METHODS OF PRODUCING METHODS OF PRODUCING POWERPOWER

Methods of Producing PowerMethods of Producing Power

Traditional SourcesTraditional SourcesWindWindWaterWater

Steam EngineSteam Engine Internal Combustion EngineInternal Combustion EngineMechanical Power and its MeasurementMechanical Power and its Measurement

Windmills - HistoryWindmills - History

John Smeaton - Metal (1740s)John Smeaton - Metal (1740s)Edmund Lee -Automatic Fantail (1745)Edmund Lee -Automatic Fantail (1745)

Not Used Till 1800sNot Used Till 1800sVery Little change from 1650s to 1850sVery Little change from 1650s to 1850sGears - Typically Wooden Till 1800sGears - Typically Wooden Till 1800sPower - 40 hp (1650s)Power - 40 hp (1650s)Primarily Northern EuropePrimarily Northern Europe

Revolving Cap - Hallette (1830)Revolving Cap - Hallette (1830)

Revolving Body - End 19th CenturyRevolving Body - End 19th Century

Windmills - ResearchWindmills - Research Antoine Parent (early 1700s)Antoine Parent (early 1700s)

ForceForce on Sail Proportional toVelocity of Wind SquaredSine of Angle Wind Hits Sail SquaredBest Angle = 54 degrees

Bernoulli, MacLaurin, d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)Bernoulli, MacLaurin, d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)Included Rotation of SailIncluded Rotation of Sail

Angle of Sail Varies with Rotation Speed

Euler & d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)Euler & d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)Shape of SailShape of Sail

Windmill - Research (continued)Windmill - Research (continued)

Smeaton (1750s)Smeaton (1750s)ExperimentalExperimental

TorqueForce

Verified Findings of MacLaurin & EulerVerified Findings of MacLaurin & Euler DutchDutch

Flared SailsFlared SailsConcave Shape & Warped SurfaceConcave Shape & Warped SurfaceOptimum Design Without TheoryOptimum Design Without Theory

Smeaton’s Experiments (1750s)Smeaton’s Experiments (1750s)

Windmills - 19th CenturyWindmills - 19th Century Metal ConstructionMetal Construction Panemonian MillsPanemonian Mills

Vertical Shaft - Cone Shaped VanesVertical Shaft - Cone Shaped VanesLess Power & Longer Operation TimesLess Power & Longer Operation Times

Aeolian MillsAeolian MillsHorizontal or Slightly Inclined ShaftHorizontal or Slightly Inclined ShaftMetal ConstructionMetal ConstructionVariable Angle of AttackVariable Angle of AttackDelamolere - Centrifugal GovernorDelamolere - Centrifugal Governor

Varying Angle of AttackLimited Speed of Rotation During High Winds

Self-Regulating Device (1830-Self-Regulating Device (1830-1840)1840)

Pumps - Crank & GearPumps - Crank & Gear

Crank Fixed to Horizontal ShaftCrank Fixed to Horizontal ShaftLift (Water) & Force (Air) PumpsLift (Water) & Force (Air) PumpsNo Variation in Piston DisplacementNo Variation in Piston DisplacementAbandoned in Favor of GearsAbandoned in Favor of Gears

La Hire GearLa Hire GearCogwheels & CrankshaftCogwheels & Crankshaft

Metal Windmill for Pumping Metal Windmill for Pumping Water (1830)Water (1830)

Wind Pump with La Hire GearWind Pump with La Hire Gear

Pumping Mechanism with Pumping Mechanism with Cogwheels and CrankshaftCogwheels and Crankshaft

Windmills - Modern HistoryWindmills - Modern History(Mid to Late 1900s)(Mid to Late 1900s)

Lightweight MaterialsLightweight MaterialsPrecision GearingPrecision GearingPrecision ManufacturingPrecision ManufacturingHighly Efficient Energy ConversionHighly Efficient Energy ConversionElectrical Power GenerationElectrical Power Generation

Waterwheels - HistoryWaterwheels - History Horizontal Wheel - GreekHorizontal Wheel - Greek

Oldest - For SpeedOldest - For Speed Vertical Wheel - RomanVertical Wheel - Roman

Newer - For PowerNewer - For Power England Became Leader (1800s)England Became Leader (1800s)

John SmeatonJohn SmeatonPowered Pre-Steam IndustryPowered Pre-Steam Industry

TypesTypesUndershot, Breast, OvershotUndershot, Breast, Overshot

Waterwheels - ResearchWaterwheels - Research

Fluid Mechanics (1600s) Hydraulics (1700s)Fluid Mechanics (1600s) Hydraulics (1700s) Parent (Late 1600s)Parent (Late 1600s)

Speed of Blades is 1/3 Speed of WaterSpeed of Blades is 1/3 Speed of Water Bernoulli (1727)Bernoulli (1727)

Pressure on Blades Proportional to Relative Velocity Pressure on Blades Proportional to Relative Velocity between Current and Blade Squaredbetween Current and Blade Squared

Smeaton (1952 & 1953) & BossutSmeaton (1952 & 1953) & BossutSpeed of Blades is 2/5 Speed of WaterSpeed of Blades is 2/5 Speed of Water

Waterwheels - ResearchWaterwheels - Research Charles de Borda (1767)Charles de Borda (1767)

Speed of Blades is 1/2 Speed of WaterSpeed of Blades is 1/2 Speed of WaterProportional to Speed of Water (Not Square)Proportional to Speed of Water (Not Square)

Other ConsiderationsOther ConsiderationsDiameterDiameterWidth to Depth of BladeWidth to Depth of BladeSpacing Spacing AngleAngleShapeShape

Waterwheels - HistoryWaterwheels - History Undershot - Poncelet (1828)Undershot - Poncelet (1828)

Curved Vanes to Reduce Power LossCurved Vanes to Reduce Power LossUndershot - 30 % EfficientUndershot - 30 % EfficientCalculated Most Efficient ArrangementCalculated Most Efficient Arrangement

OvershotOvershotRequired Large GradientRequired Large GradientBuckets Used Instead of BladesBuckets Used Instead of BladesUtilized Weight of Water & MomentumUtilized Weight of Water & MomentumDouble the Efficiency of UndershotDouble the Efficiency of Undershot

Breast - SagebienBreast - SagebienMost Universal Design of EraMost Universal Design of Era

Breast Wheel (Early 19th Century)Breast Wheel (Early 19th Century)

Poncelet’s Wheel (1828)Poncelet’s Wheel (1828)

Wooden Overshot Wheel Wooden Overshot Wheel (Early 19th Century)(Early 19th Century)

Metal Overshot Wheel (1830s)Metal Overshot Wheel (1830s)

Sagebien’s WheelSagebien’s Wheel(Middle of 19th Century)(Middle of 19th Century)