, became superstars

The Age of Chivalry

The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army

Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle

Rewarded with land

Devoted lives to war

The Age of Chivalry

Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters

1. His feudal Lord

2. His Heavenly Lord

3. His Queen

Meant to protect the weak and the poor

Be loyal, brave, and courteous

Is Chivalry around today?

The Age of Chivalry

Sons of nobles began training at an early age for knighthood

Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord to be trained

Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a knight

Knight- at 21 they become a knight and gain experience in local wars and tournaments

The Age of Chivalry

Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and combat training

Fierce and bloody competitions

Castles and Keeps

Stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers

Home to lord and lady, their family, knights solders, and servants

A fortress of defense

Castles and Keeps

Crusades•military expeditions by the Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims

Consequences:– the Holy Land remained in

Muslim control– religious intolerance– trade increased– decrease in Popes power– increase in Kings power

Magna Carta• document signed

by King John of England in 1215

• 1st document to limit the power of a king in Medieval Europe

• guaranteed certain rights to citizens

major developments of the Late Middle Ages

The Hundred Years War• Fought between the French and English for the

French throne

• Massively destructive

• Gun powder and heavy artillery

• Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change the Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change the course of the warcourse of the war

• France is victorious over England

Famines • Population doubled

• Climate became colder and rainier

• Harvests shrank

• Moved back to the city

The Black The Black DeathDeath

1347 - 13511347 - 1351

Plague

• Biotic- disease spread by fleas and rats (living organisms)• also called the Black Plague or Bubonic Plague• killed 1/3 of Europe’s population• helped bring about the end of feudalism:–workers were in higher demand and sought more

freedom –more people moved to cities

The CulpritsThe Culprits

The SymptomsThe Symptoms

Bulbous

Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality

rate.

From the From the Toggenburg BibleToggenburg Bible, , 14111411

Lancing a BuboeLancing a Buboe

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

Bring out your dead!

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

A Doctor’s Robe

“Leeching”

The Mortality Rate

35% - 70%

25,000,000 dead !!!