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Merchant Ship Search andRescue Manual (MERSAR)

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First published in 1970 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

4 Albert E ban! ent" L#nd#n SEI $SR

Second edition 1977 Third edition 1980

Fourth edition 1986 Fifth edition 1993

ForewordIn %&'& IMO c#nsidered search and rescue atters" and as a irst step prepared the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERS R!" This

anual as ad#pted by the se*enth IMO Asse bly in %&$%+The purp#se # this Manual is t# pr#*ide ,uidance t# th#se h#" durin,e er,encies at sea" ay re-uire assistance #r ay be able t# renderassistance+ In particular" it as desi,ned t# help the aster # any ship h#

i,ht be called up#n t# participate in search and rescue #perati#ns+.#ll# in, the ad#pti#n # the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n #n Mariti e Searchand Rescue" %&$& and appr#*al # the #M$ Search and Rescue Manual(#M$S R Manual! by the thirty0ei,hth sessi#n # the Mariti e Sa ety/# ittee" the MERS R Manual as re*ised t# ta!e acc#unt # the

pr#*isi#ns # the /#n*enti#n and als# t# ali,n it" here appr#priate" iththe #M$S R Manual" Since that ti e the MERS R Manual has beena ended by the Mariti e Sa ety /# ittee #n a nu ber # #ccasi#ns t#ta!e acc#unt # techn#l#,ical chan,es and related a end ents t#internati#nal c#n*enti#ns" res#luti#ns and rec# endati#ns a ectin, SAR#perati#ns and pr#cedures+The present i th editi#n (I &&1) # the anual inc#rp#rates all a end entsad#pted by the Mariti e Sa ety /# ittee up t# and includin, th#sead#pted at its si2tieth sessi#n ('0%3 April %&& )" hich beca e applicable#n 5 April %&&1+

Contents %a&e

Introduction0.1 6urp#se 777777777777777+%3+ /ate,#ries # distress incidents 777777%3+1 Obli,ati#ns and resp#nsibilities777777+%3+4 6#siti#n0rep#rtin, syste s77777777+0"' Abbre*iati#ns77777777777773+' Ter s and de initi#ns7777777777

Chapter 1 - Co-ordination of search and rescue operations1.1 Re-uire ents #r c#0#rdinati#n777777+%+ /#0#rdinati#n by land0based auth#rities777

%+1 On0scene c#0#rdinati#n777777777++%+4 8esi,nati#n # OS/ and his resp#nsibilities7++11"' 8esi,nati#n # /SS and his resp#nsibilities771%+' R//9RS/ c# unicati#ns ith OS/9/SS7+++1

Chapter 2 - Action by a ship in di stress+% Trans issi#n # the distress essa,e7777+1+ /# p#nents # the distress essa,e7777++1+1 8irecti#n0 indin, and h# in,77777774+4 /ancellati#n # distress essa,es7777++74+: Trainin,7777777777777774

Chapter 3 - Action by assisting ships 1+% 8istress call and essa,e 7777777774 1+ I ediate acti#n 7777777777774

1+1 6r#ceedin, t# the area # distress 77777741+4 On0b#ard preparati#n 777777777741+: Aircra t casualties 77777777777+41+' Establish ent # the /SS77777777741+$ ;isual identi icati#n # the /SS777777741+5 /#ntr#l # inter0ship radi#c# unicati#ns 77 '1+& Appr#achin, the scene7777777777+ '1+%3 Arri*al #n0scene 0 Search pr#cedures77777 '

Chapter 4 - Assistance by SA aircraft4+% General 777777777777777+:4+ Assistance by helic#pters777777777:

Chapter! - "#anning and conducting the search'"1 Genera 777777777777777+77+'

:+ Resp#nsibility # /SS777777777777':+1 8e initi#ns7777777777777777+':+4 6lannin, the search7777777777777$'"' ;isual search777777777777777+$

:+' Radar search 777777777777777+$ :+$ Inter*al bet een ships 77777777777++5 :+5 Searchin, speed 777777777777775 :+& Search patterns 77777777777777+5 '"10 Initiati#n # search 77777777777775 '"11 Restricted *isibility 777777777777++5 :+% .urther acti#n #n c# pleti#n # initial phase 777& :+%1 uesti#nin, sur*i*#rs 777777777777%:

Anne(I - Standard #r at #r search and rescue situati#n rep#rts(SITRE6S)

Anne( 2 - Man0#*erb#ard an#eu*res 777777777777++%'

Anne( 3 - Re,ulati#n ;9%3 # the Internati#nal /#n*enti#n#r the Sa ety # Li e at Sea" %&$4 77++ 7777++%'

Introduction0.1 "urpose0.1.1 The purp#se # this Manual is t# pr#*ide ,uidance #r th#se

h# durin, e er,encies at sea ay re-uire assistance r#

#thers #r h# ay be able t# render such assistancethe sel*es+ In particular" it is desi,ned t# aid the aster #any *essel h# i,ht be ca lled up#n t# c#nduct search andrescue (SAR) #perati#ns at sea #r pers#ns in distress+

0.2 Categories of distress incidents0.2.1 In ,eneral" distress incidents all int# t # ain cate,#ries?

.1 coasta# 0 in hich s# e #r all # the #ll# in, ay bea*ailable t# assist? ships" aircra t" helic#pters and sh#re0

based li e0sa*in, acilities@ 0.2 ocean 0 in hich ships and l#n,0ran,e aircra t ay be

a*ailable alth#u,h" in the #re re #te #cean areas" #nlyships ay be a*ailable+

0.3 )b#igations and responsibi#ities0.3.1 The basis #r this Manual is the internati#nal c#n*enti#ns hich

set #ut resp#nsibilities #r assistance at sea+ It is accepted as then#r al practice # sea en" indeed there is an #bli,ati#n up#n

asters" that they render e*ery assistance ithin their p# er incases here a pers#n #r pers#ns are in distress at sea+ These#bli,ati#ns are set #ut in re,ulati#n ;9%3 # the Internati#nal/#n*enti#n #r the Sa ety # Li e at Sea" %&$4 (SOLAS %&$4)"

hich is -u#ted in anne2 1+

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0.4 "osition-reporting syste&s0.4.1 6#siti#n0rep#rtin, is an instru ent #r search and rescue+

There #re" asters are enc#ura,ed t# a!e ull use # p#siti#n0rep#rtin, arran,e ents and acilities here*er they e2ist+

0.! Abbre*iations/ES c#ast earth stati#n/RS c#ast radi# stati#n/s call si,n/S6 c# ence search p#intcss c##rdinat#r sur ace search89. directi#n0 indin,

ELT e er,ency l#cat#r trans itter E6IR e er,ency p#siti#n0indicatin, radi# beac#nETA e2pected ti e # arri*alB. hi,h re-uencyINTER/O #nternational ode of Si&nalsMERSAR Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual M. ediu re-uency#sc #n0scene c# ander R// rescue c#0#rdinati#n centreRS/ rescue sub0centreR< rescue unitSAR search and rescueSITRE6 si tua ti#n rep#rtSRR search and rescue re,i#n

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e2pected that #ne specialiCed unit ill assu e the duties # #n0scenec# ander (OS/)+ Merchant ships can then e2pect t# recei*e speci icinstructi#ns r# the OS/ (n#r ally *ia the specialiCed ships i theOS/ is airb#rne)+ The OS/ is the c# ander # that specialiCed unit

hich is in char,e # #n0scene SAR #perati#ns+.3 It is i p#rtant that the /SS and any SAR aircra t present sh#uldc#0#rdinate their #perati#ns+ 8irect c# unicati#n bet een units #n

"%5 !BC #r" i a*ailable" %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') #uld be#st desirable+ B# e*er" alth#u,h any ships and SAR aircra t ha*e

#ne #r b#th # these acilities" this d#es n#t apply uni*ersally+ In thelatter case interc# unicati#n and c#0#rdinati#n can be e ected *iathe /RS and land0based SAR auth#rity+.4 O in, t# the p#tential haCard # c#llisi#n and the n#ise pr#ble

ass#ciated ith helic#pters #peratin, in a c#n ined space durin, rescue#perati#ns" it is essential that their #perati#ns be c##rdinated by theunit in best c# unicati#n ith the + This ay be the R//" theOS/" the /SS" #ne # the helic#pters #r a i2ed0 in, aircra t+ Thisunit sh#uld pr#*ide #peratin, areas and altitudes #r the helic#ptersand be resp#nsi*e t# the re-uire ents # helic#pters as ell as there-uire ents # sur ace rescue units h#se #perati#ns ay beha pered by helic#pter n#ise and r#t#r ash+

1.4 esignation of OS/ and his responsibi#ities1.4.1 Dhen rescue units are ab#ut t# en,a,e in SAR #perati#ns" #ne

# sh#uld be desi,nated OS/ as early as practicable and pre erably #rearri*al ithin the speci ied search area+

%+4+ The appr#priate R// #r RS/ sh#uld desi,nate anOS/+ I this is practicable" units in*#l*ed sh#uld desi,nate by utual

a,ree ent an OS/+ 1.4.3

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2.2.3 Dhen re-uestin, edical assistance #r an ill #r in ured pers#n"additi#nal relati*e in #r ati#n" as indicated bel# " sh#uld be urnished+ Other in #r ati#n ay als# be necessary in certain cases+ /#des r#chapter 1 # the #nternational ode of Si&nals ay be used i necessaryt# help #*erc# e lan,ua,e barriers+ I edical e*acuati#ns are bein,c#nsidered" the bene its # such an e*acuati#n ust be ei,hed a,ainstthe inherent dan,ers # such #perati#ns t# b#th the pers#n needin,assistance and t# rescue pers#nnel@

+% patient s na e" a,e" ,ender" nati#nality and lan,ua,e@.2 patient s respirati#n" pulse rate" te perature and bl##d

pressure@.3 l#cati#n # pain@.4 nature # illness #r in ury" includin, apparent cause and

related hist#ry@.! sy pt# s@.$ type" ti e" #r and a #unts # all edicati#ns ,i*en@.% ti e # last ##d c#nsu pti#n@+5 ability # patient t# eat" drin!" al! #r be #*ed@. hether the *essel has a edical chest" and hether a

physician #r #ther edically trained pers#n is ab#ard@+10 hether a suitable clear area is a*ailable #r helic#pter h#ist

#perati#ns #r landin,@.11 na e" address and ph#ne nu ber # *essel s a,ent@.12 last p#rt # call" ne2t p#rt # call" and ETA # ne2t p#rt #

call@ and.13 additi#nal pertinent re ar!s+

2.2.4 It ill n#r ally be i practicable t# include all in #r ati#n inthe initial distress essa,e+ The ti in, # subse-uent trans issi#ns ill be,#*erned by circu stances+ In ,eneral" i ti e all# s" a series # sh#rt

essa,es ill be pre erable t# #ne #r t # l#n, #nes+

2.3 irection-finding and ho&ing2.3.1 Subse-uent t# the trans issi#n # the distress essa,e #n :33 !BC"t # dashes # %3 t# %: sec#nds durati#n shall be trans itted" each #ll# ed

by the ship s call si,n" t# enable c#ast directi#n0 indin, stati#ns and shipst# ta!e a 89. bearin,+ This trans issi#n sh#uld be repeated at re,ularinter*als+

2.3.2 In cases here "%5 !BC is used si ilar acti#n sh#uld be ta!en"usin, a c#ntinued repetiti#n # the call si,n #r na e # ship #r a l#n,nu erical c#unt in place # the t # dashes enti#ned in para,raph +1+%ab#*e+

2.4 Cance##ation of distress &essages2.4.1 8istress essa,es sh#uld al ays be cancelled as s##n as sa*in,# li e is n# l#n,er re-uired #r search is ter inated+

2.! +raining2.!.1 It is i p#rtant that all eans #r indicatin, the p#siti#n # shipsin distress #r sur*i*al cra t sh#uld be pr#perly used+ Radi# trans issi#nssh#uld be ade as s##n as p#ssible but #ther eans" e+,+ r#c!ets and hand

lares" sh#uld be c#nser*ed until it is !n# n that they ay attract theattenti#n # aircra t #r ships in the *icinity+ The attenti#n # asters isdirected t# the ,reat ad*anta,e # pri#r trainin," s# that as any # theship s cre as p#ssible are a iliar ith the pr#per use # all the appliances

pr#*ided #r their sa ety+

Chapter 3 Action by assisti##g ships

3.1 istress ca## and &essage3.1.1 Ships ay recei*e?+% the alar si,nal and9#r d istress call and essa,e r# a ship" directly#r by relay@+ the distress call and essa,e r# an air cra t" usually by relay r# a/RS@+1 si,nals e itted by E6IR " c#nsidered t# be distress si,nals@+4 *isual #r s#und si,nals r# ships #r aircra t in distress+

3.2 I&&ediate action3.2.1 The #ll# in, i ediate acti#n sh#uld be ta!en by each ship#n receipt # a distress essa,e@

+% ac!n# led,e receipt and" i appr#priate" retrans it thedistress essa,e@

.2 try t# ta!e i ediately 89. bearin,s durin, thetrans issi#n # the distress essa,e and aintain a 89.

atch #n :33 !BC and9#r "%5 !BC@.3 c# unicate the #ll# in, in #r ati#n t# the ship in

distress?(i) identity@(ii) p#siti#n@(iii) speed and e2pected ti e # arri*al (ETA)@(i*) hen a*ailable" true bearin, # the ship in distress@

.4 aintain a c#ntinu#us listenin, atch #n the #ll# in,internati#nal distress re-uencies?

(i) :33 !BC (radi#tele,raphy)@(ii) "%5 !BC (radi#teleph#ny)@ and(iii) %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') (radi#teleph#ny)@

.! #perate radar c#ntinu#usly@

.$ i in the *icinity # the distress" p#st e2tra l##!#uts+

3.2.2 The ship #r c#ast stati#n in c#ntr#l # distress tra ic sh#uldestablish c#ntact ith the resp#nsible area R// thr#u,h a /RS and pass#n all a*ailable in #r ati#n" up0datin, as necessary+

3.2.3 Ships hich are able t# c# unicate #n the distress re-uencies:33 !BC" "%5 !BC and %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %') shall" i

appr#priate" repeat the distress essa,e #n these re-uencies+

3.3 "roceeding to the area of distress3.3.1 Ships pr#ceedin, t# the area # the distress sh#uld pl#t the

p#siti#n" c#urse" speed and ETA # #ther assistin, ships+

3.3.2 The c# unicati#n e-uip ent ith hich ships are itted ay be #btained r# the Internati#nal Telec# unicati#n

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3.! Aircraft casua#ties3.!.1 I the casualty is an aircra t" supple entary in #r ati#n is

c#ntained in chapter 5+

3.$ stab#ish&ent of the CSS3.$.1 The duties # the /SS are t# #r,aniCe and c#0#rdinate search andrescue #perati#ns by erchant ships+ This is liable t# be a c# ple2 tas!and this c#nsiderati#n has a bearin, #n the selecti#n # the /SS (see

para,raph %1)+

3.$.2 It is #st desirable that the /SS sh#uld be established as earlyas practicable and pre erably be #re arri*al H#n0sceneH+

3.$.3 The /SS ust be established by utual a,ree ent bet een theship c#ncerned and the c##rdinatin, R//" ha*in, due re,ard t# the ship scapabilities and ETA+ B# e*er" the unit hich arri*es irst sh#uld ta!esuch i ediate acti#n as ay be re-uired+

3.$.4 It is i p#rtant that the /SS sh#uld ha*e ,##dradi#c# unicati#n acilities+

3.$.! In case # lan,ua,e di iculties the #nternational ode ofSi&nals and Standard Marine +a,i&ational -ocabular. sh#uld be used(see als# para,raph :+%')+

3.$.$ On assu in, the duty" the /SS sh#uld i ediately in #r a

/RS+ It sh#uld als# !eep it in #r ed # de*el#p ents at re,ularinter*als+

3.$.% The /SS sh#uld !eep the R//9RS/ c##rdinatin, search andrescue #perati#ns in #r ed at re,ular inter*als and hene*er thesituati#n has chan,ed+

3.% 5isua# identification of the CSS1+$+% The /SS sh#uld display c#ntinu#usly the #ll# in, *isual

si,nals? .1 F 8AF 0 Internati#nal /#de Gr#up H.RH"

.2 F NIGBT 0 A distincti*e si,nal hich the /SS ill pr# ul,ate+

3.' Contro# of inter-ship radioco&&unications3.'.1 It ill be necessary #r the /SS t# c#ntr#l the a*ailable inter0ship c# unicati#n channels+ The strictest radi# discipline and

pr#cedure sh#uld be e2ercised+

3. Approaching the scene3. .1 Dhen appr#achin, the scene" ships sh#uld a!e ull use # anyradi# directi#n0 indin, acilities t# Hh# eH and si ilarly t# l#cate anytrans issi#ns r# E6IR + /haracteristics # an E6IR are c#ntainedin chapter $+

3. .2 The radar sh#uld be #perated and e ecti*e l##!#uts aintained(see chapter :" i,ure :0: #r typical radar detecti#n ran,es)+

3. .3 At ni,ht" searchli,hts sh#uld be used #r s# e #r # sur ace

illu inati#n sh#uld be c#ntri*ed+

3. .4 The /SS sh#uld be !ept in #r ed # any c#ntacts ade by 89."radar #r *isual si,htin,s+ I the /SS has n#t been established" thisin #r ati#n sh#uld be trans itted t# all stati#ns #n the distress

re-uency #r re-uencies+

3. .! Ships sh#uld ta!e easures t# a!e the sel*es hi,hly *isiblet# sur*i*#rs" such as a!in, s #!e durin, the dayti e and !eepin,the ship ell lit at ni,ht+ B# e*er" cauti#n sh#uld be ta!en as it is

*itally i p#rtant n#t t# i pair the *isi#n # l##!#uts by the e2cessi*euse # li,hts+

3. .$ Dhen searchin, #r sur*i*#rs" h# i,ht p#ssibly be incan#pied li era ts" ships sh#uld s#und histle si,nals hile searchin,t# attract the attenti#n # the sur*i*#rs s# that they can use *isualsi,nallin, de*ices+

3. .% E2tra l##!#uts sh#uld be p#sted s# as t# search a 1'3 arcar#und the ship #r the durati#n # the search+ This ill pr#*ide #rsi,htin, si,nals set # by sur*i*#rs e*en a ter the ship has passedthe +

3. .' The ship s cre sh#uld be pr#hibited r# du pin, debris #*erthe side #r the durati#n # the search t# pre*ent the debris r#causin, alse si,htin,s+

3.10 Arri*a# on-scene - Search procedures3.10.1 I the casualty has n#t been l#cated" a search sh#uld be initiated

ith#ut delay usin, an appr#priate search pattern (see chapter :)+

3.10.2 T# c#0#rdinate the search e ecti*ely" the /SS sh#uld aintaina ,eneral pl#t # the area under search and assistin, ships sh#uld d#the sa e+ In search plannin," the /SS sh#uld a!e ull use # allelectr#nic na*i,ati#nal de*ices+

Chapter 4 Assistance by SA aircraft

4.1 General4.1.1 Ships in distress #r sur*i*#rs at sea ay be supplied by SAR aircra t

ith special ite s # dr#ppable e-uip ent" hich ay c# e in c#ntainers#r pac!a,es # di erent types and di ensi#ns+The c#ntents # each c#ntainer #r pac!a,e sh#uld be clearly indicated in

print in at least three lan,ua,es" by sel 0e2planat#ry sy b#ls" and als# bystrea ers c#l#ured acc#rdin, t# the #ll# in, c#de?

ed 0 edical supplies and irst0aid e-uip ent@6#ue 0 ##d and ater@7e##ow 0 blan!ets and pr#tecti*e cl#thin,@6#ac8 0 iscellane#us e-uip ent such as st#*es" a2es" c# passes"c##!in, utensils" etc+@/# binati#n # c#l#urs 0 i2ed c#ntents+

Miscellane#us e-uip ent ay include" in particular?+% indi*idual li era ts #r se*eral li era ts lin!ed by a bu#yant r#pe@.2 bu#yant radi# beac#ns and9#r transcei*ers@.3 dye and s #!e ar!ers and la e l#ats@.4 parachute lares #r illu inati#n@.! sal*a,e pu ps+

4.2 Assistance by he#icopters4.2.1 A helic#pter ay be used t# supply e-uip ent and9#r rescue #re*acuate pers#ns+4.2.2 The radius # helic#pter acti#n usually *aries bet een :3 and

33 nautical iles r# base and li tin, capacity bet een #ne and #rethan %: pers#ns dependin, #n the siCe and type # aircra t+

4.2.3 /ertain rescue+@#perati#ns ill in*#l*e ris!s #r the helic#ptercre + There #re it is essential in each case t# e*aluate the seri#usness# the situati#n and t# ascertain the need #r helic#pter assistance+

4.2.4 In supp#ying e,uip&ent a helic#pter n#r ally c# es t# ah#*er #*er a cleared space and l# ers the e-uip ent by eans # its

inch cable+ 6ers#nnel #n dec! need #nly unh##! the cable+

4.2.! 8urin, rescue #perati#ns a helic#pter n#r ally uses a specialde*ice #r h#istin, #r l# erin, pers#ns+ Lar,e helic#pters re-uentlyl# er a e ber # their # n cre ab#ard the ship #r assistin, in thedise bar!ati#n pr#cedure and in the use # the e-uip ent+ .#r the

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e*acuati#n # pers#ns" the end # the h#istin, cable ay be pr#*idedith #ne # the #ll# in, eans?

+% a rescue slin,@.2 a rescue bas!et@.3 a rescue net@.4 a rescue litter@.! a rescue seat+

4.2.!.1 The #st idely used eans #r e*acuatin, pers#ns is therescue slin,+ The rescue slin, is suited #r the purp#se # -uic!ly

pic!in, up pers#ns" but it is unsuitable #r patients+ Rescue slin,s are!n# n by se*eral na es and c# e in sli,htly di erent shapes andc#n i,urati#ns (see i,ure 40%)+ Sliii,s ay be ade # ebbed" belted

aterial si ilar t# that used in parachute harnesses+ The slin, is put #nin uch the sa e ay as #ne puts #n a c#at" ensurin, that the l##p # theslin, is passed behind the bac8 and under both ar&pits. +he personusing the s#ing &ust face the hoo8. Bands sh#uld be clasped in r#nt assh# n+ One ust n#t sit in the slin," n#r sh#uld the slin, be unh##!ed+

4.2.!.2 S# e SAR helic#pter units use the doub#e #ift &ethod hichc#nsists # a n#r al rescue slin," and a seatin, belt anned by ahelic#pter cre e ber+ This eth#d is suitable #r pic!0up r# the

ater #r the dec! # incapacitated pers#ns" n#t #unded badly en#u,h s#that a litter has t# be used+ The helic#pter cre e ber puts the pers#nint# the slin, and c#nducts the h#ist #perati#n+

4.2.!.3 The use # the rescue bas8et d#es n#t re-uire any specialeasures+ The pers#n t# use the bas!et erely cli bs in" re ains seated

and h#lds #n+

4.2.!.4 The rescue net has a c#nical Hbird ca,eH appearance and is #pen#n #ne side+ The pers#n t# use the net erely enters the #penin," sits inthe net and h#lds #n+

4.2.!.! 6atients ill in #st cases be dise bar!ed by eans # a rescue#itter. N#t ithstandin, a ship s litter ay be a*ailable in #st cases" thee*acuati#n # patients sh#uld n#r ally be d#ne in a special litter pr#*ided

by the helic#pter + T# this litter bridles are itted" and it can -uic!ly andsa ety be h##!ed #n and # " #r #r hich purp#se a suitable h##! isattached t# the h#istin, cable+ E*en i the trans er # the patient r# theship s # n stretcher t# the litter pr#*ided by the helic#pter is pain ul" itsh#uld be pre erd t# a ris!y e*acuati#n in a litter hich is n#t suited #r the

purp#es+

4.2.!.$ The rescue seat l##!s li!e a three0pr#n,ed anch#r ith lat lu!es#r seats+ The pers#n t# be h#isted erely sits astride #ne #r t # # the theseats and raps his ar s ar#und the shan!+ This de*ice can be used t#h#ist t # pers#ns at #nce++

4.2.$ A direct radi# lin! sh#uld be established bet een ship andhelic#pter+ B# e*er" an e2chan,e # in #r ati#n and instructi#nsab#ut rendeC*#us p#siti#ns" etc+ ay be established thr#u,h sh#re0

based radi# stai#ns + Dhen the helic#pter is e-uipped ith a suitabledirecti#n0 inder" there is als# the p#ssibility # identi yin, a ship and #h# in, #n it by a!in, use # the ship s radi# trans issi#n #n ana,reed re-uency+ A list # a*ailable re-uencies #r c# unicati#n

ith assistin, aircra t is c#ntained in para,raph $+1+

4.2.% Means # c# unicati#n bet een ship and helic#pter areurther indicated in the #nternational ode of Si&nals ) General

secti#n" I 8ISTRESS 0 EMERGEN/F under HAircra t 0 helic#pterH+

4.2.' The p#siti#n # the ship" as ell as the c#urse and speed t# therendeC*#us p#siti#n" sh#uld be ,i*en in the ullest p#ssible detail" and

urther" the l#cal eather situati#n and particulars ab#ut h# t#identi y the ship r# the air+ Als#" in #r ati#n sh#uld be sub itted# the identi icati#n eans t# be used" such as la,s" #ran,e s #!esi,nals" sp#tli,hts" dayli,ht si,nallin, la ps #r heli#,raph+

4.2. As lar,e a clear stretch # dec! as p#ssible sh#uld be adea*ailable as a pic!0up area + The area # dec! hich is clear ##bstructi#ns sh#uld be ar!ed ith a yell# painted circular shapeab#ut : in dia eter hich is appr#priate t# the clear areaa*ailable+ 8urin, the ni,ht" inchin, area l##dli,htin, sh#uld be

pr#*ided and the l##dli,hts sh#uld be l#cated s# as t# a*#id ,lare t# pil#ts in li,ht #r t# pers#nnel #r!in, #n the area+ Thearran,e ent and ai in, # l##dli,hts sh#uld be such that shad# sare !ept t# a ini u + The spectral distributi#n # the l##dli,htssh#uld be such that the sur ace and #bstacle ar!in,s can bec#rrectly identi ied+ #bstacles sh#uld be clearly identi ied by#bstacle li,hts+ Dhere inchin, area l##dli,htin, and #bstacleli,htin, cann#t be pr#*ided" the ship sh#uld in c#nsultati#n ith the

pil#t" be illu inated as bri,htly as p#ssible particularly the pic!0uparea and any #bstructi#ns" e+,+ asts" unnels" etc+ /are sh#uld beta!en that such illu inati#n ill n#t blind the helic#pter pil#t+

4.2.10 In additi#n t# the re #*al # #bstacles #ne sh#uld bear in indthe str#n, air0current caused by the helic#pter+ /l#thin, #r #ther #b ectslyin, ab#ut sh#uld be cleared a ay #r secured+

4.2.11

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4.2.1 Generally" pers#nal bel#n,in,s sh#uld n#t be ta!en al#n,+L##se ,ear can bec# e entan,led in the h#ist cable #r" #rse yet" bec# esuc!ed up int# the helic#pter r#t#rs ith disastr#us e ects+

4.2.20 The #ll# in, h#istin, si,nals ay be used?) )+ 9)IS+ Ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally" in,ers

clenched" thu bs d# n+9)IS+ Ar s raised ab#*e the h#riC#ntal" thu bs

up+(I a sur*i*#r has t# ,i*e the h#istin, si,nalhi sel " he sh#uld raise #nly #ne ar t#

pre*ent slippin, #ut # the slin,+)(+ote") I it is desired t# include arshallin, si,nals" standard si,nals can

be selected r# anne2 # the /#n*enti#n #n Internati#nal /i*ilA*iati#n+)

Chapter ! "#anning and conducting the search!.1 :enera#!.1.1 In #rder that sur ace units" and especially erchant ships #n0

scene"ill be able t# search e ecti*ely" in c#n uncti#n ith SAR aircra t hen

a*ailable" it is essential that search patterns and pr#cedures sh#uld be preplanned t# enable erchant ships # all la,s t# c#0#perate inc##rdinated #perati#ns ith the ini u di iculty and delay+ T# achie*ethis ai " a nu ber # search patterns t# eet *aryin, circu stances ha*e

been established+!.1.2 Typical an #*erb#ard an#eu*res are ,i*en in anne2 t# this

anual+

!.2 esponsibi#ity of /SS!.2.1 As indicated in para,raph 1+ %3" it is the resp#nsibility # the

/SSt# select and then t# initiate in c#n uncti#n ith assistin, ships the #stsuitable search pattern+

!.2.2 It is e-ually the resp#nsibility # the /SS t# ad ust the search pattern in *ie # the subse-uent de*el#p ents hich ay include?

+% additi#nal assistin, ships arri*in,@ .2 additi#nal in #r ati#n@.3 eather c#nditi#ns" *isibility and dayli,ht+

!.3 efinitions!.3.1 The #ll# in, de initi#ns relate t# the c#nduct and e2ecuti#n #search patterns?

+% atu&The #st pr#bable p#siti#n # the search tar,et at a ,i*en ti e"ta!in, int# acc#unt the e2pected e ect # dri t since the initial

p#siti#n # the incident as established+.2 rift

The esti ated c# p#site resultant # ind" current and9#r tidalstrea hich ay cause a chan,e in the p#siti#n # the searchtar,et+

.3 (panding s,uare search patternA type # search pattern suitable #r a sin,le ship hich sh#uldsearch #ut ard in e2pandin, s-uares r# the datu (see pattern%)+

.4 eewayThe #*e ent # an #b ect caused by its bein, pushed thr#u,hthe ater by l#cal inds bl# in, a,ainst the e2p#sed sur ace #such #b ect+

.! Sea currentThe current pre*ailin, in the #pen sea that is caused by act#rs#ther than l#cal inds+

.$ Sec tor search patternA type # search pattern suitable #r a sin,le ship in specialcircu stances (e+,+ an #*erb#ard) in hich the ship searchesradially r# datu usin, a syste # sect#rs ' a circle (see

pattern la)+.% "ara##e# trac8 search patterns

Search patterns suitable #r t # #r #re ships in hich all shipsaintain parallel c#urses (see patterns " 1" 4 and :)+

.' Ship aircraft coordinated search patternA search pattern in hich a ship and an aircra t c#nduct ac##rdinated search (see pattern ')+

. ;ind currentThe sur ace current pre*ailin, in the #pen sea ,enerated by

inds pushin, the ater al#n,++%3 Additiona# ter&s used

An e2planati#n # the ter s trac/ co**ence search point andtrac/ spacin& is ,i*en in i,ure :0%+

!.4 "#anning the search!.4.1 It ill be necessary t# establish a datu ta!in, int# acc#unt the#ll# in, act#rs?

+% rep#rted p#siti#n and ti e # casualty@.2 ti e inter*al bet een ships pr#ceedin, t# assist and the ir arri*al #n thescene@.3 esti ated sur ace #*c ents # the casualty and9#r sur*i*al cra tdurin, the peri#d enti#ned in (b)+ These ill depend pri arily #n dri t+.i,ure :01 pr#*ides esti ates # lee ay@.4 the li!elih##d # SAR aircra t arri*in, #n0scene be #re assistin, ships@.! any supple entary in #r ati#n such as 89. bearin,s #r si,htin,s+

+er&s used with search patterns--. --? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#undsi,nal

apparatus+ A ran,e (indicati#n #directi#n) ay be ,i*en by placin, asteady hite li,ht #r lare at a l# erle*el and in line ith the #bser*er+

HThis is the best place t# land+H

By day 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n # a hitela, #r ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally #ririn, # a red star si,nal #r si,nallin,

the c#de letter S ( B

? ,i*en by li,ht#r s#und0si,nal apparatus+

By night = B#riC#ntal #ti#n # ahite li,ht #r lare # a red star si,nal

#r si,nallin, the c#de letter S ( B

? ,i*en by li,ht #r s#und0si,nalapparatus+

Landin, here hi,hlydan,er#us+H

B#riC#ntal #ti#n #ll# ed byhite la, in ,r#und and the

carryin, # an#ther hite la, in thedirecti#n t# be indicated #r irin, #a red star si,nal *ertically and a

hite star si,nal in the directi#nt# ards the better landin, 6lace #r

si,nallin, the c#deletter S ( B

?

#ll# ed by the c#de letter >.

--. ?

i a better landin, 6lace #r the cra tin distress is l#cated #re t# theri,ht in the directi#n # appr#ach #r

the c#de letter L >.

--. .? i a better

landin, 6lace #r the cra t in

distress is l#cated #re t# the le t inthe directi#n # appr#ach+

By night = B#riC#ntal #ti#n # ahite li,ht #r lare" #ll# ed by the

6lacin, # the hite li,ht #r lare #nthe ,r#und and the carryin, #an#ther hite li,ht #r lare in thedirecti#n t# be indicated #r irin, #a red star si,nal *ertically and a

hite star si,nal in the directi#nt# ards the better landin, place #r

si,nallin, the c#de letter S ( B

?

#ll# ed by c#de letter >.

--. ? i

a better landin, place #r the cra t

in distress is l#cated #re t# theri,ht in the directi#n # appr#ach #r

the c#de letter L >.

--. .? i a better

landin, place #r the cra t indistress is l#cated #re t# the le t inthe directi#n # appr#ach+

Landin, here hi,hlydan,er#us+ A #re a*#urablel#cati#n #r landin, is in thedirecti#n indicated+

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(ii) Si,nals t# be e pl#yed in c#nnecti#n ith the use # sh#re li e0sa*in, apparatus?

Signa# Signification By day 0 ;ertical #ti#n # a hite

la, #r the ar s #r irin, # a ,reenstar si,nal+

By night 0 ;ertical #ti#n # ahite li,ht #r lare #r irin, # a

,reen star si,nal+

In ,eneral 0 A ir ati*e+ HSpeci ically?HR#c!et line is held+HHTail bl#c! is ade ast+ HHBa ser is ade ast+H "

Man is in the breeches bu#y+

HHBaul a ay+H

By day 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n # ahite la, #r ar s e2tended

h#riC#ntally #r irin, # a red starsi,nal+

By night 0 B#riC#ntal #ti#n # ahite li,ht #r lare #r irin, # a red

star si,nal+

In ,eneral 0 HNe,ati*e+HSpeci ically?HSlac! a ay+HHA*ast haulin,+H

%.3 Co&&unications with assist ing aircraft

%.3.1 Radi#c# unicati#n ith desi,nated SAR aircra t sh#uldn#r ally be p#ssible #n "%5 !BC #r the ;B. re-uencies%:'+5 MBC and %:'+1 MBC+

%.3.2 Ships ay c# unicate Dith aircra t #r sa ety purp#ses"includin, SAR c# unicati#ns" #n 1"3 1 !BC" :"'53 !BC" % %+: MBC"% 1+% MBC" %:'+1 MBC" %:'+5 MBC and 41 MBC+

%.3.3 Radi#c# unicati#n bet een ships and aircra t #n SAR#perati#ns can be e ected thr#u,h the c#ast radi# stati#n t# the R//+ Thissyste sh#uld be used hen direct c# unicati#n cann#t be established#n "%5 !BC" 1"3 1+: !BC" :"'53 !BC" % %+: MBC" % 1+% MBC" %:'+1MBC and %:'+5 MBC+

%.3.4 ;isual si,nals as described in $+ +% ay be used+

Aircraft in distress

%.3.! An aircra t in distress #*er an #cean sh#uld" in acc#rdanceith I/AO pr#cedures" ad*ise the air tra ic c#ntr#l (AT/) auth#rity

# the distress situati#n #n the re-uency bein, used #r AT/ purp#ses+

%.3.$ I ditchin, at sea is li!ely" the AT/ auth#rity illi ediately ad*ise the appr#priate R//+ The R// ill alert ships

hich are in a p#siti#n t# pr#*ide assistance+

%.3.% Dhen alerted" ships ill be re-uested t# establish" i p#ssible" a listenin, atch #n the re-uency 4"% : !BC+ I unable t#use the re-uency 4"% : !BC" ships ill be re-uested t# establish a

atch #n the re-uency 1"3 1 !BC+

%.3.' The aircra t ill initially atte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns#n the re-uency 4"% : !BC and" i this is n#t success ul" ill thenatte pt t# establish c# unicati#ns #n the re-uency 1"3 1 !BC+

%.3. In the e*ent that ditchin, bec# es unnecessary" the aircra till initiate n#ti icati#n t# cancel the distress situati#n in acc#rdanceith IT--. ? by si,nal la p+

7.4.2 Signa#s with sur*i*ors

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%.4.2.1 Dhen an aircra t ishes t# in #r #r instruct sur*i*#rs" it sh#uld?+% dr#p a essa,e@.2 dr#p c# unicati#n e-uip ent suitable #restablishin, direct c#ntact+

+ote") e #re dr#ppin, essa,es #r e-uip ent" the eather"siCe and de,ree # an#eu*rability # the distressed cra tsh#uld be ta!en int# c#nsiderati#n" e+,+ li eb#ats ha*in,

eans # pr#pulsi#n ay be able t# rec#*er essa,es #re-uip ent r# the sea at s# e distance" but sur*i*#rs inli era ts ill e2perience c#nsiderable di iculty e*en incal eather+

%.4.2.2 Dhen a essa,e dr#pped by an aircra t is underst##d bythe sur*i*#rs" they sh#uld ac!n# led,e it by?

+% lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal + (-- ?

H eanin, #rd #r ,r#up recei*edH" #r >.

--. ? "

eanin, Hrecei*edH #r HI ha*e recei*ed y#ur lastsi,nal9 essa,eH" ith a si,nal la p" i a*ailable@

.2 ,i*in, the a ir ati*e anual si,nal c#nsistin, #*ertical #ti#n # a hite la, #r # the ar s by day #r*ertical #ti#n # the hite li,ht by ni,ht@

.3 usin, any #ther suitable si,nal a,reed up#n+

%.4.2.3 Dhen a essa,e dr#pped by an aircra t is n#t underst##d by thesur*i*#rs" they sh#uld in #r the aircra t by?

+% lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal c#nsistin, #the ,r#up R%T (")" "))" ) )" eanin, HI repeatH #r Hrepeat

hat y#u ha*e sentH" ith a si,nal la p" i a*ailable@

.2 ,i*in, the ne,ati*e si,nal c#nsistin, # h#riC#ntal #ti#n# a hite la, #r # the ar s e2tended h#riC#ntally byday #r h#riC#ntal #ti#n # a hite li,ht by ni,ht+

7.4.3 Sur ace0t#0air *isual si,nals

%.4.3.1 T# c# unicate ith an aircra t a sur ace cra t #r sur*i*#rs ayuse? the si,nals c#ntained in i,ure $0 " a t#rch" a si,nallin, la p #r si,nal

la,s usin, the #nternational ode of Si&nals #r plain lan,ua,e+

%.4.3.2 Sur ace cra t #r sur*i*#rs ay si,nal the eanin,s sh# n ini,ure $0 by displayin, the as sy b#ls #n the dec! #r #n the ,r#und+

Surface-air *isua# signa# code for use by sur*i*ors

+o" Messa&e ode s.*bol

% Re-uire assistance 5

Re-uire edical assistance D

1 N# #r ne,ati*e

4 Fes #r a ir ati*e 7

: 6r#ceedin, in this directi#n

FI: %-2

%.4.3.3 Dhen a si,nal ade #r displayed by a sur ace cra t isunderst##d by an aircra t" the aircra t sh#uld ac!n# led,e the si,nal by?

+% dr#ppin, a essa ,e@ #r .2 durin, dayli,ht? r#c!in, the in,s # the aircra t@ #r .3 durin, the h#urs # dar!ness? lashin, #n and # t ice the

aircra t s landin, li,hts" #r i n#t s# e-uipped" by s itchin,#n and # t ice its na*i,ati#n li,hts@ #r

.4 lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal + (-- ? eanin,

H #rd #r ,r#up recei*edH" #r >.

--. ? " eanin,

Hrecei*edH #r HI ha*e recei*ed y#ur last si,nal9 essa,eH"ith a si,nal la p@ #r

.! any #ther si,nal a,reed up#n+

%.4.3.4 Dhen a si,nal ade #r displayed by a sur ace cra t is n#tunderst##d by an aircra t" the aircra t sh#uld in #r the sur ace cra t by?

+% lyin, strai,ht and le*el ith#ut r#c!in, in,s@ #r .2 lashin, the M#rse c#de pr#cedure si,nal

"+ >.

--.

.- -

. --? " eanin, HI repeatH #r Hrepeat hat y#u

ha*e sentH" ith a si,nal la p@ #r .3 any #ther suitable si,nal a,reed up#n+

Chapter ' Aircraft casua#ties at sea

'.1 Aircraft ship co&&unications'.1.1 Dhen an aircra t trans its a distress essa,e by radi#" the irstrans issi#n is ,enerally ade #n the desi,nated air9,r#und r#ute

re-uency in use at the ti e bet een the aircra t and aer#nauticalstati#n+ The aircra t ay chan,e t# an#ther re-uency" p#ssiblyan#ther r#ute recluency #r the internati#nal aer#nautical e er,ency

re-uencies # % %+: MBC #r 41 MBC+ In an e er,ency" it ay useany #ther a*ailable re-uency t# establish c#ntact ith any land"

#bile #r directi#n0 indin, stati#n+

'.1.2 There is liais#n bet een /RS" aer#nautical units" and land0 based search and rescue #r,aniCati#ns+ Merchant ships ill #rdinarily be in #r ed # aircra t casualti 0 es at sea by br#adcast essa,es r#/RS ade #n the internati#nal distress re-uencies of '00 !BC" "%5!BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %')+ Ships ay" h# e*er" bec# ea are # the casualty by recei*in,?

+% an SOS essa,e r# an aircra t in distress hich is

able t# trans it #n :33 !BC #r a distress si,nal r# anaircra t usin, radi#teleph#ny #n "%5 !BC #r %:'+5MBC (;B. channel %')@

.2 a radi#tele,raphy distress si,nal #n :33 !BC r# ahand#perated e er,ency trans itter carried by s# eaircra t@

.3 a essa,e r# a SAR aircra t (see para,raph $+1+ )+

'.1.3 .#rthe6urp#se# erner,encyc#ni unicati#ns ithaircra t"specialattenti#n is called t# the 6#ssibility # c#nductin, direct c# unicati#ns#n "%5 !BC #r %:'+5 MBC (;B. channel %')" i b#th ship and aircra tcarry c# patible ;B. e-uip ent+

'.2 istress signa#s'.2.1 An aircra t in distress ill use any eans at its disp#sal t#

attract attenti#n" a!e !n# n its p#siti#n and #btain help" includin,s# e # the si,nals prescribed by the Internati#nal Re,ulati#ns #r6re*entin, /#llisi#ns at Sea+

'.3 Action ta8en to render assistance if aircraft is sti##airborne'.3.1 Aircra t usually sin! -uic!ly (e+,+ ithin a e inutes)+ E*eryendea*#ur ill be ade t# ,i*e ships an accurate p#siti#n # an aircra t

hich desires t# ditch+ Dhen ,i*en such a p#siti#n" a ship sh#uld at #ncec#nsult any #ther ships in the *icinity #n the best pr#cedure t# be ad#pted+The ship ,#in, t# the rescue sh#uld ans er the stati#n sendin, the

br#adcast and ,i*e its identity" p#siti#n and intended acti#n (see chapter 1)+

'.3.2 I a ship sh#uld recei*e a distress essa,e direct r# anaircra t" it sh#uld act as indicated in the i ediately precedin, para,raphand als# relay the essa,e t# the nearest /RS+ M#re#*er" a ship hich hasrecei*ed a distress essa,e direct r# an aircra t and is ,#in, t# therescue sh#uld ta!e a bearin, #n the trans issi#n and in #r the /RS and#ther ships in the *icinity # the call si,n # the distressed aircra t and theti e at hich the distress essa,e as recei*ed" #ll# ed by the bearin,and ti e at hich the si,nal ceased+

'.3.3 Dhen an aircra t decides t# ditch in the *icinity # a ship" theship sh#uld?+% trans it h# in, bearin,s t# the aircra t" #r (i s#

re-uested) trans it si,nals enablin, the aircra t t# ta!e its# n bearin,s@

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.2 by day" a!e blac! s #!e@

.3 by ni,ht" direct a searchli,ht *ertically and turn #n alldec! li,hts+ /are ust be ta!en n#t t# direct asearchli,ht t# ards the aircra t" hich i,ht daCCle the

pil#t+

'.3.4 8itchin, an aircra t is di icult and dan,er#us+ A ship hich!n# s that an aircra t intends t# ditch sh#uld be prepared t# ,i*e the

pil#t the #ll# in, in #r ati#n?+% ind directi#n and #rce@.2 directi#n" hei,ht and len,th # pri ary and sec#ndary

s ell syste s@.3 #ther pertinent eather in #r ati#n+

'.3.! The pil#t # an aircra t ill ch##se his # n ditchin, headin,+ Ithis is !n# n by the ship" it sh#uld set c#urse parallel t# the ditchin,headin,+ Other ise" the ship sh#uld set c#urse parallel t# the ain s ellsyste and int# the ind c# p#nent" i any" as sh# n in i,ure 50%+

'.4 escue action'.4.1 A land plane ay brea! up i ediately #n stri!in, the aterand li era ts ay be da a,ed+ The ship sh#uld" there #re" ha*e a li eb#atready #r launchin," and i p#ssible" b#ardin, nets sh#uld be l# ered

r# the ship and hea*in, lines ade ready in the ship and li eb#at+Sur*i*#rs #n the aircra t ay ha*e bri,ht c#l#ured li e ac!ets andl#cati#n aids+

'.4.2 The eth#d # rec#*erin, sur*i*#rs ust be le t t# the ud,e ent# the aster # the ship carryin, #ut the rescue #perati#n (see para,raph'+%)+

'.4.3 It sh#uld be b#rne in ind that ilitary aircra t are # ten ittedith e ecti#n seat echanis s+ N#r ally" their aircre ill use their

e ecti#n seats" rather than ditch+ Sh#uld such an aircra t ditch" rather thanthe aircre bale #ut" and it bec# es necessary t# re #*e the r# theire ecti#n seats hile still in the aircra t" care sh#uld be ta!en t# a*#idtri,,erin, # the seat echanis s+ The acti*atin, handles are in*ariablyindicated by red #r blac!9yell# c#l#urin,+

'.! Euestioning sur*i*ors'.!.1 A sur*i*#r r# an aircra t casualty h# is rec#*ered ay beable t# ,i*e in #r ati#n hich ill assist in the rescue # #ther sur*i*#rs+Masters are there #re as!ed t# put the #ll# in, -uesti#ns t# sur*i*#rs andt# c# unicate the ans ers t# a /RS+ They sh#uld als# ,i*e the p#siti#n# the rescuin, ship and the ti e hen the sur*i*#rs ere rec#*ered+

+% Dhat as the ti e and date # the casualty.2 8id y#u bale #ut #r as the aircra t ditched.3 I y#u baled #ut" at hat altitude.4 B# any #thers did y#u see lea*e the aircra t by

parachute.! B# any ditched ith the aircra t.$ B# any did y#u see lea*e the aircra t a ter ditchin,.% B# any sur*i*#rs did y#u see in the ater.' Dhat l#tati#n ,ear had they. Dhat as the t#tal nu ber # pers#ns ab#ard the aircra t

pri#r t# the accident.10 Dhat caused the e er,ency

Anne2 I Standard #r at #r search and rescue situati#nrep#rts (SITRE6S)

Situati#n rep#rts (SITRE6S) sh#uld be c# piled as #ll# s?

Short for* ) t# pass ur,ent essential details hen re-uestin,assistance" #r t# pr#*ide the earliest n#tice # a casualty+

TRANSMISSION 6RIORITF (8istress9ur,ency etc+).ROM (Ori,inatin, R//)

TO 00SAR SITRE6 (N

8/14/2019 MERSAR.rtf

19/19

.2 Dillia s#n turn

.2.1 Rudder hard #*er (in an Hi ediate acti#nH situati#n" #nly t# theside # the casualty)+

.2.2 A ter de*iati#n r# the #ri,inal c#urse by '3 3 rudder hard #*ert# the #pp#site side+.2.3 Dhen headin, 3 3 sh#rt # #pp#site c#urse" rudder t# idship

p#siti#n and ship t# be turned t# #pp#site c#urse+

.3 Scharn# turn (n#t t# be used in an Hi ediate acti#nH situati#n+).3.1 Rudder hard #*er+.3.2 A ter de*iati#n r# the #ri,inal c#urse by 43 3" rudder hard #*er

t# the #pp#site side+.3.3 Dhen headin, 3 3 sh#rt # #pp#site c#urse" rudder t# idship

p#siti#n s# that ship ill turn t# #pp#site c#urse+

4 Assess ent # the an#eu*res described under (1) in relati#n t#the types # situati#n described under ( )?

1" 4#**ediate action4 situation%+% SINGLE T