Metacreation Creativity

8/13/2019 Metacreation Creativity

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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010

IAT 811: MetacreationIAT 811: Metacreation

Machines endowed with creative behaviorMachines endowed with creative behavior

Elements on creativityElements on creativity

Philippe Pasquier

Office 565 (floor 14)[email protected]


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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010IAT- Metacreation 28

Elements of a theory of creativityElements of a theory of creativity

The focus of this course is on:

achines en!o"e! "ith creati#e$eha#ior%

We will focuss on software (formally Turing Machines).No hardware/physical machines, no biological machines, ...

!ternal manifestation (gi"en some internal or e!ternal stimuli)

#t is now time to see what can be said on that notion


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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010IAT- Metacreation 2&

Defining creativityDefining creativity

There are 'an !efinitions of creati#it here are so'e:

$ *o''on !efinition fro' +e$ster,s - *reati#it is 'are! $ the a$ilit or po"er tocreate/to $rin0 into eistence to in#est "ith a ne"for' to pro!uce throu0hi'a0inati#e sill to 'ae or $rin0 into eistence so'ethin0 ne".

$ *arl o!0ers (pscholo0ist an! "riter) -- The e'er0ence of a no#el relational pro!uct0ro"in0 out of the uniqueness of the in!i#i!ual.

$ 3enr iller ("riter) -- The occurrence of a co'position "hich is $oth ne"an!#alua$le.

$ ohn 3aefele (*O an! entrepreneur) -- The a$ilit to 'ae ne"co'$inations of social"orth.

$ e"ell 7i'on 7ha" (lo0ic theorists) -- 9 special class of pro$le' sol#in0characterie! $ no#elt.

$ 3. 3. ;o (scientist) -- 9n thinin0 process in "hich ori0inalpatterns are for'e! an!epresse!.

$ . Paul Torrance (e!ucator aca!e'ic creati#it in#esti0ator) -- ;luenc flei$ilitori0inalit an! so'eti'es ela$oration.

$ ollo a ("riter philosopher) - *reati#it is the process of $rin0in0 so'ethin0 ne"into $ein0...

$ o0er #on Oech - *reati#e thinin0 in#ol#es i'a0inin0 fa'iliar thin0s in a ne"li0ht!i00in0 $elo" the surface to fin! pre#iousl un!etecte! patterns an! fin!in0connections a'on0 unrelate! pheno'ena.

$ *arne#ale


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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010IAT- Metacreation =>


The ? ational 9!#isor *o''ittee,s report (1&&&)

entitle!: 9ll our futures: *reati#it culture an!e!ucation% states that:

We are all, or can be, creati"e to a lesser or greaterdegree if we are gi"en the opportunity.

The !efinition of creati#it in the report (pa0e 2&) is

$roen !o"n into four characteristics:$ %irst, they &the characteristics of creati"ity' always

in"ol"e thining or beha"ing imaginati"ely.

$ econd, o"erall this imaginati"e acti"ity is purposeful*that is, it is directed to achie"ing an ob+ecti"e.

$ Third, these processes must generate somethingoriginal.

$ %ourth, the outcome must be of "aluein relation to theob+ecti"e.


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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010IAT- Metacreation =1


Aet 0o throu0h these four attri$utes:

$ #magination* creati"e ability of the mind-(erria'-+e$ster !ictionar)

$ urposeful* The imaginati"e acti"ity is directed atachie"ing an ob+ecti"e, e.g. 01N is doing apainting.

$ 1riginal* production is as original as*(fro' +ilson 1&5=)

#t is rare #t is +udged as such by a group of +udges

(see T. . 9'a$ile 7ocial Pscholo0 of *reati#it: 9 consensual assess'ent technique

ournal of Personalit an! 7ocial Pscholo0 1&82 4=(5) p. &&C-1>1=.) #t associates pieces of nowledge that are distant

$ 2aluable* it has to ha"e some "alue in relation toits purpose.01N paintings are "aluable (bought bythe Tate 3allery, ...)


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Philippe Pasquier, January 2010IAT- Metacreation =2

Situating creativitySituating creativity

9ll 0oo! ecept for the 'in! thin0D

;ro' 9ristotle to 7ten$er0 creati#it has $eenassociate! to intelli0enceas $ein0 one of three'ain co'ponents:$ 9naltic intelli0ence: analse critique Eu!0e

co'pare e#aluate assess ...$ Practical intelli0ence: appl use put into

practice i'ple'ent e'plo ...$ 7nthetic (or creati#e) intelli0ence: create

in#ent !isco#er i'a0ine if suppose thatpre!ict ...

+e "ill $e looin0 at inteli0ent $eha#ior%throu0h the use of 9FG9-life techniques.(99O is one ea'pleD)


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BackgroundBackground

7hort histor of creati#it:

$ Fn in!ustrialise! countries it has $eeninstitutionalise! as an attri$ute of the citien in the'i!!le of the 2>thcentur in or!er to consi!ere#erone as a potential source of ori0inalit chan0ean! pro0ress.

$ This "as associate! "ith a triple 0ain: F!entit: !ifferentiation #s unifor'it in conte'porar

societies (*f. Toque#ille He'ocrac in 9'erica 18=5)

Pro!ucti#it: if e#er citien is incitate! to $e creati#ean! in#enti#e one can ai' at a 0lo$al increase inpro!ucti#it.

7ocial reco0nition: creati#it as a "a to 0et a socialstatus. . 9rt $rute% in "hich pro!uctions $han!icappe! an! 'ar0inals ha#e $een use! toreha$ilitate the'.

The socio-political !i'ension of creati#iti "ill$rin0 us to consi!er the status of 'etacreation


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BackgroundBackground

The in#ention of $rainstor'in0:$ Fntro!uce! $ Os$orn (1sborn, pplied #magination,

New 4or, cribner, 5678)

$ The i!ea is to !issociate 0enerationGpro!uction(i'a0ination no#elt) an! e#aluationGselection(#alue) "hen searchin0 for solutions

$ Ft has $een sho"n eperi'entall that: people"orin0 un!er the constraints of fin!in0 0oo!i!eas% (of solutions) pro!uce less an! lessinterestin0 i!eas than people usin0 $rainstor'in0(arnes and Meadow, 9e"elopment of indi"idual creati"e

talent, in cientific :reati"ity* its recognition andde"elopment, New 4or, Widley, 56;



reativity and y!erneticsreativity and y!ernetics

Theoretical perspecti#e on creati#it co''onto 9F episte'olo0 an! philosoph of 'in!:$ Fnitiate! $ ar#in ins (ins . 7teps to"ar!

9rtificial Fntelli0ence Procee!in0s F 4& 1&61 p.8-=>.)

$ 9 pro$le'(an! creati#it is seen as a pro$le'sol#in0 enterprise) is "ell !efine! iff a 0i#en solutioncan!i!ate can $e associate! "ith true or false.

$ Fs there as sste'atic "a to !eci!e if a can!i!atesolution is accepta$leI

$ +hen a pro$le' !oes not ha#e this propert ("hichis #er co''on) then it is sai! to $e ill-!efine!..0. *o'posin0 'usic paintin0 choosin0 clothes to "earcooin0 a 0oo! 'eal "ritin0 a contract ... e#erthin0 that can$e !iscusse! reall.

$ *riticise! as $ein0 too restricti#e $ 3er$ert 7i'on(7i'on 3. 9. The structure of ill-structure! pro$le's 9rtificialFntelli0ence 4 p.181-2>1. 1&C=)




;or 7i'on a pro$le' is "ell structure!if at

least one of the follo"in0 hol!s:1.ins,s criteria hol!s2.The search spacecan $e !efine! (initial

state final state transition function) an!1. Transitions are !irect (no 'iracle)2. 9ll the no"le!0e use! for the resolution can $e

s'$olicall represente!=. Ff the pro$le' i'pl actin0 on the "orl! then

state chan0es ha#e to confor' to natural la"s4. The resolution shoul! $e co'putationall

tracta$le. This is #er !e'an!in0 an! 7i'on conclu!es that

there is no such pro$le's in nature or societ an!that these are al"as artificiall prepare!!efine!%.


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Aet,s tae an ea'ple: *onstructin0 ahouse$ This !epen!s on a #ariet of para'eters:

$u!0et nu'$er of persons topolo0 of theplace lifestle "eather an! re0ion la"s

personal tastes ... the pro$le' is ill-!efine!.$ Once "e ha#e fie! the nu'$er of roo's the

nature floor a $u!0et $racet ... theuncertaint is re!uce!..."e ha#e pro0resse!in !efinin0 the pro$le'.

$ #er su$sequent !ecision (co'pati$le "iththe pre#ious ones) "ill 0o in that !irection




;our situations:

$ 7earch space an! solution "ell !efine!:udou, encrypted additions (91N=9 > 30=9 ?01@0T), playing chess, playing 31, ...

$ Onl the solution(s) is specifie!: Aow can weincite more people to "oteB What argument to use to

con"ince the +udgeB Aow to reduce the feeling ofinsecurity in poor suburbsB Aow to construct a bottleopener in one piece that is not dangerous for idsB

$ Onl the search space is specifie!: What oldtires can be used forB What new function can we add tomobile phonesB What would entertain us on a rainyunday afternoonB (1ften used in soCcalled creati"itytests)

$ othin0 is specifie!: The empty form of allpossible problems. #t does not ha"e any practicaluse. What can we do to do whatB


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Ty"ology of reativityTy"ology of reativity

ar0aret Bo!en !istin0uishes $et"een:$ P-creati#it: pscholo0ical creati#it (no#el

an! #alua$le for the in!i#i!ual)$ 3-creati#it: historical creati#it (no#el an!

#alua$le for the 0roup)

3er tpolo0 ela$orates on:$ *-creati#it: *o'$inator creati#it (no#el

co'$ination of fa'iliar i!eas)$ -creati#it: eplorator creati#it (no#el an!

#alua$le points of the conceptual space)$ T-creati#it: transfor'ational creati#it

(in#ol#es transfor'ation of so'e !i'ensionsof the conceptual space itself)


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reativity in AIreativity in AI

7o'e 'ore resources on creati#it in 9F (it is a topic on

its o"n):$ Ji!eo: http:GG""".#e0a.or0.uG#i!eoGpro0ra''eG81

$ Papers fro' ar0aret Bo!en

$ http:GG""".aaai.or0G9FTopicsGht'lGcreate.ht'l

The !ifficult to !efine creati#it entails the #erpro$le' of the e#aluation of 'etacreation:

$ Fn science there is often an opti'al solution

$ #aluation of a solution has to !o "ith its !istance tothe opti'al

$ *o'putational creati#it a!!resses those pro$le'sfor "hich the opti'al solution is not (clearl)!efine!.

$ *onsequentl the a$o#e 'entione! 'etrics !o notappl.


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ICreativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowingwhich ones to keep.

Scott Adams (American Cartoonist, b.!"#$


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#or ne$t %eek#or ne$t %eek

7u$'it a proposal for the theoretical research:$ The proposal (1 pa0e) shoul!:

a'e the etacreation ou "ill focus on a'e the tools use! (shoul! $e in the list of topics) Fnclu!e the proper $i$lio0raphic references (sen!

'e the PH;Gscanne! tets or lins if a#aila$le)$ a'ple:# will present 01N by Aarold :ohen and detail the

underlying e!pert system. #n order to do so, # will read* :ohen, Aarold. DThe further e!ploits of 01N, ainterD tanford lectronic Aumanities

0e"iew. "olume E, issue F* :onstructions of the Mind. Gpdated Huly FF, 5667.

Mc:orduc, amela. 01NIs :ode* MetaCrt, rtificial #ntelligence, and the Wor ofAarold :ohen, New 4or* W.A. %reeman and :ompany, 5665

:ohen, A. (5666). :oloring Without eeing* a roblem in Machine :reati"ity. "ailablefrom the authorIs webpage.

$ F "ill !eci!e if our proposal is accepte! or not

7tart thinin0 a$out our proEect (F "ill as ou a!e#eloppe! !escription in t"o "ees)


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#or ne$t &eek#or ne$t &eek

7en! 'e our ans"ers to the questionsa$out our $ac0roun! a little $it a$outou% (ai'u' 2 pa0es)

ea!in0s:$ tephen Wilson, rtificial intelligence research as art,

A0, "olume E, issue F* :onstructions of the Mind,Gpdated Huly FF, 5667 (a"ailable at*http*//www.stanford.edu/group/A0/ECF/te!t/wilson.html)

$ M. Wooldridge and N. 0. Hennings. #ntelligent gents*Theory and ractice. #n Jnowledge ngineering 0e"iew

5K(F), 5667. ("ailable from the authorsI webpage).ection E can be sipped (deprecated).

$ 0ussel and Nor"ig (the bible-), rtificial intelligence* modern approach (second ed.). Gpper addle 0i"er, NH*rentice Aall. :hapters 5LF.


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Metacreation Creativity