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Amino acids (AAs)
Sources of AAs:• diet• synthesis de novo• protein degradation
dietary proteins proteosynthesis
body proteins AAs pool N-compound synthes.
de novo biosynthesis degradation (E,glc,fat)
Biosynthesis of amino acids (AA)
Humans can synthesize only 10 of the 20 AA.Essential AA = AA that cannot be synthesized „de novo“. They must be obtained from diet.Nonessential AA:Ala is synthesized from pyruvate.Cys is synthesized from Met and Ser.Tyr is formed by hydroxylation from Phe. TyrVal
SerTrp
ProThr
GlyPhe
GluMet
GlnLys
CysLeu
AspIle
AsnHis
AlaArg
Nonessential AAEssential AA
Synthesis of AAs in a human body- 5 substrates -
1. oxaloacetate → Asp, Asn
2. -ketoglutarate → Glu, Gln, Pro, (Arg)
3. pyruvate → Ala
4. 3-phosphoglycerate → Ser, Cys, Gly
5. Phe → Tyr
Synthesis of thyrosine from phenylalanine
Figure is found at http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/amino-acid-metabolism.html#tyrosine
Formation of activated methionine= S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
SAM is used as –CH3 group donorin metabolic methylations
Figure is found at http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/amino-acid-metabolism.html#cysteine
Synthesis of Cys from Met and Ser
Figure is found at http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/amino-acid-metabolism.html#cysteine
Degradation of AA
20 different multienzyme sequences exist for catabolism of AAs. All common 20 AAs are converted to only 7 compounds:• pyruvate• acetyl-CoA• acetoacetyl-CoA• α-ketoglutarate• succinyl-CoA• fumarate• oxaloacetate
Three types of reactions are typical for degradation of AAs:
1. Transamination
2. Deamination
3. Decarboxylation
Transamination
= an exchange of –NH2 between amino acid and α-ketoacid
These reactions are catalyzed by transaminases (aminotransferases). Most of them require α-ketoglutarate as an acceptor of –NH2.
Coenzyme of transaminases: pyridoxal phosphate (vit. B6 derivative)
Figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nitrogen-metabolism.html
Aminotransferases (transaminases)important in medicine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations,
4th ed. Wiley‑Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0‑471‑15451‑2
Deamination
e. g. oxidative deamination of GluGlu → α-ketoglutarate by glutamate
dehydrogenase
Figure is found at http://www.sbuniv.edu/~ggray/CHE3364/b1c25out.html
Decarboxylation→ primary amines
a) decarboxylation of His → histamine
b) decarboxylation of Trp → serotonin
c) decarboxylation of Tyr → epinephrine and norepinephrine
d) decarboxylation of Glu → GABA (γ-aminobutyrate)
Figure is found at http://www.sbuniv.edu/~ggray/CHE3364/b1c25out.html
Ammonia transport and detoxificationGlutamine (Gln) is the major transport form of ammonia.
Figure is found at http://www.sbuniv.edu/~ggray/CHE3364/b1c25out.html
Urea cycle (ornithine cycle)
• substrates: NH4+, HCO3
-, Asp, ATP
• product: urea• function: synthesis of non-toxic urea• subcellular location: mitochondria and cytosol• organ location: liver• regulatory enzyme: carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase I
Urea cycle (ornithine cycle)
Figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nitrogen-metabolism.html
l
The fate of carbon skeletons of AA during catabolism
• The strategy of the cell is to convert carbon skeletons to compounds useful in gluconeogenesis or CAC.
• Glucogenic AAs = AA that can form any of intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism
Gly, Ala, Ser, Cys, Thr → pyruvate Glu, Pro, Arg, His → Glu → α-ketoglutarate Met, Ile, Val → succinyl-CoA• Ketogenic AAs are converted to acetyl-CoA and
acetoacetyl-CoA. They yield ketone bodies. Leu, Lys● Glucogenic-ketogenic AAs = Thr, Phe, Tyr, Ile
De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides
Figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nucleotide-metabolism.html
Important notes about biosynthesis of purine nucleotides
• Subcellular location: cytoplasm • PRPP = phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is derived
from ribose-5-P• IMP = inosine monophosphate serves as the
common precursor of AMP and GMP synthesis• Gln, Gly, Asp are donors of C and N atoms
• CO2 is a source of C
• C1 units are transferred via tetrahydrofolate„Salvage pathway“:• purines from normal turnover of cellular NA can
be converted to nucleoside triphosphates• substrates: purine bases, PRPP, ATP
De novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides
Figure is found at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nucleotide-metabolism.html
Important notes about synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides
• Carbamoyl phosphate is formed from Gln and CO2
(2 ATP are consumed). This reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl-P synthetase II (cytosolic enzyme) = regulatory step
• pathway occurs in cytoplasm but formation of orotate occurs in mitochondrion → orotate is linked by PRPP → OMP → UMP
• UMP → UTP → CTP TTP● UTP inhibits regulatory enzyme, activator is PRPP„Salvage pathway“:● pyrimidine nucleosides are phosphorylated (ATP)
to nucleotides
TTP