ALIRAN ENERGI PADA PROSES ALIRAN ENERGI PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN PANGANPENGOLAHAN PANGAN

A Flowchart of the Wet Method Processing A Flowchart of the Wet Method Processing of Arabica Coffeeof Arabica Coffee

Coffee cherries

ReceivingReceiving

Sorting

Fermentation

Washing

Draining

ArtificialDrying

TemperingTempering

Hulling

Sorting

QC & QAQC & QA

PackingSun Drying

STARTSTART

PRINSIP DASAR PENGOLAHAN TEHPRINSIP DASAR PENGOLAHAN TEH

PUCUK DAUN TEH

PEM

BER

SIH

AN

&

SO

RTA

SI

STEAMING

PELAYUANPARSIAL

PELAYUAN (WITHERING)

PELAYUAN (WITHERING)

WHITE TEA

STEAMINGROLLING

& SHAPING

DRYING

DRYING

GREEN TEA

ROLLING FERMENTASIPARSIAL DRYING

PANFRYING

OOLONGTEA

ROLLING FERMENTASIPENUH DRYING

BLACKBLACKTEATEA

GREEN TEAOOLONG

TEABLACK TEA

DRYINGPENAMBAHAN AROMA BUNGA

OR BUAH2ANCOOLING TEH

AROMA

PROCESS FLOW FOR VIRGIN COCONUT OIL PROCESS FLOW FOR VIRGIN COCONUT OIL PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

COCONUT

COCONUT WATER

COCONUT MEAT

COCONUT MILK

EXTRACTOR

COCONUT RESIDUE “sapal”

ENZYME TREATMENT

PUMP

GRATED COCONUT

MEAT

COCONUT PROTEIN

AQUEOUS LAYER “water”

“Virgin” COCONUT OIL

BOTTLING

CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR

PACKAGING* QUALITY CONTROL

*

COCONUT MILK

COCONUT

GRATER

TujuanTujuan

Mengetahui rasio energi Mengetahui rasio energi output doutput dr r produk yang produk yang dihasilkadihasilkan n dengandengan

energi input proses energi input proses pengolahanpengolahan

Energy Inputs for Processing Various Products Energy Inputs for Processing Various Products ProductProduct kcal/kgkcal/kg

Beet sugar (assumes 17% sugar in beets)Beet sugar (assumes 17% sugar in beets) 5,6605,660

Cane sugar (assumes 20% sugar in cane)Cane sugar (assumes 20% sugar in cane) 3,3803,380

Fruit and vegetables (canned)Fruit and vegetables (canned) 575575

Fruit and vegetables (frozen)Fruit and vegetables (frozen) 1,8151,815

Flour (includes blending of flour)Flour (includes blending of flour) 484484

Baked goodsBaked goods 1,4851,485

Breakfast cerealsBreakfast cereals 15,67515,675

MeatMeat 1,2061,206

MilkMilk 354354

Dehydrated foods (freeze-dried)Dehydrated foods (freeze-dried) 3,5423,542

Fish (frozen)Fish (frozen) 1,8151,815

Ice creamIce cream 880880

ChocolateChocolate 18,59118,591

Instant coffeeInstant coffee 18,94818,948

Soft drinks (per liter)Soft drinks (per liter) 1,4251,425

ProsedurProsedurGambar diagram alir proses pengolahan pangan Gambar diagram alir proses pengolahan pangan secara lengkap & jelas berdasarkan unit operasi & secara lengkap & jelas berdasarkan unit operasi & kegiatan yang dilibatkan.kegiatan yang dilibatkan.Tentukan berbagai alternatif sistem yang Tentukan berbagai alternatif sistem yang digunakan dalam setiap unit operasi & kegiatan. digunakan dalam setiap unit operasi & kegiatan. (manual, mekanis, semi mekanis dll.)(manual, mekanis, semi mekanis dll.)Tentukan masing-masing jenis masukan untuk Tentukan masing-masing jenis masukan untuk setiap alternatif sistem tersebut.setiap alternatif sistem tersebut.Hitung besar energi yang digunakan masingHitung besar energi yang digunakan masing22 jenis jenis masukan tersebutmasukan tersebutKategorikan jumlah energi input yg digunakan Kategorikan jumlah energi input yg digunakan berdasarkan tiap unit operasi atau secara total.berdasarkan tiap unit operasi atau secara total.Tentukan besar energi setara produk yg dihasilkan Tentukan besar energi setara produk yg dihasilkan dan tentukan dan tentukan energi raenergi rattioio proses pengolahan proses pengolahan pangan tersebut pangan tersebut

EEnergi nergi RRaattio (ER)io (ER)

input energi Totalproduk setara energi TotalER

Jenis Masukan EnergiJenis Masukan Energi

Tenaga manusiaTenaga manusiaBahan bakar minyakBahan bakar minyakTenaga hewanTenaga hewanEmbodied energyEmbodied energy

Energi biologis (MJ/ton)Energi biologis (MJ/ton)

Ebs = HOK’ x JK x Cb x Rd

HOK’=HOK’= hari orang kerja per ton hasil (hr/ton)hari orang kerja per ton hasil (hr/ton)JJKK = = jam kerja per hari (jam/hr)jam kerja per hari (jam/hr)

Cb = Cb = Nilai unit energi biologis (MJ/jam)Nilai unit energi biologis (MJ/jam)RRdd = = Rendemen hasil kegiatan yang berlangsung Rendemen hasil kegiatan yang berlangsung

(%)(%)

Energi langsung Energi langsung (MJ/ton)(MJ/ton)

Elt = (W x Cl x KI x Rd) / CHW =W = Daya motor terpakai (HP)Daya motor terpakai (HP)Cl = Cl = Nilai unit energi bahan bakar (MJ/lt)Nilai unit energi bahan bakar (MJ/lt)KKII = = Konsumsi bahan bakar (lt/HP.jam)Konsumsi bahan bakar (lt/HP.jam)RRdd = = Rendemen hasil kegiatan yg berlangsung (%)Rendemen hasil kegiatan yg berlangsung (%)

CH = CH = kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)

dr bahan bakar minyak untuk tenaga penggerak motor bakar

EneEnerrgi langsung (MJ/ton) gi langsung (MJ/ton)

Els = (VI x Cl x Rd) / CH

Cl = Cl = Nilai unit energi bahan bakar (MJ/lt)Nilai unit energi bahan bakar (MJ/lt)

VVII = = Konsumsi bahan bakar (lt/jam)Konsumsi bahan bakar (lt/jam)

RRdd = = Rendemen hasil kegiatan yg berlangsung (%)Rendemen hasil kegiatan yg berlangsung (%)

CH = CH = kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)

dr bahan bakar minyak untuk dr bahan bakar minyak untuk tungku tungku pengering atau burnerpengering atau burner

Energi tak langsung (MJ/ton)Energi tak langsung (MJ/ton) ex. pembuatan alat

NCH

RTARCefCemMEas d

333,082,0'1

MM11 = = Massa total mesin (kg)Massa total mesin (kg)Cem =Cem = Nilai unit energi tak langsung produksi bahan baku Nilai unit energi tak langsung produksi bahan baku

(MJ/kg)(MJ/kg)Cef’ =Cef’ = Nilai unit energi tak langsung untuk fabrikasi alat Nilai unit energi tak langsung untuk fabrikasi alat

(MJ/kg)(MJ/kg)TAR =TAR = Nilai % total akumulasi pemakaian, perbaikan &Nilai % total akumulasi pemakaian, perbaikan &

pemeliharaan alat pemeliharaan alat RRdd = = Rendemen hasil kegiatan yang berlangsung (%)Rendemen hasil kegiatan yang berlangsung (%)

CH = CH = kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)kapasitas hasil alat (ton/jam)N = N = Umur ekenomis alat (jam)Umur ekenomis alat (jam)

Energy Required to Produce Various Food PackagesEnergy Required to Produce Various Food Packages

PackagePackage kcalkcal

Wooden berry basketWooden berry basket 6969

Styrofoam tray (size 6)Styrofoam tray (size 6) 215215

Moulded paper tray (size 6)Moulded paper tray (size 6) 384384

Steel can, aluminium top (12 oz)Steel can, aluminium top (12 oz) 568568

Steel can, steel top (16 oz)Steel can, steel top (16 oz) 1,0061,006

Glass jar (16 oz)Glass jar (16 oz) 1,0231,023

Coca-Cola bottle, non-returnable (16 oz)Coca-Cola bottle, non-returnable (16 oz) 1,4711,471

Aluminium TV-dinner containerAluminium TV-dinner container 1,4961,496

Aluminium can, pop-top (12 oz)Aluminium can, pop-top (12 oz) 1,6431,643

Plastic milk container, disposable (1/2gal)Plastic milk container, disposable (1/2gal) 2,1592,159

Coca-Coia bottle, returnable (16 oz)Coca-Coia bottle, returnable (16 oz) 2,4512,451

Polyethylene bottle (1 qt)Polyethylene bottle (1 qt) 2,4942,494

Polypropylene bottle (1 qt)Polypropylene bottle (1 qt) 2,7522,752

Glass milk container, returnable (1/2 gal)Glass milk container, returnable (1/2 gal) 4,4554,455

Contoh:Contoh:Kegiatan Penanganan Pasca Panen Kegiatan Penanganan Pasca Panen

PadiPadi

Perontokan

PengeringanPengeringan

PengangkutanPengangkutan

Penggilingan

1 Diesel (2 HP), habis solar 2lt/jam.2 orang pekerja @ kerja 8 jam /hr.Hasil perontokan 1 ton/jam

ManualManual5 orang pekerja @ kerja 3 jam /hr.5 orang pekerja @ kerja 3 jam /hr.Semua hasil dpt dipindahkanSemua hasil dpt dipindahkan

Gross Energy Requirement Gross Energy Requirement (Processing Mangoes)(Processing Mangoes)

System ComponentSystem ComponentGER for End Product,GER for End Product,

101033 kcal/ton kcal/ton

Canned juice Canned juice Bottled squashBottled squashCapital inputs (amortized)Capital inputs (amortized)

BuildingBuilding 13.6113.61 7.647.64

EquipmentEquipment 9.079.07 2.732.73

Process inputsProcess inputs

MaterialsMaterials 2,218.982,218.98 4,137.804,137.80

UtilitiesUtilities 1,017.671,017.67 104.76104.76

ManpowerManpower 50.8250.82 29.3829.38

GERGER 3,364.153,364.15 4,282.314,282.31

GER to provide one servingGER to provide one servingof beverage, supplyingof beverage, supplying72 cal72 cal

1,153 kcal1,153 kcal 733 kcal733 kcal

Gross Energy Requirement Gross Energy Requirement (Traditional & Modern Legume Milling)(Traditional & Modern Legume Milling)

System ComponentSystem Component

GER for End ProductGER for End Product(Cooked Dahl), 10(Cooked Dahl), 1033 kcal/ton kcal/ton

TraditionalTraditionalmillingmilling

ModernModernmillingmilling

Capital inputs (amortized)Capital inputs (amortized)

BuildingBuilding 133.93133.93 49.1849.18

EquipmentEquipment 11.9411.94 18.1618.16

Process inputsProcess inputs

MaterialsMaterials

UtilitiesUtilities 6,213.286,213.28 3,207.563,207.56

ManpowerManpower 108.00108.00 51.8451.84

GERGER 6,467.156,467.15 3,326.743,326.74