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1
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Microgrids: A Rare Paradigm Shift in Electricity Generation and Delivery
presentation at
Hachinohe Energy Forum
Hachinohe Grand Hotel, Amori Prefecture, Japan
17 November 2005
by
Chris Marnay
research supported by the U.S. Dept of Energy and the California Energy Commission)
der.lbl.gov - [email protected]
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Outline
1. What are Microgrids?
2. Why do we Need Microgrids?
3. The CERTS Microgrid
4. Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
History of U.S. Electricity Sector
phases of centralization
1. isolated developments (pre 1900)
2. consolidation and monopolization (1900-1933)
3. fossilization and total centralization (1933-1980)
phases of decentralization
1. independent investment (avoided cost) (1980-1995)
2. wholesale (and some retail) competition (1995- )
3. decentralization and full competition? (2000- )
(What is the role of microgrids?)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Microgrid: A Definition
A controlled grouping of energy (including electricity) sources and sinks that is connected to the macrogrid but can function independently of it.
Two Main Benefits to Developers of Microgrids:• improve efficiency by combined heat and power (CHP)• provide heterogeneous power quality and reliability (PQR)
There are other potential societal benefits, e.g.• protect vital public services• offer a place for small-scale renewables
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Fort Bragg Army Base, North Carolina
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Fort Bragg Army Base, North Carolina
KEY MICROGRID FEATURE IS
LOCAL CONTROL
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Development ofDenmark’s Power System (1980-2000)
source: Eltra (grid operator of western Denmark)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
2. Why do we need Microgrids?
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Why Do We Need Microgrids?• restrictions on power system expansion• centralized power system planning• volatile bulk power markets• insecure system• multiple infrastructure interdependencies• limited qualities of power
• push efficiency limits (use CHP to lower carbon)• heterogeneous power quality and reliability (PQR)
(deliver gourmet power to demanding end uses)• robust decentralized system• other external benefits (protect vital services)
negatives of the M
acrogridpositives of M
icrogrids
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
What Does Power Quality and Reliability Really Cost?
lowest in w
orld today→
U.S. today
→perfection
→
cost of unreliability→
total cost of reliability
→
possible effect of DER
cost of reliability→
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
An PQR Pyramid• Loads are often broken
down by time and endusebut not by PQR requirements.
• The most demanding PQR requirements are not met.
• Highly sensitive loads are small and they could be smaller.
• Local supply could tailor PQR to the needs of the enduse.
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
3. The CERTS Microgrid
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
The CERTS Microgrid is ...
• controlled by “customers” based on internal requirements subject to the technical, economic, and regulatory opportunities and constraints faced.
• designed and operated to jointly provide heat and power and heterogeneous power quality and reliability.
• a cluster of small (e.g. < 500 kW) sources, storage systems, and loads which presents itself to the grid as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a good citizen.
• interconnected with the familiar wider power system, or macrogrid, but can island from it.
• controlled by local intelligent inverter like power electronic devices.
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Example CERTS Microgrid
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
CEC SupportedActivity
1999 2000 2002 2003 2006 2010
DOE SupportedActivity
A proven, mature Microgrid approach
allows high penetration of DG sources by
providing a resilient platform for plug and play operation of heat and power sources.
Prior Program Activity
Current Program Activity
CERTS Microgrid Research
2001 2004 2005
Fundamental Microgrid Concept Defined
CEC Microgrid Workshop
Survey of DERTest Facilities
Microgrid Protection Issues Paper
Customer Adoption Model
UWM Droop Control Theory
Microsource ModContract
MicrogridTestbed Operational
Develop mGRID Software
Beta Test mGRID Software
Initial Mtgs. W/CEC to Share Microgrid ConceptsInitial Microgrid Testbed Testing Complete
Jointly Funded Field Demo
Testbed Design/RFP Development
Microturbine Testing by SCE/UCI
Possible Integration of Customerand Power Flow Models
Standard Power Electronics Interface
Future Program Activity
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
4. Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model
(DER-CAM)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
DER-CAM Solves Systemically
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Redlands, California
San Bernardino USPS, Redlands CA
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
San Bernardino USPS, Redlands, CA
32,000 m2 single-story facility
equipment runs mostly in evening and night
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Meeting Absorption Chiller and Electric Loads
0
500
1000
1500solarDG
absorption chiller thermal load
$500/kWhigh temp. July
US$150/kW low temp. Jan
elec
tric
pow
er (k
W)
0
500
1000
1500
1 5 9 13 17 21hour
solarDG
ther
mal
pow
er (k
W)
0
500
1000
1500
NG-fired DGpurchase
offset by abs.
0
500
1000
1500
1 5 9 13 17 21hour
offset by abs. chiller
purchased
NG-fired DG
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Carbon Constraint Results• high temp. collectors provide carbon
savings at lower control cost than low temp. collectors
• for low carbon reductions PV is…– more economic than high temp. collectors– competitive with low temp. collectors
• solar thermal is still valuable because of storage which offsets evening cooling loads
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
DER Equipment Installation Under Carbon Constraint (130 g/kWh)
low temp. collector high temp. collector
01234567
600 800 1000 1200carbon emissions (t/a)
inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty (M
W)
solar collector PV NG-fired DG
01234567
600 800 1000 1200carbon emissions (t/a)
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Conclusion
• expansion of electricity supply is constrained in may ways
• microgrids are a way to increase efficiency and lower carbon
• by providing heterogeneous power quality needs of a digital society can be met at reasonable cost
• the CERTS microgrid is a specific concept
• DER-CAM solves energy systems endogenously
• DER-CAM results provide - valuable starting point for building analysis - or can be generalized to produce higher level estimates of DER adoption