7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

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Pmo Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs 1 by Acag B' EkKuccfuhm

Fttawa# Fgtarjf

g 10 Dugo 1=81# @ugkag _rqumart Kaepbocc#ifreorcy fi Kmatmae# Fgtarjf# ag` a guebor fiVVVVVVVVV kfepagjfgs# stalo` fut cag` kcajes fg a rjvor

wmjkm tmoy kacco` tmo Bfygo jg sfutm%kogtrac Eagjtfba'Fvor tmo goxt iow `ays tmoy bohag tf bujc` mfusos ag` tfpcagt pftatfos'

Fg 1= Dugo# 1=81# Kaepbocc wrfto jg mjs `jary Yoryijgo `ay' Pmo Mfrsos wogt away tmjs efrgjgh kfuc` gftijg` tmoe acc `ay' @j` gft spog` [abbatm sf wocc as wofuhmt' Xargo` tf coavo tmat soktjfg fi kfugtry by tmrooIrogkm Maci Broo`s tf wmjkm wo paj` gf attogtjfg'2

Kaepboccs `jary ogtry rokfr`o` tmo ijrst jg a sorjos fijgkj`ogts lgfwg as tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs at tmo Rjvjro auxcots%`o%Bfjs' Pmo Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs -RJB* waslgfwg tf tmo Eotjs boifro 1=81< tmoy ma` uso` tmo aroa fga soasfgac basjs ifr eagy yoars ag` tmoy mfpo` tf mavo jtrosorvo` as part fi tmojr cag` accfteogt aitor Eagjtfba dfjgo` Kfgio`oratjfg' Jg tmo sprjgh fi 1=81 sottcors irfeFgtarjf kcajeo` cag` acfgh tmo rjvor wmjkm tmoy rogaeo`tmo Bfygo' Pmo Eotjs prftosto` ag` tmoro woro sovorackfgirfgtatjfgs botwoog tmoe ag` tmo gow sottcors' Pmo`jsputo oxakorbato` tmo acroa`y togso rocatjfgs botwoogtmo Eotjs ag` tmo gow sottcors jg Eagjtfba ag` tmroatogo`tf bfjc fvor jgtf vjfcogko' Jg tmo og`# tmo Eotjs abag`fgo`tmojr kcajes acfgh tmo rjvor ag` sottco` jg a parjsm# lgfwgijrst as Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs ag` subsoquogtcy as [t'

@agjoc# tf tmo gfrtm fi tmo rjvor' Pmo Bfygo [ottcoeogtkfgtjguo` tf attrakt sottcors irfe Fgtarjf ag` by 1==1 tmosottcoeogt was ag fvorwmocejghcy ^rftostagt# Oghcjsm%spoaljgh# ahrjkucturac kfeeugjty'

Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs mavo boog roiorro` tf brjoicy bygueorfus mjstfrjags# but fgcy Accog Rfgahmag mas stu`jo`tmoe jg `otajc' Rfgahmag attrjbuto` tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs tftmo io`orac hfvorgeogts `upcjkjtfus pfcjky ag` kro`jto`Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` wjtm `oiusjgh a `aghorfussjtuatjfg' Mo prajso` tmo Eotjs ifr tmojr `jskjpcjgo jgavfj`jgh bcff`smo` wmjco bojgh ''' `jspfssosso` fi cag`tmoy rjhmtcy fwgo`'; Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs acsf pcayo` a partjg tmo carhor mjstfry fi Eotjs cag` hragts ug`or tmo

Eagjtfba Akt' Pmo mjstfry fi tmo cag` hragts mas boog tmoifkus fi oxtogsjvo mjstfrjkac rosoarkm coa`jgh tf a eadfrkfurt kmaccogho by tmo Eagjtfba Eotjs Io`oratjfg jg 2>>8'@fuhcas [prahuo# wmf prfvj`o` rosoarkm suppfrt ifr

Acag EkKuccfuhm hrow up fg a iare wmjkm jgkcu`o` tmo koeotoryfi tmo frjhjgac [t' @agjoc parjsm< mjs hroat%hrag`iatmor sottco` jgtmo Kareag aroa jg 1=80' Irfe 1:8; ugtjc 1::= Acag wfrlo` asag mjstfrjag wjtm ^arls Kaga`a' Ifr tmo past `oka`o mo masjgtoejttogtcy rosoarkmo` tmo mjstfry fi tmo Kareag aroa'

tmo Eotjs Io`oratjfg# arhuo` tmat ''' tmrfuhm a prfkosifreac ag` jgifreac `jskfurahoeogt# tmo Eotjs woro tmvjktjes fi a `ocjborato kfgspjraky jg wmjkm DfmEak`fgac` ag` tmo Kaga`jag hfvorgeogt sukkossiucclopt tmoe irfe fbtajgjgh tjtco tf tmo cag` tmoy woro rokojvo ug`or tmo tores fi tmo Eagjtfba Akt fi 1=8Pmfeas Icagahag# a kfgsuctagt ifr tmo @oparteogt Dustjko# ifug` tmat ''' tmo io`orac hfvorgeogt iucijcccag` prfvjsjfg fi tmo Eagjtfba Akt'0 Mo a`ejtto` tmattmoro was kfgsj`orabco kfgiusjfg ag` `ocay jg ealjgh tmhragts ag` tmat tmjs ''' accfwo` sfeo pftogtjac rosorvo ctf bo kcajeo` by jeejhragts tf Eagjtfba ug`or tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eay '''< tmjs roearl eay wocc mavo roiorogko tf tmo cag`s at RJB' Roiorrjgh spokjijkaccykfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB# Icagahag kfeeogto` tmat tmoea`o tmo Eotjs suspjkjfus fi tmo hfvorgeogts hff`iajtm'? Jg tmjs ro%oxaejgatjfg fi tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs J wsuhhost tmat acc partjkjpagts jg tmo ovogtstmo iohfvorgeogt# Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac`# tmo jgksottcors# ag` tmo Eotjsma` sfeo rospfgsjbjcjty ifr tmway tmoy pcayo` fut'

Pmo RJB icfwo` oast irfe tmo ^oebjga Mjccs jgtf Ro` Rjvor Yaccoy ugtjc jt cfst jtsoci jg tmo Hroat Earsmgfrtmoast fi tmo iuturo Kareag# Eagjtfba' Pmo rjvor wlgfwg tf tmo jgmabjtagts fi Ro` Rjvor irfe at coast 1=>tmoro aro sovorac eogtjfgs fi jt jg Acoxag`or Mog

dfurgacs'9

Pmo Mugtors Prajc krfsso` tmo rjvor abfut ejcos oast fi prosogt%`ay Kareag' Pmo fal# oce# pfpag` basswff` at tmo krfssjgh prfvj`o` smoctor# iuoc# a bujc`jgh eatorjacs ag` tmo Eotjs uso` tmo krfssjgh akaepsjto ag` a pcako tf ropajr karts' [feo kaeo tf tmowff`s jg tmo sprjgh tf ealo eapco suhar'8 Pmo parjsmrohjstor ifr [t' Iragfjs ]avjor rokfr`s a baptjse at RJB jg1=;8 ag` tmo frac tra`jtjfg fi tmo kfeeugjty fi [t' @agjosuhhosts tmat sfeo Eotjs ostabcjsmo` mfeos acfgh tmo rfr at [t' @agjoc as oarcy as tmo 1=;>s' A mjstfry fi tm@agjoc @jstrjkt jg`jkatos tmat a skmffc was ostabcjs1=99 abfut sovog ejcos gfrtmwost fi tmo prosogt tfwgKareag ag` tmat# abfut 1=9:1=8># Iatmor I'%]' Lavag

fi tmo parjsm fi [t' Iragfjs ]avjor ostabcjsmo` a ejssjfkmapoc# Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs# cator [t' @agsovog ejcos gfrtmwost fi Kareag'=

Dfmg I' Hragt was tmo ijrst j`ogtjijabco sottcor fgrjvor' Bfrg at O`efgtfg jg 1=;1# mo bokaeo a sukkosstra`or ag` ragkmor jg Efgtaga' Mo was a gopmow fi ^asBrocag` ag` jg 1=98 mo efvo` tf Eagjtfba wmoro mo buat mfeo ag` stfro jg [t' Kmarcos ^arjsm' Mo ag` mjs iaeworo ogueorato` jg [t' Kmarcos jg 1=8> but mo acsfprfporty at RJB' Mo ag` tmroo fi mjs ifccfwors ma` talocag` acfgh tmo rjvor jg 1=98' Fvor tmo goxt `oka`o mo

F

2 Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

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Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

bujct a carho mfuso ag` a sawejcc fg mjs cag` ag` brfloag` kuctjvato` 9? akros fi cag`< jg mjs eoefjrs moroiorro` tf tmjs prfporty as tmo Ragkm':

Actmfuhm cfkac tra`jtjfg mfc`s tmat sfeo Eotjs ma`sottco` jg tmo aroa by 1=9> fr oarcjor#1>tmo 1=8> kogsus fiEagjtfba ea`o gf eogtjfg fi asottcoeogt at tmo RJB ag` tmoro js

a kcaje# `ato` tf 1? Ducy 1=8># tf twf cfts fi 12 kmajcfkato` tmroo ejcos apart fg tmo RJB'12 Ag akkfugt bFgtarjf sottcors fi tmo ifug`jgh fi tmo Bfygo [ottcoeo1=81 aklgfwco`hos tmat tmo Eotjs ma` ''' stalo` fucag` acfgh tmo Bfygo jg cfts fi twocvo kmajgs irfgtah

tmo gaeo fi [t' Kmarcos parjVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ''' but tm

Iogjag jgvasjfg fi Fktfbor 1=81#gfto` tmat a bf`y fi Irogkm Eotjs ma` ''' ea`o a socoktjfgfi a trakt fi cag` at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs< sfeo fi tmoema` ea`o iares# fr at acc ovogts ogkcfsuros# at tmat pcako'11 Arkmjbac` was gft kcoar wmog tmoso kcajes ma` boog ea`o#fr wmf ma` ea`o tmo ogkcfsuros but sfeo fi tmoe eaymavo boog ea`o jg 1=8>' Jg 1=82 ^jorro Iackfg pubcjsmo`

sovorac by rokogt jeejhragirfe Fgtarjf' 10 Xmog tmo tfwgsmjp jg wmjkm tmo R@agjoc skmffc ag` kmapoc woro bujct# ropfrto`cy jg1=9:1=8># was survoyo` jg 1=82# tmo survoyfr eeogtjfg fi sottcors# cag` kcajes# a skmffc# fr fi a kmap1?

Jg 1=9: Kaga`a bfuhmt tmo Mu`sfgs Bay Kfepajgtorost jg Ruportscag` ag` arragho` tf mavo tmo ogtjr

Ef`jijo` irfe Okfgfejk Atcas fi Eagjtfba # 1:9># paho

Eap fi cag` sottcoeogt pattorgs jg tmo pfstaho staep Eagjtfba# kjrka 1=8># smfwjgh tmo cfkatjfg fi Rjvjro aux ag` ftmor sottcoeogts# as wocc as eadfr trajcs uso` at tmo tjeo' A kjrkco roprosogts ?> pofpco'

Pmo `jsputo oxakorbato` tmo acroa`y togsorocatjfgs botwoog tmo Eotjs ag` tmo gowsottcors jg Eagjtfba ag` tmroatogo` tf bfjcfvor jgtf vjfcogko'

cjejto` kfgtoepfrary ovj`ogkotmat tmoro woro poreagogtrosj`ogts at tmo rjvor jg 1=8>ftmor tmag sfeo fi Hragtsoxtog`o` iaejcy' Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac`# jg aeoefrag`ue `oacjgh wjtm tmo

fi aktuac sottcoeogt oxkopt assfkjato` wjtm Dfmg I' Hra1Xmog twf tfwgsmjps acfgh rjvor woro survoyo` jg 1=81survoyfrs j`ogtjijo` fgcy fgkcaje by a Eotjs# Dfmg I' Hractmfuhm tmoro woro

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 ;

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

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Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

tragsiorro` tf Kaga`a' Pmo pfpucatjfg was gft kfgsucto`ag`# at Ro` Rjvor# tmo eadfrjty fi tmo pfpucatjfg vjowo`tmo tragsior wjtm appromogsjfg' Jg partjkucar# tmo Irogkm%spoaljgh# Rfeag Katmfcjk# Eotjs ioaro` tmat aggoxatjfgwfuc` dofpar`jzo tmojr pfcjtjkac pfsjtjfg jg tmo sottcoeogt#tmroatog tmojr tjtco tf cag`# ag` ug`orejgo tmojr kucturo'Xmog# boifro tmo tragsior ma` boog kfepcoto`# Kaga`asogt a party tf bohjg survoyjgh cag`s jg Ro` Rjvor# tmoEotjs ug`or Cfujs Rjoc stfppo` tmo survoy# `ogjo` ogtry tfEagjtfbas roprosogtatjvo# ag` tmog ifreo` a prfvjsjfgachfvorgeogt' Fvor tmo wjgtor fi 1=9:1=8> roprosogtatjvosfi tmo prfvjsjfgac hfvorgeogt gohftjato` bottor tores ifrtmo ogtry jgtf Kfgio`oratjfg jgkcu`jgh prfvjgkjac status ifrEagjtfba# bjcjghuac status ifr tmo gow prfvjgko#`ogfejgatjfgac skmffcs# huaragtoos fi oxjstjgh cag` tjtcos#ag` a prfejso tmat 1#0>>#>>> akros fi cag` wfuc` bo sotasj`o ifr tmo kmjc`rog fi Eotjs jgmabjtagts fi Eagjtfba'

Pmo Kaga`jag party jgRo` Rjvor ag` sfeo fi tmo

kfuc` bo talog ugtjc tmo pfpucatjfg ogtjtco` tf tmo hrma` boog j`ogtjijo` ag` tmo cag` ma` boog survoyo`'kogsus fi tmo Eotjs was kfepcoto` jg @okoebor 1=8> `otajco` survoys woro gft bohug ugtjc tmo cato sueeor1=81 by wmjkm tjeo gow sottcors woro arrjvjgh Fgtarjf' Efrofvor# tmo hfvorgeogt `j` gft ifreaccyostabcjsm jts pfcjky fg cag` hragts ugtjc Aprjc ag` Eay1=81# aitor sottcors ma` bohug tf arrjvo jg Eagjtfba'

Jg @okoebor 1=8># Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmproparo` twf cfgh `ospatkmos fg cag` pfcjky ag` survoyJg tmo ijrst mo arhuo` ifr 19> akros as tmo basjk mfeohragt wjtm a cfw prjko kmarho` ifr pro%oepto` cag`s'wrfto apprfvjghcy fi tmo Aeorjkag praktjko fi accfwjsquattors tf fbtajg tjtco tf cag` wmjkm tmoy ma` jeprfvag` fkkupjo` ifr ijvo yoars' Mo wrfto tmat tmo hfvorgeosmfuc` mavo a pfcjky jg pcako ag` bo roa`y tf bosurvoys jg tmo sprjgh< mfwovor# mo rokfhgjzo`

tmat `otajco` survoys smfuc`VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVgft bohjg ugtj

oxprosso` jg tmo kfcuegs fi tmoPfrfgtf Hcfbowmjkm vjowo` tmo ahrooeogt# ospokjaccy tmopcag tf rosorvo 1#0>>#>>> akros ifr tmo Eotjs# as a kfgspjrakytf ifrostacc jeejhratjfg irfe Fgtarjf ag` tf ealoEagjtfba a Irogkm prfvjgko' Jg Earkm fi 1=81 tmoHcfbo

o`jtfrjacjzo`4 Pmo pofpco fi Fgtarjf `fgt eoag tf bo sfsgubbo` ag` sf put fii by agy Hfvorgeogt' Pmoy mavo arjhmt tf cffl tf tmat cag` as a mfeo ifr tmojr sfgs ag``auhmtors# ag` tmoy `fgt eoag tf stag` qujotcy by ag` soojt ea`o a Cfwor Kaga`jag prosorvo' Pmo papor kacco` ifra carho ag` spoo`y jeejhratjfg tf ''' kfugtorakt tmofbdoktjfgabco arraghoeogts fi tmo kfgstjtutjfg ''' hjvogEagjtfba ag` tf sokuro akkoss tf Eagjtfba ifr Fgtarjfsottcors'19 Pmo paragfja ag` agjefsjty wmjkm tmoHcfbokfcuegs bftm oxprosso` ag` ifeogto` was karrjo`wostwar` by sfeo eoebors fi tmo Ro` RjvorOxpo`jtjfgary Ifrko -RROI* wmjkm arrjvo` jg Eagjtfba jg1=8>' Pmo togsjfgs botwoog tmo gow sottcors ag` tmo Eotjs

jgmabjtagts fi Eagjtfba ifreo` tmo baklhrfug` fi tmokfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB jg 1=81'Pmo Eagjtfba Akt prfejso` 1#0>>#>>> akros fi cag` ifr

tmo kmjc`rog fi Eotjs iaejcjos jg Eagjtfba' Pmo cag` hragtwas jgtog`o` tf sefftm tmo tragsior ag` tf satjsiy Eotjskcajes tf abfrjhjgac tjtco' Pmo Eotjs coa`orsmjp mfpo` tmattmo cag` wfuc` bo hragto` jg carho bcfkls wmjkm wfuc`prfvj`o a poreagogt cag` baso ifr kfmosjvo Eotjskfeeugjtjos' Pmo Eotjs acsf mfpo` tmat tmo cag` wfuc` boaccfkato` boifro a carho jgicux fi gow sottcors kfepcjkato`tmo socoktjfg' Pmo hfvorgeogt vjow was tmat gf aktjfg

acroa`y boog ko`o`' Mo arhuotmat abfrjhjgac tjtco jg Eagjtfba was moc` ojtmor byKroo fr [auctoaux< tmo Eotjs# jg mjs vjow# ma` sotmo aroa at tmo bohjggjgh fi tmo 1:tm kogtury ag` tmojrJg`jag agkostfrs woro efstcy irfe hrfups wjtm gf cjgls

tf Eagjtfba' Ji tmo ioocjghs fi tmo Eotjs woro tf bo emo bocjovo` tmat tmo hragt smfuc` bo ea`o as twf bcfi cag`# fgo ifr tmo Irogkm Eotjs ag` fgo ifr tmo Oghcas tmoro was a strfgh `jspfsjtjfg tf loop tmo Irogag` Katmfcjk kfeeugjtjos ag` tmo Oghcjsm a^rftostagt kfeeugjtjos soparato' Mo bocjovo` tmhragtjgh tmo cag` jg a bcfkl wfuc` cfwor jts kfeeorkjavacuo but akkopto` tmat sukm a kfurso was tmo `osjtmo Irogkm Eotjs ag` fi tmojr coa`ors' Mo rokfhgjzo` tmo ''' Irogkm# fr tmojr coa`ors ''' wjsmo` tmo cagjgacjogabco ifr at coast a hogoratjfg but rokfeeog`oahajgst hragtjgh tmjs wjsm bokauso jt wfuc` cfkl upcarho pfrtjfg fi tmo hragt ifr eagy yoars ag` ejhmt

prfvo a mjg`ragko tf tmo `ovocfpeogt fi tmo kfugtry'18

Oarcy jg 1=81# E' [t' Dfmg sogt Arkmjbac` a ropfrt gaturo fi cag` tjtcos jg Eagjtfba' Mjs ropfrt mjhmcjhmthrfwjgh kfgkorg aefgh bftm gow ag` fc` sottcors as tmfw cag` was tf bo accfkato`' Eagy wfuc`%bo sottcors wawajtjgh tmo prfeuchatjfg fi rohucatjfgs ag` tmo socoktfi tmo Eotjs hragt fi 1#0>>#>>> akros prjfr tf ealjgh tfwg socoktjfgs' Eukm fi tmo bost iare cag` jg tmo prfvjwas acroa`y talog up fr kcajeo` ojtmor by fc` sottcorsgow sottcors' [feo rjvorirfgt cag` fg tmo sfutmorg pfrtjffi tmo Ro` Rjvor roeajgo` ugkcajeo`# but jt was accoho`

Ag akkfugt by Fgtarjf sottcors fi tmo

ifug`jgh fi tmo Bfygo [ottcoeogt jg 1=81aklgfwco`hos tmat tmo Eotjs ma` ''' stalo`fut tmo cag` acfgh tmo Bfygo \Rjvjro auxcots%`o%BfjsU jg cfts fi twocvo kmajgsirfgtahojg tmo gaeo fi [t' Kmarcos parjsm '''

ma` boog surrog`oro`' Jg mjsokfg` `ospatkm Arkmjbac`oact wjtm tmo quostjfg fi tmcag` rosorvo` ifr tmo Eotjs'Mjs rokfeeog`atjfg ifr aroktaghucar survoy systoe `j`gft appcy tf tmo cag` acfgh tmRo` ag` Assjgjbfjgo rjvors ifrwmjkm tmo abfrjhjgac tjtco m

pfpucatjfg fi Fgtarjf woroograho` by tmo prfvjsjfgachfvorgeogts oxokutjfg fiPmfeas [kftt jg Earkm fi 1=8>'Pmoy rosogto` tmo tores wmjkmtmo prfvjsjfgac hfvorgeogtgohftjato` ifr Eagjtfbas ogtryjgtf Kfgio`oratjfg' Pmojrpfsjtjfg was efst kcoarcy

0 Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

4/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

Eagjtfbas Cjoutogagt Hfvorgfr A`aes H' Arkmjbac -1=101=:;* kfrrospfg`o` aktjvocy fg eattors rocatjgh tf cag` tjtcos jgEagjtfba# ospokjaccy as jt rocato` tf Eotjs kfeeugjtjos'

tmat oxjstjgh sottcors fbdokto` tf Oghcjsm%spoaljgh sottcorstaljgh agy fi jt up' Jt was assorto` tmat ji agy bujc`jghsworo put up jg tmo aroa# tmoy woro ''' jg `aghor fi bojgh burgt by tmo Irogkm Maci Broo`s jg tmo vjkjgjty' [t' Dfmgquostjfgo` tmo oxjstogko fi sukm a `aghor but bocjovo`tmat jt wfuc` `jsappoar fgko rohucatjfgs woro pubcjsmo`'Mo acsf suhhosto` tmat ji tmo bfug`arjos fi Eagjtfba worooxtog`o` jt wfuc` ogcarho tmo aefugt fi avajcabco cag`'1=

Fg 1 Earkm 1=81#Co Gfuvoau Efg`o -Efgtrac* ropfrto`tmat tmo Eotjs woro wajtjgh ''' gfg sags quocquoapprmogsjfg ''' ifr gows as tf mfw tmo rosorvo` cag`wfuc` bo accfkato`' Pmo papors Ro` Rjvor kfrrospfg`ogtropfrto` tmat Eagjtfba was wjtmfut wff` oxkopt ifr tmoirjghos acfgh tmo rjvors' Hjvog tmo goo` ifr wjgtor iuoc# tmjssfurko fi wff` wfuc` bo sffg oxmausto` ag` tmo Eotjsworo agxjfus tf lgfw ji tmojr rosorvo` cag`s wfuc` bo fg

tmo wff`o` rjvor cag` fr fg tmo prajrjo wmoro tmoro wasgojtmor wator gfr wff`'1: Pmo kfcueg rajso` ag jepfrtagtjssuo< eukm fi tmo fpog prajrjo cag` jg tmo Ro` Rjvor Yaccoywas gft sujtabco ifr sottcoeogt hjvog tmo ahrjkucturactokmgfcfhy ag` attjtu`os provacogt jg bftm Eagjtfba ag`Fgtarjf jg 1=8>' Jt was gft ugtjc tmo arrjvac fi Eoggfgjtosirfe sfutmorg Russja jg 1=80 tmat sorjfus attoepts woroea`o tf sottco tmo fpog cag` jg tmo Ro` Rjvor Yaccoy'

Pmo accfkatjfg fi tmo rosorvo cag`s bokaeo efro urhogtjg Aprjc ag` Eay fi 1=81 as vfcugtoors irfe tmo RROI woro`jskmarho` jg Eagjtfba ag` bohag tf kcaje cag`s ag` as

pftogtjac sottcors irfe Fgtarjf arrjvo` jg tmo ^rfvjgko' Ojg Aprjc tmo Cohjscatjvo Assoebcy urho` Arkmjbac`tmo @fejgjfg hfvorgeogt tf `oijgo tmo cjejts fi tmo fkkupjo` by a hroat guebor fi sottcors fg tmo RoAssjgjbfjgo rjvors wmf woro futsj`o tmo aroa acsurvoyo`' Pmo Assoebcy urho` tmat# jg tmo eoaeoasuros bo talog tf sokuro tmoso sottcors jg tmo popfssossjfg fi tmojr kcajes' Arkmjbac` roiorro` tmo tf Fttawa' Fg ;1 Eay tmo [okrotary fi [tato ifr Kagaropcjo` tmat ag fr`or%jg%kfugkjc wmjkm wfuc` kaso fi squattors wmf jgtog` tf bokfeo sottcors maapprfvo` fg 29 Eay' Mo ogkcfso` ag oxtrakt irfe fr`orjg%kfugkjc -wmjkm js `jskusso` bocfw* ag` sutmat jt bo pubcjsmo` jg Eagjtfba'2>

Fg 2? Aprjc 1=81# tmo io`orac hfvorgeogt apprfvfr`or%jg%kfugkjc autmfrjzjgh a prfko`uro ifr accfkacag`s ifr tmo Eotjs rosorvos' Acc Eotjs# rosj`oEagjtfba as fi 1? Ducy 1=8># woro tf bo ocjhjbco ifr pfrtjfg fi tmo hragt fi 1#0>>#>>> akros' Gf kfg`jtjsottcoeogt woro jepfso`' Pmo Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrautmfrjzo` tf rosorvo tfwgsmjps fr parts fi tfwgsmjp`jstrjbutjfg# ag` jg`jvj`uac accfkatjfgs wfuc` bo `okj by cft' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc `j` gft roqujro tmat survoyo` boifro jt was socokto` ifr Eotjs rosorvos actmtmjs ejhmt mavo boog jepcjkjt jg tmo roiorogko tf tfwag` parts fi tfwgsmjps' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc acsf pifr tmo sottcoeogt fi ftmor krfwg cag`s fgko tmoy masurvoyo`' Agy moa` fi iaejcy# fr eaco fvor 21 yoars fiwmf ma` ea`o fr ''' smacc moroaitor ealo jg porssottcoeogt fg tmo pubcjk cag`s ''' ag` wmf rosj`o` fjeprfvo` mjs kcaje# kfuc` ealo ag ogtry ifr up tf 1akros fi tmo cag` wmjkm mo fkkupjo`' Fiijkors ag` tmo ijrst Fgtarjf ag` sokfg` Quobok battacjfgs sorvjgh jg Eagjtfba wmf kmfso tf sottco jg Eagjtfbogtjtco` tf a iroo hragt wjtmfut aktuac rosj`ogko tmfi fgo quartor soktjfg' Xmog twf fr efro porsfgs sottmo saeo cag`# tmo rjhmt fi pro%oeptjfg wogt tf tmsottcor' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc jgkcu`o` a cjst fi cagworo rosorvo` irfe sottcoeogtMu`sfgs Bay Kfepagcag`# kortajg wff`cag`s# ejcc sjtos# tfwg sjtos# skmffejgorac cag`s ag` cag`s tf bo `osjhgato` as rajcway caJt `j` gft j`ogtjiy tmo 1#0>>#>>>%akro Eotjs rosorvo bojgh rosorvo` irfe sottcoeogt'21

Jt sffg bokaeo kcoar tmat tmo survoys wfuc` gkfepcoto` jg tjeo tf akkfeef`ato sottcoeogt byjeejhragts wmf woro acroa`y arrjvjgh jg Eagjtfba' Fg

Eay ag fr`or%jg%kfugkjc was apprfvo` prfvj`jgh tmpartjos ifug` upfg tmo cag` at tmo tjeo fi survoy '''ma` sottco` ag` ea`o jeprfvoeogts jg hff` iajtm wfuc bo prftokto` jg tmo ogdfyeogt fi tmo cag` tmokcajeo`' As wfuc` bokfeo kcoar# tmoro was a pftogtjkfgicjkt botwoog tmo rjhmt fi pro%oeptjfg prjfr tf sag` tmo rjhmt fi tmo Eotjs tf bcfkl hragts sot fut jgfr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc' Mfwovor# tmo kfugkjc fi 29 Eay was gft pubcjsmo` jg Eagjtfba uabfut tmo tmjr` wool fi Dugo by wmjkm tjeo tmo krtmo cag`s at RJB was wocc ug`orway'22

Arkmjvos fiEagjtfba#

^orsfgacjtjos A22%2# G12?:?

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 ?

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

5/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

H' Hfc`sbfrfuhm

Pmo [t' @agjoc kmurkm stoopco ag` boccjs acc tmat roeajgs fi tmostrukturo bujct arfug` 1=:?# a`dakogt tf tmo koeotory at 20%8%?#abfut 21&2 ejcos wost fi tmo ijrst kmurkm sjto'

Pmo toxt fi tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc 1=81 waspubcjsmo` jgPmo Eagjtfbag fi 1; Eay 1=81 ag` wjtmjg awool tmo Eotjs fi tmo Irogkm%spoaljgh parjsmos# aktjgh fgtmo apprfvac fi bcfkl hragts fi cag`# eot tf ostabcjsm kcajestf tmo aroas tmoy mfpo` tf fkkupy' @oskrjptjfgs fi tmovarjfus kcajes woro pubcjsmo` jgCo Etjs fi = Dugo 1=81'2; Pmo parjsmos tf tmo oast fi [t' Kmarcos fg tmo Assjgjbfjgoag` fg tmo Ro` Rjvor kcajeo` a brfa` strjp fi cag` fgojtmor sj`o fi Ro` Rjvor botwoog [t' Bfgjiako ag` tmoJgtorgatjfgac Bfug`ary as wocc as a twf%ejco strjp fg ojtmorsj`o fi tmo Rjvjro [aco' Pmo Irogkm%spoaljgh parjsmos tftmo wost fi [t' Kmarcos kcajeo` a strjp fi cag` ruggjghsfutmorcy irfe tmo Assjgjbfjgo Rjvor acfgh tmo ^oebjga

Mjccs tf tmo Jgtorgatjfgac Bfug`ary' Pmo kcaje oxtog`o`oast irfe tmo Mjccs tf jgkcu`o tmo wff`o` cag`s acfgh tmovarjfus stroaes wjtm tmo oxkoptjfg fi tmo cag` kcajeo` by[t' Kmarcos ^arjsm fg tmo RJB' At a eootjgh kmajro` by DfmgHragt fg 10 Eay 1=81# tmo rosj`ogts fi [t' Kmarcos ^arjsmkcajeo` twf ejcos fg ojtmor sj`o fi tmo RJB irfe tmooastorg oxtroejty fi wff`o` cag` fg tmo rjvor tf a pfjgt 1=ejcos wost< tmoy acsf kcajeo` a sjejcar strjp fi cag` fg tmouppor roakmos fi tmo Rjvjro [aco' Pmo [t' Caurogtkfeeugjty fg Calo Eagjtfba kcajeo` a 1>>%squaro%ejco bcfkl botwoog Calo Eagjtfba ag` [mfac Calo'

Co Gfuvoau Efg`o ostjeato` tmat tmo Irogkm Eotjs mkcajeo` 1#;>>#>>> akros# prosquo tfuto ca eojccouro bfjs ot ca eojccuro prajrjo `ags kocco partjo' Hjvog tOghcjsm%spoaljgh Eotjs fi Eagjtfba woro ogtjtco` tf ab0> por kogt fi tmo 1#0>>#>>>%akro hragt# tmo kcoxkossjvo ag` tmo kauso fi boaukfup `o ekfgteogt' PEotjs kcajes woro apparogtcy ea`o tf ifrostacc fkkupatjf by jeejhragts irfe oastorg Kaga a ag` tf sfeo oxtogttmoy woro sukkossiuc# ifrCo Gfuvoau Efg`o wrfto tmat sfeoKaga`jag jeejhragts# fg coargjgh fi tmo kcajes# ma` cEagjtfba ag` sottco` jg tmo @alfta Porrjtfry'20

[feo fi tmo jeejhragts ma` abag`fgo` Eagjtfba butgft acc' Fg Oastor [ug`ay -: Aprjc* 1=81 [aeuoc Loggoag` a seacc party fi eog wjtm cjgls tf tmo RROI arrjvo`tmo RJB'2? Loggo`y# bfrg jg Jrocag`# ma` oejhrato` as kmjc` tf Fgtarjf wmoro mjs iaejcy sottco` jg MastKfugty' Ag Fraghoeag# mo earrjo` jg tmo 1=0>s ag` 1=81 ma` ojhmt kmjc`rog< jg 1=8> mo kaeo tf Eagjtfbvfcugtoor wjtm tmo RROI' Loggo`y# ag` at coast fgeag jg mjs party# Ryor Fcsog# tffl up cag` kcajes acfgh rjvor# bujc`jgh mfusos ag` kcoarjgh cag`' Loggo`ys iae dfjgo` mje cator jg tmo sueeor'29 Loggo`y ag` mjs cjttcoparty woro sffg dfjgo` by ftmor Fgtarjf jeejhragts' PmoHcfboropfrto` tmat boifro tmo kfgirfgtatjfg brflo fut tmorma` boog => iaejcjos at RJB< jg oarcy DucyCo Etjs ropfrto`tmat abfut 1>> sottcors ma` hfgo tf tmo RJB'28

Efst fi tmo sottcors gaeos mavo boog cfst but aeftmfso wmf kag bo j`ogtjijo` tmoro was a ejx fi cfgh%sottcors ag` spokucatfrs' [aeuoc Loggo`y# mjs maci%bHofrho [oxsejtm# ag` tmo Kaepbocc brftmors# woro atmo ijrst sottcors tf kcaje cag` fg tmo Bfygo -tmo gaeo wtmoy havo tf tmo RJB* ag` bokaeo cfgh%tore rosj`ogts aroa'2=Jg Ducy ag` Auhust fi 1=81# twogty%sovog jg`jvpubcjsmo` kcajes tf cag` fg tmo Bfygo jg tmo Eagjtfba Cjborac Eay ag` cjejto` jtsoci tf tmoquostjfg fi tmo socoktjfg fi tmo Eotjs rosorvo' Jt gfto` tmat

tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc 1=81 ma` ostabrucos ifr tmo `jspfsac fi krfwg cag`s jg Eagjtfba4

= Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

8/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

jhgfragko fi tmo socoktjfg# J smacc ji tmo `uty smfuc`iacc upfg eo fi aktjgh ug`or tmo ruco caj` `fwg bytmo Hfvorgfr%Hogorac bo huj`o` by tmo prjgkjpco Jmavo eogtjfgo`# ag` kfgijre tmo socoktjfgs sfea`o# sf iar as tmjs kag bo `fgo wjtmfut `fjghvjfcogko tf tmo tfwgsmjp fr soktjfgac sorjos';:

Arkmjbac`s ropcy garrfwo` wmat mo ma` wrjttog fg ;>Eay by fejttjgh roiorogko tf tmo rjhmts fi partjos ftmortmag tmo Eotjs' Pmo wfr`jgh fi tmo ropcy was kfg`jtjfgac[mfuc` J bo kacco` upfg tf akt ug`or tmjs ruco '''ag`fejtto` mjs oarcjor jgtorprotatjfg tmat bftm vfcugtoors ag`Eotjs ma` ugkfg`jtjfgac rjhmts tf cag` hragts' @ospjto jtskautjfus wfr`jgh# Arkmjbac`s cottor was talog by tmoEotjs as a kfgijreatjfg fi tmojr rjhmt tf socokt bcfkls ficag`' Pmo fpjgjfg was rojgifrko` by a coa`jgh kfcueg jgPmo Eagjtfbag -jgsorto` at Arkmjbac`s `jroktjfg* wmjkmo`jtfrjacjzo`# Fgko tmo Maci%broo`s mavo kmfsog tmojrcag`s# ag` gftjijo` pubcjkcy

8> iaejcjos wmf ma` boog travoccjgh tf tmo Assjgma` turgo` bakl aitor tmoy eot Eotjs ''' skfurjgh kfugtry areo`# `oeag`jgh tmo `ostjgatjfg fi travoccoag` jgifrejgh tmoe tmat tmoy -tmo maci%broo`s* ma bo satjsijo`'00 Pmo sottcors woro oquaccy boccjhokfrrospfg`ogt fi tmo Efgtroac@ajcy Xjtgoss ropfrto` tma''' eagy fi tmo gowkfeors aro `jssatjsijo` ag` tmroatohf fg parts fi tmo maci%broo` kcajes ag` talo apfssossjfg# ji gokossary'0? Xmog roprosogtatjvos fi tmo jeejhragts# jgkcu`jcoast fgo sottcor irfe tmo RJB# eot wjtm tmo CjoHfvorgfr# mo tfc` tmoe tmat jt was prfbabco tmat wjtmjg tmo cjejts fi tmo Eotjs kcajes wfuc` bo oxpPmo Hcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt tffl tmo vjow tmat Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrs suppfrt fi tmo Eotjs pfsjtjfgjgdu`jkjfus# ugwarragtabco# ag` kfgtrary tf tmo sptmo caw' Efrofvor# [uppfrto` by tmo Cjout'%Htmo jggfvatjfgs fi tmo maci%broo`s acroa`y ea`o upf

cohac rjhmts fi tmo sottcors

Pmo Eo t j s pubc j smo``oskrjptjfgs fi tmojr kcajes fg = Dugo< tmo sottcors worowargo` fii vorbaccy as oarcy as 12 Dugo ag` by 2> Dugo jt

was ropfrto` tmat Dfmg I' Hragt ma` put up gftjkos at RJBstatjgh tmo Etjs kcajes'01 Eagy fi tmo pftogtjac sottcorsabag`fgo` tmo RJB< tmoHcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt ropfrto` tmat# by 20 Dugo# fgcy 2> fi => jeejhragt iaejcjos roeajgo` atRJB' Mfwovor# tmoHcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt wrfto# tmfso wmfroeajgo` woro ''' `otorejgo` tf mfc` tmojr hrfug` ahajgstacc sukm jgtru`ors'Co Etjs ropfrto` tmat aitor tmo Eotjs ma`wargo` tmo sottcors fii tmojr kcaje# ''' tfus cos hogs mfggtos''' ma` coit jeeo`jatocy but tmat 0> fr ?> ma` `okcaro` tmattmoy wfuc` roeajg' Pmo Eotjs tmog appoaco` tf tmoCjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr tf roefvo tmo sottcors'02 [feo Eotjskfgsj`oro` `jrokt aktjfg' A kfrrospfg`ogt fiCo Etjs wrftofi tmo ''' ekfgtogtoeogt hgraco `o ko quug trs hrag`

gfebro `ejhrs so `jrjhoajogt vors ca rjvjro aux Jcots `oBfjs# au kfour `o ca rsorvo au Etjs '''' Mo bcaeo` tmoprfbcoe jg part fg tmo `ocay jg kfg`uktjgh tmo survoys butacsf fg ''' `os porsfggos pou aejos `os Etjs ''' wmf`jrokto` tmo jeejhragts tf tmo cag`s kcajeo` by tmo Eotjswmjco iojhgjgh jhgfragko fi Eotjs kcajes ag` fi tmoCjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrs cottor' Mo kfgkcu`o`# Fg parco `d`accor kmassor kos au`akjoux sj cos autfrjts go voucogt fu gopouvogt co iajr'0;

Daeos [kftt# ag jgtog`jgh sottcor wmf ma` abag`fgo`mjs pcags tf sottco jg Eagjtfba# tfc` mfw a hrfup fi abfut

tmat sjgko tmo arrjvac fijeejhragts tmoro ma` boog eukm ugoasjgoss# partjkaefgh tmo Irogkm Eotjs fvor tmo cag` rosorvo prfvj`o

ug`or tmo Eagjtfba Akt' Pmo Eotjs tffl tmo vjow tmatkcajes# bojgh baso` fg statuto# woro suporjfr tf tmfsojeejhragts' Pmoy kjto` a cottor# `ato` 2; Dugo 1=8>[jr Hofrho Kartjor statjgh tmat tmo rucos ''' kfgkorgarsorvo sorfgt `o gaturo rogkfgtror cos `sjros `os ersj`ogts' Arkmjbac` wogt fg tf say tmat tmo jeej`j` gft akkopt tmjs pfsjtjfg ag` jgstoa` tffl tmo vjow tm''' tmo rjhmt tf a proiorogko js wjtm tmoe \tmo jeej''' At tmo efeogt wmog tmo oxkjtoeogt fvor cagroakmo` a staho wmoro Arkmjbac` ma` roasfg tfsfeo futbroal '''# mo ma` rokojvo` a cottor roprosogtatjvos fi ijvo Eotjs parjsmos asljgh jgifreatjfg fg mfw tmo cag` quostjfg was tf bo sott

Hjvog tmo sjtuatjfg# mo ioct mo ma` gf kmfjko busfeo agswor actmfuhm mo roacjzo` tmat mo ejhmtsustajgo` by tmo hfvorgeogt' Mo tffl tmo vjow tmEotjs woro tf bo rohar`o` ''' jg tmo saeo katohfry purkmasors wmf ma` paj` tmojr efgoy jgtf tmo KCag` Fiijko# ag` woro asljgh tmojr hragts' Jg suk''' prjfrjty fi appcjkatjfg havo prjfrjty fi rjhmt ''' agEotjs ''' irfe tmo tjeo fi tmojr appcjkatjfg# wfuc`ogtjtco` tf tmo cag`s tmoy socokto`# ji tmoro wororjhmts oxjstjgh' Jg Arkmjbac`s vjow# wmotmor tmjg`jvj`uacs fr as a hrfup ea`o gf `jiiorogko' _sjgh

Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` ''' gfto`tmatsjgko tmo arrjvac fi tmo jeejhragts tmoroma` boog eukm ugoasjgoss# partjkucarcyaefgh tmo Irogkm Eotjs fvor tmo cag`rosorvoprfvj`o` ifr ug`or tmo EagjtfbaAkt' PmoEotjs tffl tmo vjow tmat tmojrkcajes# bojgh baso` fg statuto# woro suporjfrtf tmfso fi tmo jeejhragts'

tmojr kmfjko# tmoro kag bo gfoxkuso ifr jgtru`jgh wjtmjgtmojr cjgos# ag` agy jeejhragtwmf `fos sf# akts at mjs fwgrjsl'0> Pmo kfcueg wogt fg tfassuro sottcors wmf kcajeo` ag`jeprfvo` cag`# futsj`o tmoaroas kcajeo` by tmo Eotjs# tmattmoy wfuc` mavo tmojr kcajesrokfhgjzo` wmog tmo survoywas ea`o'

oxkjto` tmo jg`jhgatjfg fi tKaga`jags tf a pfjgt but fgroefvo irfe a stato tmat wfucpcugho tmo ogtjro kfugtry trfubcos wjtm wmjkm tmfso `ays fi Rjoc wfuc` gft bkfeparabco'09

Fg 18 Dugo 1=81# CjoutoHfvorgfr Arkmjbac` wrfto a c`ospatkm sottjgh fut mjs vjowtmo jsputo' Mo gfto`

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 :

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

9/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

tmjs ratjfgaco# Arkmjbac` wrfto tmo ropcy tf tmo Eotjsroprosogtatjvos# `ato` : Dugo# wmjkm js qufto` abfvo'-Arkmjbac` ea`o gf eogtjfg fi mjs ropcy fi ;> Eay'* Jgsooljgh tmo hfvorgeogts apprfvac fi mjs aktjfg Arkmjbac`wrfto tmat mo was ''' kfgvjgko` tmat jt js tmo fgcy kfursotmat wfuc` gft mavo co` tf sorjfus trfubco' Jt was# mowrfto# jg tmo jgtorosts fi bftm tmo Eotjs ag` tmo jeejhragts#jt avfj`o` tmo prfbcoes kauso` by tmo `ocays jg tmo survoys#ag` ''' jt provogts -wmjkm js tmo efst jepfrtagt rosuct fi jt*#`aghorfus kfccjsjfgs# wmjkm wfuc` mavo arjsog# irfetmrfwjgh su``ogcy aefgh tmo Irogkm Maci broo`s# a bf`yfi gowkfeors `jiiorjgh irfe tmoe sf wj`ocy as tmoy `f jgcaghuaho ag` rako# jg mabjts ag` Iajtm'08

Jg a prjvato cottor tf [jr Dfmg A' Eak`fgac`# `ato` 8Fktfbor 1=81# Arkmjbac` wrfto tmat tmo krjsjs fvor cag` ma` boog a eattor fi cjio ag` `oatm ag` mo ma` ioct jtabsfcutocy gokossary tf roassuro tmo Eotjs abfut tmojr cag`jg fr`or tf ogsuro tmojr kfgtjguo` suppfrt fi tmohfvorgeogt' Mo gfto` tmat# wmog fg : Dugo mo ma` ahroo`tf bo huj`o` by tmo Eotjs jg socoktjgh tmojr rosorvo` cag`# moma` gft rokojvo` tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eay wmjkmrokfhgjzo` pro%oeptjfg rjhmts' Mo roearlo` tmat tmjs fr`orejhmt mavo krjppco` tmo iroo`fe fi ey aktjfg# jt kortajgcywfuc` gft mavo kmagho` ey kfgvjktjfg fi jts pfcjky'0=

Actmfuhm tmoro `fos gft appoar tf mavo boog ag fiijkjacropcy tf Arkmjbac`s `ospatkm# D' K' Ajljg# tmo [okrotary fi[tato ifr Kaga`a# oxprosso` rohrot# jg a prjvato gfto# tmatArkmjbac` ma` gft rokojvo` tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eayat tmo tjeo mo ea`o mjs ropcy'0: Pwf cottors tf Arkmjbac`irfe Dfsopm Mfwo# tmo [okrotary fi [tato ifr tmo ^rfvjgkos# bftm earlo` ^rjvato# oxprosso rohrot fvor mjs kfurso fiaktjfg' Fg 0 Gfvoebor 1=81# Mfwo wrfto As J ug`orstag`tmo eattor# acc tmo cag`s gft jg aktuac fkkupatjfg aro fpog tfovorybf`y# Macibroo`s# Yfcugtoors ag` Oejhragts'?> Jg asubsoquogt cottor# `ato` 29 @okoebor 1=81# Mfwo sot futmjs# ag` D' K' Ajljgs# ug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky'Fgo%pfjgt%ijvo ejccjfg -sjk* akros fi cag` woro tf bo sot asj`oifr tmo Eotjs but ugtjc tmo Eotjs cag` ma` boog survoyo`ag` sot apart# ''' Oejhragts ag` Yfcugtoors# hfjgh jgtf tmokfugtry# ma` a rjhmt tf fkkupy ag` pro%oept vakagt cag`sagywmoro' Eog acroa`y jg tmo kfugtry ma` tmo saeo rjhmts but gf kcass fi porsfgs ma` a rjhmt tf stalo fii ag` kcajecag` og bcfk' Pmo pfcjky ma` boog ostabcjsmo` by fr`or%jg%kfugkjc ag`# jg Mfwos fpjgjfg# Arkmjbac` ma` gf autmfrjtytf kmagho jt wjtmfut autmfrjzatjfg irfe tmo [okrotary fi[tato'?1

Mfwos jgtorprotatjfg `fos gft `jiior substagtjaccy irfeArkmjbac`s jgjtjac jgtorprotatjfg fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky asoxprosso` jg mjs cottor tf Rfyacot ac' fg ;> Eay' Jt js pfssjbcotmat Mfwos ug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky wasjgicuogko` by mjg`sjhmt ag` tmo ovogts fi tmo sueeor fi1=81' Xmog mo wrfto tf Arkmjbac`# tmo hfvorgeogt wasug`or moavy krjtjkjse as a rosuct Arkmjbac`s aktjfg jgsuppfrtjgh Eotjs cag` kcajes fvor tmo kcajes fi jeejhragtsottcors ag` ovog moavjor krjtjkjse ifr mjs eootjgh wjtm Rjocifccfwjgh tmo Iogjag raj` jg Fktfbor fi 1=81'?2 Arkmjbac`spfcjky was pfrtrayo` jg tmo Fgtarjf fppfsjtjfg pross as prf%

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1> Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

10/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

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Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 11

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

11/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

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7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

12/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

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7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

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