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Mesopotamia and Sumer. Chapter 2 Section 1 . Key Terms. Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Ziggurat City-State Polytheism Dynasty Cuneiform Sargon Hammurabi. Geography Promotes Civilization. Fertile Crescent-curve between the Mediterranean and Persian Sea - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 2Section 1
• Fertile Crescent• Mesopotamia• Ziggurat• City-State• Polytheism• Dynasty• Cuneiform• Sargon• Hammurabi
Fertile Crescent-curve between the Mediterranean and Persian Sea
Richest soils between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Called Mesopotamia
5500 BC farming Grew wheat grain
barley Dug basins to save
water Made canals for
irrigation
Sumerians developed the first civilization.
Built of mud bricks Ziggurats-pyramid
style structure Walls around city City-state- a
political unit with its own government
Polytheism- the worship of many gods
Believed gods controlled all forces
God Enil ruled the air and storms
Gods were like humans◦ Drank, fell in love,
married and fought
Worked hard to please the gods
Built temples Priests held high
status War chiefs became
kings◦ They served the gods
Dynasty-series of rulers from one family
Cuneiform the first style of writing◦ Used a stylus a
sharp tool◦ Made wedge-
shaped symbols Wrote laws,
business accounts, first book◦ Epic of Gilgamesh
Math and Sciences◦ Developed math
based on number 60◦ Still divide hour into
minutes ◦ Circle into 360
degrees◦ Learned geometry◦ Invented the wheel◦ The plow◦ Built sewers
The Arts◦ Use of arches and
ramps◦ Sculpture of wide
open eyes◦ Engraved cylinder
seals engraved all around
◦ Rolled onto wet clay Used to sign
documents
Trade and Society◦ Lacked wood and
metals◦ Sumerians trade for
items◦ Trades across
southwest Asia◦ Formed social
hierarchy Kings and priests Large landowners and
merchants Artisans and farmers
Men and women had distinct roles
Men ◦ Held political office◦ Made laws
Women◦ Took care of the
home◦ Took care of children
Sargon’s Empire◦ 2330 BC◦ Created a
permanent army◦ Used army to
conquer Sumer◦ Ruled from Akad◦ Formed world’s first
empire
Empire- different kingdoms under one rule◦ Akkadian’s adopted
cuneiform◦ Sumerian remained
the main language for religion
◦ Priests had a lot of power
◦ Empire lasted 140 years
Amorites settled in Babylon◦ 1792 BC Hammurabi
is king◦ United all of
Mesopotamia◦ Oversaw building
projects◦ Improved tax
collection
Hammurabi◦ Increased trade◦ Absorbed culture of
the region◦ Most famous for
Hammurabi’s Code◦ 282 laws dealing
with trade, murder, theft, injury
◦ Was written for all people to see