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8/3/2019 Microprocessor and Interfacing Lecture 1
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40% = Course Work:include:
Assignments , Test , Attendance and termpaper
20% = Mid Term Exam. 40% = Final Exam.
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Microprocessor have changed virtually everyfacet of our daily lives. They can be found inoffice, industrial and personal computers.
And it found in modern communicationsequipment and aerospace industry. Even thecar you drive may have on-boardmicroprocessors to monitor and control some
of the engine and barking functions.
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In the First generation the Basic arithmetic operations
were performed in a few milliseconds using vacuum
Tube technology to implement logic functions.
In the second generation the transistor was invented at
AT&T Bell Laboratories in the late 1940s. Magnetic
core memories and High-Level language such as
Fortran were used in this generation.
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In the Third Generation the ability to fabricate manytransistors on a single silicon chip, called Integrated Circuit
(IC) technology. Cash memories were developed in thisGeneration.
In the Fourth Generation a Complete processors and largesections of the main memory of small computers could be
implemented on single chips. Tens of thousands of transistorscould be placed on a single chip, and the name Very largeScale Integration (VLSI) was coined to describe thistechnology.
VLSI technology allowed a complete processor to befabricated on a single chip; this became known as amicroprocessor.
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It impacts every other aspect of electricalengineering and computer science.
Microprocessors Effect in ALL ModernDevices.
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processoris the portion of a computer system that carries out the
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary
element carrying out the computer's functions.
This term has been in use in the computer industry at
least since the early 1960s. The form, design and
implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically
since the earliest examples, but their fundamental
operation remains much the same.
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Is a computer element that contains the control unit ,arithmetic and logic functions also called CPU centralprocessing unit .
Microprocessor, or central processing unit CPU (Heart of
micro.)is a digital integrated circuit that can performarithmetic logic functions and transfer information to andfrom external devices. The following block diagram showsa typical microprocessor.
The support devices that are usually found in amicroprocessor circuit include other digital integratedcircuit (ICs) for memory and input/output (I/O) functions.
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(1) It controls and coordinates the activities of the other parts ofthe computer and of its own component parts. This control
function is performed by circuits which send out sequences
of control signals that cause the various components of the
computer to act at the correct times.
(2) It processes information that it contains or that is sent to it by
the other units. This processing function is carried out by
circuits capable of performing arithmetic and logical
operations on data contained within the CPU.
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Memory (ICs) are storage devices that contain
information in binary form. Some of information is in
the form of programs, or sets of instructions, for the
CPU to execute.
The CPU also uses part of the memory to store system
information and calculation results
I/O devices allow the CPU to communicate with the
outside world, the CPU in your computer uses an input
device to read your commands from the keyboard ,and
an output device to send text and graphics information toscreen .
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Communication between CPU and Memory and I/O
devices occurs on groups of connecting lines that
are called buses.
The binary information travels back and forward to
the Data bus.
The CPU uses the address bus to pinpoint the exact
location to which or from which the data is
transferred. The size of the buses (number ofconnecting lines)is a measure of the CPUs
processing power
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Microprocessor External layout
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The first Micro. had a 4-bit data bus. In an output
operation, for example a 4-bit CPU could only send a
number in range of 0-16 (2).
4-bit quickly develop into an 8-bit version , which
could send a number as high as(2)=256 in one
operation.
The next generation developed 16-bit data bus then 32-
bit microprocessor .
Later will talk in details about microprocessor Families .
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Instruction set
Instructions include:
Arithmetic such as ADD and SUBTRACT
Logic instructions such as AND, OR, and NOT
Data instructions such as MOVE, INPUT, OUTPUT,LOAD, and STORE
Control flow instructions such as GOTO, IF ... GOTO,CALL, and RETURN.
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An instruction set, or instruction set architecture
(ISA), is the part of the computer architecture related
to programming, including the native data types,
instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory
architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and
external I/O.
An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes
(machine language), the native commands
implemented by a particular processor.
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Thank you
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Mention some of the microprocessor
families.E.g. Intel, Atmel, AMD
Deadline Tuesday 2/3/2010
HAND WRITTEN
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