Memory 2 - LTM

PERTEMUAN 5

5.1 Ebbinghouse (1885),and the 1st LTM experiment

5.2 Episodic and Semantic Memory

Tulving (1972)• episodic memory

– Memory for specific episodes and events from personal experience, occurring in a particular context of time and place

• semantic memory. – In contrast, there are occasions where we are

required to do a context free retrieval, a general knowledge about some item without reference to any specific context or event

– For example, if you were asked to explain what a ‘dog’ is, or whether it has four legs and a tail.

Implicit memory and Implicit Learning

• Implicit memory is revealed when performance on a task is facilitated in the absence of conscious recollection.

• Memory whose influence can be detected by some indirect test of task performance, but which the subject is unable to report deliberately and consciously

implicit learning

• learning complex information without complete verbalisable knowledge of what is learned

Context-dependent memory

State-dependent and mood-dependent memory

• A phenomenon related to context-dependent learning where retrieval can be assisted by the reinstatement of a particular mental state at retrieval which was also present at the learning stage.

• For example– subjects who were in a state of alcoholic intoxication

at the learning stage of the experiment would recall the test items more readily if they were again intoxicated during the recall test (Lowe, 1981).

5.3 Retrieval Cues and Feature Overlap

The Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)• Tulving (1972) proposed:

– retrieval of an item from memory depended on the availability of retrieval cues which matched up with some aspects of the stored memory trace.

– the chance of retrieving a memory trace depends on the amount of feature overlap between input and retrieval information,which is the extent to which features of the trace stored at input match those available at retrieval.

5.4 Autobiographical memory

• How much can you remember about the events in your life up to now?

• How well can you remember your school days?

• How many of your teachers and schoolmates can you name?

• Autobiographical memory is concerned with our memory for events from our own lives.

5.5 Memorable Memory

• Self Reference effect

• Flashbulb memory

5.6 Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia

• Anterograde amnesia (AA) – refers to the impairment of memory for events

and experiences which have occurred since the onset of an amnesic illness.

• Retrograde amnesia (RA) – is an impaired ability to remember events and

experiences which occurred before the onset of the amnesic illness.

Korsakoff’s syndrome

• patients who have become amnesic because of chronic alcohol abuse

Memory functions preserved in amnesia

• Declarative memory is impaired in amnesics but procedural memory remains intact (Cohen and Squire, 1980).

• Explicit memory is impaired in amnesics but implicit memory remains intact (Graft et al., 1984).

• Context recollection is impaired in amnesics but familiarity judgements are unimpaired (Huppert and Piercy, 1976;

• Mandler, 1989).