Metabolisme Mikrobia Rumen 1.ppt

Laboratorium Biokimia Nutrisi

19/04/23 1Biokimia Ternak



The interior surface of the rumenforms numerous

papillae vary in shape and

size short and pointed to

long and foliate.

Ruminal papillae very richly

vascularized abundant volatile

fatty acids produced by fermentation

readily absorbed across the epithelium.

forms numerous papillae

vary in shape and size

short and pointed to long and foliate.

Ruminal papillae very richly

vascularized abundant volatile

fatty acids produced by fermentation

readily absorbed across the epithelium.


Reticular epithelium

thrown into folds form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.

Numerous small papillae stud the interior floors of these cells.

Reticular epithelium

thrown into folds form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.

Numerous small papillae stud the interior floors of these cells.


• thrown into broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book (a lay term for the omasum is the 'book').

• The omasal folds, estimated represent one-third of the total surface area of the forestomachs

• thrown into broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book (a lay term for the omasum is the 'book').

• The omasal folds, estimated represent one-third of the total surface area of the forestomachs

The inside of the omasum


Adult ruminants digestive system is very different to that of non-ruminants.

difference : oesophagus delivers food to the reticulo-rumen. ◦ Function: single, large "fermentation chamber" ◦ containing micro organisms which convert plant

carbohydrate to volatile fatty acids (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate), lactate, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen.

Digestion of non-fermented food materials, and of the microbial biomass occurs subsequently and is equivalent to the digestive processes of non-ruminants

Adult ruminants digestive system is very different to that of non-ruminants.

difference : oesophagus delivers food to the reticulo-rumen. ◦ Function: single, large "fermentation chamber" ◦ containing micro organisms which convert plant

carbohydrate to volatile fatty acids (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate), lactate, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen.

Digestion of non-fermented food materials, and of the microbial biomass occurs subsequently and is equivalent to the digestive processes of non-ruminants


Advantage being a herbivore is :

the ability to efficiently extract energy from cellulose and other components of plant cell walls.

03/10/20118Biokimia Ternak

Microbial live in reticulo-rumen :◦ bacteria, protozoa and fungi.

◦ Bacteria, along with protozoa, are the predominant microbes : 40-60% of total microbial matter in the rumen

◦ proliferate under warm, dark, anaerobic conditions in a buffered aqueous medium.

They use the host ruminant's feed material as their primary growth substrates and of prime importance in this regard are plant carbohydrate polymers provide the energy for growth.

Microbial live in reticulo-rumen :◦ bacteria, protozoa and fungi.

◦ Bacteria, along with protozoa, are the predominant microbes : 40-60% of total microbial matter in the rumen

◦ proliferate under warm, dark, anaerobic conditions in a buffered aqueous medium.

They use the host ruminant's feed material as their primary growth substrates and of prime importance in this regard are plant carbohydrate polymers provide the energy for growth.


Clasified base on :• substrate preferences • the end products they produce

Clasified base on :• substrate preferences • the end products they produce


Cellulolytic (digest cellulose) Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose)

Amylolytic (digest starch) Proteolytic (digest proteins) Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and disaccharides)

Cellulolytic (digest cellulose) Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose)

Amylolytic (digest starch) Proteolytic (digest proteins) Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and disaccharides)


Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as lactic, succinic and malic acids)

Ammonia producers Vitamin synthesizers Methane producers

Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as lactic, succinic and malic acids)

Ammonia producers Vitamin synthesizers Methane producers


1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies.

2. Synthesis of protein from non-protein nitrogen sources

3. Synthesis of B vitamins.

1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies.

2. Synthesis of protein from non-protein nitrogen sources

3. Synthesis of B vitamins.


All vertebrates require certain amino

acids which their cells cannot synthesize (the "essential amino acids").

Fermentative microbes can synthesize all the amino acids and thereby provide them to their host.

in ruminants, bacteria and protozoa are constantly flowing into the abomasum and small intestine, where they are digested and absorbed.

All vertebrates require certain amino

acids which their cells cannot synthesize (the "essential amino acids").

Fermentative microbes can synthesize all the amino acids and thereby provide them to their host.

in ruminants, bacteria and protozoa are constantly flowing into the abomasum and small intestine, where they are digested and absorbed.

1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies

1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies


Fermentative microbes can, for example, utilize urea to synthesize protein.

They also secrete urea formed during protein metabolism into saliva, which flows into the rumen and serves as another nitrogen source for the microbes.


Mammals can synthesize only two of the B vitamins and require dietary sources of the others.

Fermentative microbes are able to synthesize all the B vitamins, and deficiency states are rarely encountered.


RUMEN BACTERIA RUMEN BACTERIA

1010 - 1012 bacteria/g rumen content Strictly anaerobic bacteria

majority Facultatively anaerobic bacteria and

aerobic bacteria minority

1010 - 1012 bacteria/g rumen content Strictly anaerobic bacteria

majority Facultatively anaerobic bacteria and

aerobic bacteria minority


Other clasification is base on oxygen requirement

Other clasification is base on oxygen requirement

1. Aerobes: required oxygen for their live2. facultative anaerobe : live in oxygen

present or absent3. obligate/strict anaerobes: die in the

present of oxygen4. aerotolerant anaerobes : does not require

oxygen but still alive in oxygen present5. microaerophiles : require oxygen in trace

level

1. Aerobes: required oxygen for their live2. facultative anaerobe : live in oxygen

present or absent3. obligate/strict anaerobes: die in the

present of oxygen4. aerotolerant anaerobes : does not require

oxygen but still alive in oxygen present5. microaerophiles : require oxygen in trace

level



Rumen bacteria are divided into three general formRumen bacteria are divided into three general form

1. Spherical or ellipsoidal forms called cocci

2. Cylindrical or rod-like forms called rods

3. Spiral-shaped forms called spirilla

1. Spherical or ellipsoidal forms called cocci

2. Cylindrical or rod-like forms called rods

3. Spiral-shaped forms called spirilla


Single cocci Cocci in pairs

Cocci in tetrads

Shape of rumen bacteria


Cocci in cluster Rods with square endCocci in chain


Curved rod troponema borrelia


Fusi form rodRods with round end coccobacilli


1. Gram positive bacteria have cell surface structures composed of thick peptidoglycan layer and a cytoplasmic membrane

1. Gram positive bacteria have cell surface structures composed of thick peptidoglycan layer and a cytoplasmic membrane


2. Gram negative bacteria have cell surface structures composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane layer and an inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) layer

3. Mycoplasmahave cell surface structures of a triple layer unit membrane (plasmalemma)

2. Gram negative bacteria have cell surface structures composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane layer and an inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) layer

3. Mycoplasmahave cell surface structures of a triple layer unit membrane (plasmalemma)








AFFECTED BY: DIFFERENCES IN LOCATION CONTACT WITH OTHER ANIMALS DIETS

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE RUMEN OF

LAMBS, 2 DAYS AFTER BIRTH INCREASES DURING THE FIRST

WEEKAND WHEN SOLID ARE FED.


INITIALLY, THE AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE FLORA : 1-10% TOTAL POPULATION

IN ADULT ANIMALS 104/ml, TEND TO BE LOW IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL VIABLE COUNT 1010 - 1011/ml

YOUNG ANIMALS : streptococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli on the feed and bedding


REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ARCHAEBACTERIA

THEIR CELL WALL LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN THE PREFERRED SUBSTRATE FOR RUMEN

METHANOGEMNS IS H2 / CO2

Methanosarcina MAY UTILIZE ACETATE

THIS REACTION IS NOT SIGNIFICANT


Species %G+C

Substrate other than H2/CO2

Methanosarcina 39 Methanol, methylamine, acetate

Methanomicrobium 49 Fumarat

Methanobrevibacter ruminantium

31 Formate

Methanobacterium formicium

41 Formate


RUMEN FUNGIRUMEN FUNGI



PROTOZOA : 1. FLAGELLATES2. CILIATES


CONCENTRATION 103-104 cells / ml Size 4 – 15 µm true flagellates: only 5 species

CONCENTRATION 103-104 cells / ml Size 4 – 15 µm true flagellates: only 5 species

almost all of the protozoa 105 – 106 per ml of rumen contents 20 –200 µm in length 4 family : Buetschliidae, Isotrichidae, Blepharocorythida,

Ophryoscolecidae

almost all of the protozoa 105 – 106 per ml of rumen contents 20 –200 µm in length 4 family : Buetschliidae, Isotrichidae, Blepharocorythida,

Ophryoscolecidae


Rumen symbionts

Cattle, like other ruminant animals such as goats, deer, and giraffes, have billions of microbes inside their guts which help them digest their food.

There are some of the many types of microbes that live in the rumens (stomachs) of cows.

The large microbe is a type of protist. The creature that looks like a tadpole

attached to the side of the protist is a fungal spore.

The smaller, rod-shaped beasts lining the underside of the protist are bacteria.


Kingdom: Protist, fungi, eubacteriaScientific Name: Entodinium caudatum et al.Image Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.Image Width: 40 micronsImage Technology: SEM


Kingdom: Eubacteria and ProtistScientific Name: DiplodiniumImage Courtesy of: C.L. Davis, University of IllinoisImage Width: 35 micronsImage Technology: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)


The large creature in this view is a protist that lives in the rumen of a cow. The protist is covered with many other microbes that look like strings of beads or sausage links.

The smaller microbes are bacilli, a type of bacterium. Bacilli (the singular form is bacillus) is a term used to refer to any of the many types of rod-shaped bacteria.


Kingdom: ProtistScientific Name: ProtistaImage Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.Image Width: 17 µmImage Technology: SEM


This is a protist found in the rumen. This protist moves around the rumen to find tasty bits of food to eat. It moves by the little rope-like whips that wiggle around (undulate). These undulating ropes are called "undulipodia." These undulipodia are similar in function (analogous) to the flagella of bacteria.




substrates for microbial fermentation

substrates for microbial fermentation

Dietary • Carbohydrates • proteins

Dietary • Carbohydrates • proteins


a variety of such enzyme beta-glucanases are synthesized by microbes.

the diverse population of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen or hindgut produce all the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose and hemicellulose.

The glucose released is taken up and metabolized by the microbes, and the waste products of microbial metabolism are passed on to the host animal.

Sugars derived from digestion of soluble carbohydrates such as starch are processed similarly.

a variety of such enzyme beta-glucanases are synthesized by microbes.

the diverse population of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen or hindgut produce all the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose and hemicellulose.

The glucose released is taken up and metabolized by the microbes, and the waste products of microbial metabolism are passed on to the host animal.

Sugars derived from digestion of soluble carbohydrates such as starch are processed similarly.


The Products of FermentationFermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions. As a consequence, sugars are metabolized predominantly to volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Additional major products include lactic acid, carbon dioxide and methane.


proteins are also important substrates for fermentation.

in ruminants, all dietary protein enters the rumen. The bulk of this protein is digested by microbial proteases and peptidases.


The resulting peptides amino acids, and ammonia are taken up by microbes and used in several ways, including microbial protein synthesis.

a large quantity of amino acids ingested by fermentative microbes are deaminated and enter some of the same pathways used for carbohydrate metabolism. The net result is that much of dietary protein is metabolized to VFAs.


NH3VFA

CO2

CH4

ATP

Protein synthesis in microbes

R

U

M

E

N

Small intestine Microbial Potein Dietary protein

FEED MATERIAL

Starch/sugar/fiber/fat

Rumen digestible protein

Rumen non-degradable protein

Protein Mineral/vitamin

Sugar/starch/fiber


Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions.

As a consequence, sugars are metabolized predominantly to volatile fatty acids (VFAs).

Additional major products include lactic acid, carbon dioxide and methane.



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Metabolisme Mikrobia Rumen 1.ppt