MENTAL PRESERVATION FROM ISLAMIC AND MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

8/7/2019 MENTAL PRESERVATION FROM ISLAMIC AND MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

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BY

DR.AMINU FIKIN

MBBS,MBA,FMCFM

CONSULTANT FAMILY PHYSICIAN

FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE,NGURU

YOBE STATE, NIGERIA.


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` Definition of Aql( mentall,intellect,mind)

` Mental(intellect, mind, aql) as a basis of human

behaviour` Mental Disorders, shudhuudh aqli,(intellect, mind,

)

` PROTECTION OF AQL BY PROHIBITING

INTOXICANTS


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` Preservation of AQL by treatment

` A)Definition of mental disorders

` B) Impact of mental disorders on aql

` C)Treatment of mental disorders` D) Family role

` E)Community role

` F)Conclusion


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` Mental(Mind, intellect or aql) is ahuman faculty that enables humans

to interpret sensory information from

the environment to gain newknowledge, to think and formulate

ideas, to distinguish the right and

moral from the wrong and evil, and tocontrol voluntary human behavior


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` Aql is a distinguishing characteristics ofhumans that separates them from animals

` The Quran has used 5 concepts that can be

understood to refer to the seat of intellect:naasiyat, lubb, qalb, nafs, and fuad. Aql has

a spiritual component

` In the present state of human knowledge we

are not yet able to define aql in terms ofneurophysiology


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` It is human intellect(mind) as manifested in cortical

function that makes humans responsible and

accountable for their actions.

` Human intellect enables humans to distinguish

moral from immoral behaviour

` To make judgments of right and wrong much of

the time but there are some moral issues beyond

human intellect that require guidance from

revelation


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` Human (mind) intellect is so important that its

disorders have serious consequences

` The Quran has mentioned many disorders of the

intellect: kufr, shirk, jaahiliyyat, jahal, jidaal, shakk,dhann, and wahm

` Denying the Creator, kufr, can only occur if the

denier suspends his intellect, ta'atwill aql al kafir

(Quran 7:179, 10:42-43, 13:19)


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` Shirk is intellectual failure to see that the

harmonious and co-ordinated universe could not

have more than one Creator and arises due to

blind following of forefathers, taqlid al aaba` (Quran 2:170, 7:28, 7:70-71, 7:173, 10:78, 11:62,

11:87, 11:109, 12:40, 14:10, 21:52-54, 23:24,

26:72-77, 28:36, 31:21, 34:43, 38:5-7, 43:22-24)

` ETC


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` Definition of intoxicant:-The term khamr refers to

an intoxicant` Khamr is defined in the Law as any substance that

causes intoxication, al khamr ma khaamar al aql,

or anything that causes clouding of the mind, kullu

muskirin khamr(Bukhari K64 B60)


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` Khamr is the key to other evils and sins, al kahmrmiftaah al shuruur[Ibn Majah K30 B1]

` Khamr is likened to worshipping idols[Ahmad 1:272]` Iman temporarily disappears from a person at the

moment of taking an intoxicant( Bukhari K74 B1)` The salat of an intoxicated person is not

accepted[Nisai K51 B43]` Khamr is not a cure but is a disease[Muslim K36 H12]` Spread of khamr is one of the signs of impending last

day, al kahmr min ashraat al sa'at[Bukhari K3 B21]


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` Intoxicants change or impair the intellect, the

distinguishing feature of human life

` With an impaired intellect and loss of control a

human becomes an animal` Intoxicants being generally addictive compulsively

prevent a person from following the dictates of his

or her intellect


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` Every intoxicant is prohibited, kullu muskir

haraam[ Bukhari K64 B60]

` What intoxicates in large amounts is prohibited

even if taken in small amounts, ma askarakathiruhu fa qaliluhu haram

` Addiction, besides nullifying the purpose of hifdh

al aql, leads to poor health, psychiatric

complications, crime, and violation of diin all of

which are haraam


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` The following are the common forms of khamr

encountered in modern society.

` A) Alcohol: is used to refer to beverages

containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) CH3CH2OH` Alcoholic beverages are described as wines,

beers, and spirits

` The immediate effect of ethanol is mental

incompetence


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` B) Nicotine:-Nicotine and related alkaloids found inthe tobacco plant, nicotiana tobacum, havenarcotic effects and are addictive

` Tobacco leaves are smoked or chewed

` C) Opiates:-The group of opiates consists ofopium, morphine, heroin, codeine, and otherrelated substances

` They relieve pain (analgesia), produce stupor or

sleep (narcosis), and cause elation (euphoria)


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` D) Hallucinogenic drugs:- Hallucinogens are

described as psychotomimetic (mimic symptoms

of psychotic disorders)

` psychotogenic (produce psychotic effects unlikenaturally-occurring psychotic disease) and

psychedelic (expand consciousness by increasing

the individuals awareness of surroundings)


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` E) Sedative hypnotics:-Sedative hypnotics include

barbiturates, bromide, chloral hydrate, and

paraldehyde

` Barbiturates act on the cerebral centers to inhibitinhibitory actions leading to talkativeness and

social interaction


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` F) Stimulants:-Stimulants include amphetamine andcocaine

` Amphetamines are used to relieve depression andfatigue but are associated with habituation,

dependency, and physiological tolerance withoutleading to addiction

` Cocaine is derived from leaves of the coca plant(Erythroxylon coca)

` It stimulates the nervous system, causes mentalconfusion and convulsions.

` Chronic use leads to personality disturbance,hallucinosis, and psychosis


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` G) Tranquillizers:-Tranquillizers include

reserpine, phenothiazines, and marijuana.

Marijuana or marihuana, from the plant

Cannabis Sativa, causes euphoria, visualdisturbances, changes in judgment, visual

hallucination, anxiety, depression, mood

changes, paranoia, and psychosis


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` H) Other intoxicants:-There are however many

other phenomena that lead to intellectual

impairment but are not substances that are

ingested` They prevent a human from acting according to

the dictates of the intellect because of the

irresistible compulsive force of the addiction.

` Examples are gambling, pervert sexual acts, eroticmusic, and some forms of sports


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` Definition of mental disorders:-There is no simple

definition of mental disorder since the distinction

between pathology and idiosyncrasy is very fine

` Psychiatric disorders manifest as delusions,hallucinations, paranoia, affective disorders,

generalized anxiety disorders, obsessive-

compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders,

personality disorders, and psycho-sexualdisorders


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` Mental disorders are disorders of the aql

and are associated with intellectual

incompetence and therefore affect ahliyyat

al wujuub and ahliyyat al adaa` The impact on ahliyyat al wujuub is minor

being confined to restriction of enjoyment

of rights and not abolition of those rights


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` The impact on ahliyyat al adaa is

more important because mental

disorders resulting in loss ofintellectual incompetence excuse the

person from many legal obligations


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` A) Mental hygiene involves maintaining

mental balance by living a stress-free life

and treating neurotic or psychotic

disorders

` B) Medical treatment plays a veryimportant role in protection of the mind

` Treatment of physical illnesses removes

stress that affects the mental state


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` C) Medical treatment of alcohol and drug abuse

prevents deterioration of the intellect

` D) Other approaches in mental hygiene are

correcting the aqiidat, acts of ibadat, and dua` Correct aqidat, gives correct understanding of

lifes events

` Correct aqidat gives the potential victim a reality

bigger than himself and his problem


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` Correct aqidat also gives hope, raja, inthe mercy and help of Allah

` It also teaches the potential victim the

value of tawakkul, reliance on Allah` It teaches renouncing the material

possessions of the earth, zuhd, which

prevents anxiety or depression about

material losses


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` Ibadat disciplines and strengthens the worshipper

` Acts of worship help maintain balance, mizan, and

equilibrium, iitidaal

` Salat leads to calmness, sakiinat` Zakat involving giving away some of our wealth in

charity cures us of the disease of covetousness,

shuhhu

` Dhikr and tafakkur (meditation) lead to mental andspiritual equilibrium


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` Meditation controls anxiety

` FAMILY HEALTH: Good mental and physical

health requires that children grow in a healthy

family so that they can be balanced adults` A healthy family promotes the health of all its

members

` The family teaches trust, loyalty, a sense of

belonging, and rights and responsibilities


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` The Qur'an has told us about many communities

in the past as lessons for us[Quran 11:100]

` Good, al balad al taib[Quran 7:58, 34:15]

` Safe, al balad al amiin[Quran 95:3] are adjectivesthat the Qur'an has used about some communities

` Some of them were blessed and lived in peace

and plenty[Quran 16:112]


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` There are activities that Islam encourages to promotehealth

` They essentially put the body in the best state towithstand disease and illness

` These include diet, exercise, and recreation. Healthpromotion involves pro-active measures that makehealth better

` These include exercise, good nutrition; adequate rest;mental calmness; and tranquility of a family life,sakiinat

` Iman and spiritual calmness, tama'ninat, contribute tohealth promotion


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MENTAL PRESERVATION FROM ISLAMIC AND MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE