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Meiosis 1 Meiosis

Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Page 1: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

Meiosis

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Meiosis

Page 2: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

Meiosis

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Chromosomes

Each organism has a certain number of          chromosomes: 

Human beings = 23 pairs, 46 total

Orangutan = 24 pairs,  48 total

Mosquito = 3 pairs, 6 total Fern = 510 pairs, 1,020 total

Homologous chromosomes: a pair of chromosomes in somatic cells that are similar in size, shape and content.  *one is from the female parent *one is from the male parent.

 You have 25,000 genes located on only 46 chromosomes!!!! 

These pairs have same genes in the same locations... (hair color) but may code for a different version of the gene (blond vs. brown) 

 

size of a chromosomeHuman egg, X & Y, DNA

Page 3: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Karyotype:a photo of chromosomes arrangedby homologous pairs and size

When are chromosomes visible (in the cell cycle)? 

­can be sorted into homologous pairs

Karyotypes can tell us sex of organism...The sex chromosome (23rd pair) are referred to as X and Y

Male ______  Female______

by size and shape

Autosomes: chromosomes not involved in determining if male or female. 

(the other 22 pair)

Genetic counselors can use a karyotype to check for abnormalities.

*fetal karyotyping

example: Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) ­ an individual with 3 copies of chromosome 21

 

Triple X

XYY syndrome

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Edward's syndrome Trisomy 18

Patau Syndrome Trisomy 13

Turner's Syndrome XO

XXY

XYYXXX

Male or Female?  Syndrome?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNMYV213xu0 

Page 4: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Review:1.What is a karyotype?

2.How many pairs of chromosomes are in a       normal human karyotype?

5.What is trisomy 21 ­in terms of the karyotype  ­in terms of expressed result in individual?

3.What are autosomes? 

4.What are sex chromosomes?

Page 5: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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MeiosisProcess of making gametes for sexual reproduction. 

* two cell divisions

One diploid  somatic cell (46 chromosomes)produces four haploid gametes (23 chromosomes) 

2N

N

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjEcHra3484

Mitosis  vs. Meiosis

1 division            2 divisions

2 daugher cells   4 daughter cells

identical genes   1/2 genes, variation

somatic cells   gametes (egg or sperm

Page 6: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Draw and write the stages of Meiosis in orderp.144­145

play close attention toindependent assortmentcrossing over

p .149­Reveiw

Page 7: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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1. How many chromosomes do humans have?

2. What is our diploid number?

3. What is our haploid number?

4. How are chromosomes sorted in a karyotype?

5. What (2) pieces of information can be gained from a karyotype?

6. How many cell divisions occur in meiosis?

7. What happens to the number of chromosomes in meiosis?

8. How many cells result?

9. What type of cells are made in meoisis? 

Page 8: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

Meiosis

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Fertilization:egg and sperm combine to form a zygote

haploid: diploid:1 full set 2 full sets

23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes

Page 9: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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What is fertilization? 

Draw a model and describe it in an organism with 50 chromosomes.

Page 10: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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1. Independent assortment 

2. Crossing­over

3. Random Fertilization 

Meiosis and Genetic Variation   * no two individuals are identical.. 

due to 3 processes:  

Page 11: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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1. Independent Assortment ­ the random distribution of homologous chromosomes 

Number of different chromosome combinations possible in humans?        223 (8 million) 

Occurs during metaphase 1 (meiosis 1)

*p.146 in text 

Page 12: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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2. Crossing­Over:the exchange of genes on homologous chromosomes 

 Occurs during Prophase 1 (Meiosis 1)

Page 13: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Page 14: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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What are the 3 process involved that account for the fact that no 2 individuals are alike?

(How do we get variation?) 

1.

2.

3.

Page 15: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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1. Independent assortment 

2. Crossing­over

3. Random Fertilization 

Meiosis and Genetic Variation   

* no two individuals are identical.. due to:  

Page 16: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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3. Random Fertilization ­ 

random joining of egg and sperm.  

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MnQxiSJZ4Q

Page 17: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Meiosis and Gamete Formation* Male and Female organisms vary in the structures they produce through Meiosis.  

How many cells does Meiosis create? ____ 

•  The cytoplasm divides unequally

• The largest becomes an egg. The other three cells (very small) become polar bodies. 

Oogenesis: the process by which gametes (eggs or ovum) are produced in female animals.

(egg or sperm)

Page 18: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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Spermatogenesis: the process by which gametes (sperm) are produced in male animals.

Page 19: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT

Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis. 

• One sentence describing what genetic variation is.• 3 labeled diagrams• 1 sentence explanation for each diagram• use all vocabulary listed below

1. Independent Assortment:Vocab: homologous chromosomes, gametes

2. Crossing over:Vocab: non­sister chromatids, homologous 

chromosomes, genes3. Random Fertilization:

Vocab: ovum, sperm, zygote, fertilize (fertilization), haploid, diploid

One in ONENOTE

Page 20: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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• Asexual reproduction a single parent passes copies of all of its genes to each of its offspring no fusion of haploid cells (gametes) ­ result is a clone, an organism that is 

genetically identical to its parent.

ex: binary fission, hydra budding

• Sexual reproduction ­ two parents each form reproductive cells that are haploid (n).  

• gametes join in a process known as fertilization              (egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=­B7ANli2xfY

http://www.arkive.org/brown­hydra/hydra­oligactis/video­09.html

Page 21: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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• Asexual reproduction The good: many offspring in a short period of time, (without using energy to produce gametes or to find a mate) The bad: However, the DNA of these organisms varies little between individuals.

• Sexual reproductionThe good: quickly makes different combinations of genes among individuals  • genetic diversity is the raw material for evolution

Advantages and Disadvantages

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/reproduction/

Page 22: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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mitosis

disadvantage: lack of variation

clone 

advantage: provides immeasurable variation 

(which powers evolutions) 

 genetically identical offspring

gametes­ half the number of chromosomes.

gametes (egg and sperm) join 

advantage: no energy needed to produce gametes

 or to find a mate. 

asexual reproduction sexual reproductionReview • BIO.11.1 I can differentiate between sexual and asexual variation.

fertilization meiosisone parent

two parents

binary fission

zygoteadvantage: many offspring in a short period of time,

Page 23: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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disadvantage: lack of variation

advantage: provides immeasurable variation 

(which powers evolutions) 

clone­­ an individual genetically identical to its parent

two parents each form gametes that have one­half the number of chromosomes.

the gametes (egg and sperm) join in a process called fertilization

advantage: many offspring in a short period of time,without using energy to produce gametes

 or to find a mate. 

one parent passes copies of all of its DNA to each of its offspring

asexual reproduction sexual reproductionReview­Check • BIO.11.1 I can differentiate between sexual and asexual variation.

Page 24: Meiosis - Hortonville Area School DistrictMeiosis 19 DIGITAL Genetic Variation PROJECT Create a labeled diagram for each of the 3 processes that create genetic variation through Meiosis

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*look at your diagram

1. Independent Assortment ­ the random distribution of homologous chromosomes 

Number of different chromosome combinations possible = 223 (8 million) 

occurs during meiosis 1 (metaphase 1)