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Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase. Early "Bronze Age". 3000 - 1400 BCE. The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region. Bronze Age Greece. The Minoans. 2200 - 1100 BCE. The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E. Early Development of Greek Society. Minoan Society Island of Crete Major city: Knossos - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region
The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region
Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece
The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.
The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.
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Early Development of Greek SocietyEarly Development of Greek Society
• Minoan SocietyMinoan Society– Island of CreteIsland of Crete– Major city: KnossosMajor city: Knossos
• C. 2200 BCE center of maritime tradeC. 2200 BCE center of maritime trade
• Scholars unable to decipher Linear A Scholars unable to decipher Linear A scriptscript
Artist’s Recreation of Knossos
Artist’s Recreation of Knossos
Aerial View of Knossos
Aerial View of Knossos
Palace of King Minos – North Entrance
Palace of King Minos – North Entrance
Palace of King Minos – Throne Room
Palace of King Minos – Throne Room
Minoan LadiesMinoan Ladies
Early Greek
Geometrics
Early Greek
Geometrics
Palace of King Minos - Interiors
Palace of King Minos - Interiors
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization
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Decline of Minoan SocietyDecline of Minoan Society
• Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCESeries of natural disasters after 1700 BCE– Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal wavesEarthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
• Foreign invasionsForeign invasions
• Foreign domination by 1100 BCEForeign domination by 1100 BCE
The Mycenaean World: mid-2M B.C.E.
The Mycenaean World: mid-2M B.C.E.
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Mycenaean SocietyMycenaean Society
• Indo-European invaders descend through Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, c. 2200 BCEBalkans into Peloponnesus, c. 2200 BCE
• Influenced by Minoan cultureInfluenced by Minoan culture
• Major settlement: MycenaeMajor settlement: Mycenae
• Military expansion throughout regionMilitary expansion throughout region
Aerial View of MycenaeAerial View of Mycenae
Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction
Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction
Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae
Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae
Approach to the Lion’s Gate
Approach to the Lion’s Gate
Mycenaean Writing System Gained From the Minoans
Mycenaean Writing System Gained From the Minoans
Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War
Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War
Homer, the Blind Poet
Homer, the Blind Poet
Homer’s Great EpicsHomer’s Great Epics
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Chaos in the Eastern MediterraneanChaos in the Eastern Mediterranean
• Trojan war, c. 1200 BCETrojan war, c. 1200 BCE– Homer’s Homer’s The IliadThe Iliad– Sequel: Sequel: The OdysseyThe Odyssey
• Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCEBCE
• Mycenaean civilization disappearsMycenaean civilization disappears
Plan of the City of Troy
Plan of the City of Troy
The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon
In 1870, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this
claim is nowadays accepted by most scholars as evidence for the battle.
Original Wall of the City of Troy
Original Wall of the City of Troy
Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector's lifeless body in front of
the Gates of Troy, 1892
Migrations in the Aegean Region
Migrations in the Aegean Region
(DORIANS}(DORIANS}
Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE
Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE
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The PolisThe Polis
• City-stateCity-state
• Urban center, dominating surrounding Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areasrural areas
• Highly independent characterHighly independent character– MonarchiesMonarchies– ““Tyrannies”, not necessarily oppressiveTyrannies”, not necessarily oppressive– Early DemocraciesEarly Democracies
The Rise of the Greek Polis
The Rise of the Greek Polis
AthensAthens
NaxosNaxos CorinthCorinth
SyracuseSyracuse
LarissaLarissa
EboeaEboea
The Athens Acropolis Today
The Athens Acropolis Today
The ParthenonThe Parthenon
The AgoraThe Agora
Greek CommonalitiesGreek Commonalities• One’s polis gave a sense of identity One’s polis gave a sense of identity
and each individual believed they and each individual believed they owed loyalty to their polis.owed loyalty to their polis.
• Greeks shared:Greeks shared:– A common language.A common language.– The belief that all non-Greek speakers The belief that all non-Greek speakers
are barbarians.are barbarians.– Religion.Religion.– The Olympics.The Olympics.– Common non-Greek enemies.Common non-Greek enemies.
Greek GovernmentGreek Government• Until the 8Until the 8thth century BCE, the century BCE, the
government of Greece was a government of Greece was a monarchymonarchy, with each polis having its , with each polis having its own kings. own kings.
• The kings were overthrown by The kings were overthrown by aristocratsaristocrats, or “best men”, who held , or “best men”, who held power due to their economic power due to their economic supremacy due to owning most of supremacy due to owning most of the land. the land.
Greek GovernmentGreek Government• By the 7By the 7thth century BCE, tyrants, or ones who century BCE, tyrants, or ones who
seize power illegally with the people’s seize power illegally with the people’s support, overthrew the support, overthrew the aristocracyaristocracy. They . They formed an formed an oligarchyoligarchy, which is government , which is government run by a small powerful business class elite. run by a small powerful business class elite.
• In 621 BCE, archon (Greek for ruler) In 621 BCE, archon (Greek for ruler) DracoDraco created Athens first written laws. The laws created Athens first written laws. The laws were harsh and severe with the death were harsh and severe with the death penalty given for even minor offences. penalty given for even minor offences.
• In 594 BCE, archon In 594 BCE, archon SolonSolon outlawed slavery outlawed slavery for debt and freed people who had become for debt and freed people who had become slaves to pay debts were freed. He began a slaves to pay debts were freed. He began a foundation of equality that would soon bring foundation of equality that would soon bring democracydemocracy. .
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SpartaSparta
• Highly militarized societyHighly militarized society
• Subjugated peoples: Subjugated peoples: helotshelots– Serfs, tied to landSerfs, tied to land– Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6 thth c. BCE c. BCE
• Military society developed to control threat Military society developed to control threat of rebellionof rebellion
• Austerity the normAusterity the norm
Spartan HierarchySpartan Hierarchy
Equals
Free Non-Citizens
Helots
Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government
• Two hereditary kings.Two hereditary kings.• A Council of Elders: 28 male wealthy A Council of Elders: 28 male wealthy
aristocratic citizens over the age of 60. aristocratic citizens over the age of 60. Proposed laws and headed criminal Proposed laws and headed criminal court.court.
• Assembly of all men over 30. Accepted Assembly of all men over 30. Accepted or rejected proposed laws. or rejected proposed laws.
• The five ephors: oversaw kings and The five ephors: oversaw kings and Spartan education. Spartan education.
Building the perfect Building the perfect soldiers…soldiers…
• Ages 7-18, military barracks. Reading, Ages 7-18, military barracks. Reading, writing, music training & military trainingwriting, music training & military training
• Ages 18-20, focus on military training onlyAges 18-20, focus on military training only• Marriage, but no home life until age 30Marriage, but no home life until age 30• Ages 20-60 served as Spartan soldiersAges 20-60 served as Spartan soldiers• Girls received strict physical training, basic Girls received strict physical training, basic
education and musical trainingeducation and musical training• Some relaxation of discipline by 4Some relaxation of discipline by 4 thth c. CE c. CE
Athens & SpartaAthens & Sparta
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AthensAthens
• Development of early democracyDevelopment of early democracy– Free, adult males onlyFree, adult males only– Women, slaves excludedWomen, slaves excluded
• Athenian style of government differed Athenian style of government differed significantly with Spartan militarismsignificantly with Spartan militarism
Athenian Social Athenian Social HierarchyHierarchy
Citizens(Athenian born, male)
Metics(non-citizens)
Slaves
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Athenian SocietyAthenian Society
• Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning 7beginning 7thth c. BCE c. BCE
• Aristocrats dominate smaller landholdersAristocrats dominate smaller landholders
• Increasing socio-economic tensionsIncreasing socio-economic tensions– Class conflictClass conflict
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Solon and Athenian DemocracySolon and Athenian Democracy
• Aristocrat Solon mediates crisisAristocrat Solon mediates crisis– Aristocrats to keep large landholdingsAristocrats to keep large landholdings
– But forgive debts, ban debt slaveryBut forgive debts, ban debt slavery
• Removed family restrictions against Removed family restrictions against participating in public lifeparticipating in public life
• Instituted paid civil serviceInstituted paid civil service
Athenian Athenian GovernmentGovernment• In 507 BCE, Cleisthenes introduced In 507 BCE, Cleisthenes introduced
democracy. Called direct democracy democracy. Called direct democracy because all citizens directly participated because all citizens directly participated in the decision making process. in the decision making process.
• 10 Tribes > 50 men each > Council of 10 Tribes > 50 men each > Council of 500 > served one year, could not serve 500 > served one year, could not serve twice. Proposed laws to the assembly.twice. Proposed laws to the assembly.
• Introduction of juries in court.Introduction of juries in court.
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
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PericlesPericles
• Ruled 461-429 BCERuled 461-429 BCE
• High point of Athenian democracyHigh point of Athenian democracy
• Aristocratic but popularAristocratic but popular
• Massive public worksMassive public works
• Encouraged cultural developmentEncouraged cultural development
Greek Golden Age of the Greek Golden Age of the 55thth Century BCE Century BCE
• Artists & TeachersArtists & Teachers
• Architecture – ParthenonArchitecture – Parthenon
• Painting – VasesPainting – Vases
• Sculpture – Phidias & MyronSculpture – Phidias & Myron
• Philosophy – Philosophy – – SocratesSocrates– PlatoPlato– AristotleAristotle
Greek Golden Age of the Greek Golden Age of the 55thth Century BCE Century BCE
• PythagorasPythagoras
• HippocratesHippocrates
• HerodotusHerodotus
• Theater – Theater – – Dramas Dramas – Tragedies Tragedies – ComediesComedies
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Greek ColonizationGreek Colonization
• Population expansion and Greek Population expansion and Greek geography drives colonizationgeography drives colonization– Coastal Mediterranean, Black seaCoastal Mediterranean, Black sea
• Sicily (Naples: “neapolis,” new city)Sicily (Naples: “neapolis,” new city)• Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)• AnatoliaAnatolia• Southern UkraineSouthern Ukraine
Greek Colonies (in red)Greek Colonies (in red)
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Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin 800-500 BCEbasin 800-500 BCE
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Effects of Greek ColonizationEffects of Greek Colonization
• Trade throughout regionTrade throughout region
• Communication of ideasCommunication of ideas– Language, cultureLanguage, culture
• Political and social effectsPolitical and social effects
Persian Wars: 490 BCE – 470 BCE
Persian Wars: 490 BCE – 470 BCE
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Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)
• Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in IoniaRevolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia• Athens supports with shipsAthens supports with ships• Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE; Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE;
routed in 490routed in 490• In 480 BCE, the second wave of the Persian In 480 BCE, the second wave of the Persian
War begins as Xerxes arrives with his army at War begins as Xerxes arrives with his army at Thermopylae.Thermopylae.
• After succeeding, he then burns Athens, only to After succeeding, he then burns Athens, only to be defeated at the Battle of Salamis weeks later.be defeated at the Battle of Salamis weeks later.
• In 479 BCE, at the Battle of PlataeaIn 479 BCE, at the Battle of Plataea, , the final the final land battle ended with the Greeks driving Xerxes land battle ended with the Greeks driving Xerxes back to Persia permanently.back to Persia permanently.
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The Delian LeagueThe Delian League
• Poleis create Delian League to forestall Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacksmore Persian attacks
• Led by AthensLed by Athens– Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean
expansionexpansion– Resented by other poleisResented by other poleis
Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars
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The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War
• Civil war in Greece, 431-404 BCECivil war in Greece, 431-404 BCE
• Poleis allied with either Athens or SpartaPoleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
• Athens forced to surrenderAthens forced to surrender
• But conflict continued between Sparta and But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleisother poleis
Macedonia Under Philip II
Macedonia Under Philip II
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Kingdom of MacedonKingdom of Macedon
• Frontier region to north of PeloponnesusFrontier region to north of Peloponnesus
• King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds massive military massive military
• 350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to 350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south, controls region by 338 BCEthe south, controls region by 338 BCE
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Alexander of MacedonAlexander of Macedon
• ““the Great,” son of Philip IIthe Great,” son of Philip II
• Rapid expansion throughout Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basinMediterranean basin
• Invasion of Persia successfulInvasion of Persia successful
• Turned back in India when exhausted Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutiniedtroops mutinied
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander the Great in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
The Hellenization of Asia
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Cultural Advancement in the
Age of Hellenism
Cultural Advancement in the
Age of Hellenism• Euclid – “The Elements”
• Archimedes – Pi, the Archimedes Screw
• Herophilus – Value of the human brain
• Aristarchus – Heliocentric Theory
• Eratosthenes – Circumference of the Earth
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The Hellenistic EmpiresThe Hellenistic Empires
• After Alexander’s death, competition for After Alexander’s death, competition for empireempire
• Divided by generalsDivided by generals– Antigonus: Greece and MacedonAntigonus: Greece and Macedon– Ptolemy: EgyptPtolemy: Egypt– Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid EmpireSeleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire
• Economic integration, Intellectual cross-Economic integration, Intellectual cross-fertilizationfertilization
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
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The Antigonid EmpireThe Antigonid Empire
• Smallest of Hellenistic EmpiresSmallest of Hellenistic Empires
• Local dissentLocal dissent
• Issue of land distributionIssue of land distribution– Heavy colonizing activityHeavy colonizing activity
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The Ptolemaic EmpireThe Ptolemaic Empire
• Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empiresWealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
• Established state monopoliesEstablished state monopolies– TextilesTextiles– SaltSalt– BeerBeer
• Capital: AlexandriaCapital: Alexandria– Important port cityImportant port city– Major museum, libraryMajor museum, library
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The Seleucid EmpireThe Seleucid Empire
• Massive colonization of GreeksMassive colonization of Greeks
• Export of Greek culture, values as far east Export of Greek culture, values as far east as Indiaas India– BactriaBactria– Ashoka legislates in Greek and AramaicAshoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic
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Trade and Integration of the Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean BasinMediterranean Basin
• Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapesgrapes
• Colonies further tradeColonies further trade
• Commerce rather than agriculture as basis Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economyof much of economy
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Panhellenic FestivalsPanhellenic Festivals
• Useful for integrating far-flung coloniesUseful for integrating far-flung colonies
• Olympic Games begin 776 BCEOlympic Games begin 776 BCE
• Sense of collective identitySense of collective identity
The Ancient OlympicsThe Ancient Olympics• The Olympic Games were held in The Olympic Games were held in
four year intervals and they began four year intervals and they began in 776 BCE in Olympia. They were in 776 BCE in Olympia. They were celebrated until 393 AD. The prizes celebrated until 393 AD. The prizes were olive wreaths, palm branches were olive wreaths, palm branches and woolen ribbons. and woolen ribbons.
• They were in honor of Zeus, but They were in honor of Zeus, but were a way of showing bravery and were a way of showing bravery and strength to the gods. strength to the gods.
OlympiaOlympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Trophy Vases
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
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Patriarchal SocietyPatriarchal Society
• Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutesWomen as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
• Limited exposure in public sphereLimited exposure in public sphere
• Sparta partial exceptionSparta partial exception
• SapphoSappho
• Role of infanticide in Greek society and Role of infanticide in Greek society and cultureculture
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SlaverySlavery
• Scythians (Ukraine)Scythians (Ukraine)
• Nubians (Africa)Nubians (Africa)
• ChattelChattel
• Sometimes used in businessSometimes used in business
• Opportunity to buy freedomOpportunity to buy freedom
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The Greek LanguageThe Greek Language
• Borrowed Phoenician alphabetBorrowed Phoenician alphabet
• Added vowelsAdded vowels
• Complex languageComplex language
• Allowed for communication of abstract Allowed for communication of abstract ideasideas– PhilosophyPhilosophy
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Socrates (470-399 BCE)Socrates (470-399 BCE)
• The Socratic MethodThe Socratic Method
• Student: PlatoStudent: Plato
• Public gadfly, condemned on charges of Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immoralityimmorality
• Forced to drink hemlockForced to drink hemlock
Greek BustGreek BustSocrates: Louvre Museum, Paris, FranceSocrates: Louvre Museum, Paris, France
Socrates (rubbing chin) and Plato (standing left): Mosaic from PompeiiSocrates (rubbing chin) and Plato (standing left): Mosaic from Pompeii
• The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787)The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787)
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Plato (430-347 BCE)Plato (430-347 BCE)
• Systematized Socratic thoughtSystematized Socratic thought
• The RepublicThe Republic– Parable of the CaveParable of the Cave– Theory of Forms/IdeasTheory of Forms/Ideas
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Aristotle (389-322 BCE)Aristotle (389-322 BCE)
• Student of PlatoStudent of Plato
• Broke with Theory of Forms/IdeasBroke with Theory of Forms/Ideas
• Emphasis on empirical findings, reasonEmphasis on empirical findings, reason
• Massive impact on western thoughtMassive impact on western thought
107
Greek TheologyGreek Theology
• PolytheismPolytheism
• Zeus principal godZeus principal god
• Religious cultsReligious cults– Eleusinian mysteriesEleusinian mysteries– The BacchaeThe Bacchae– Rituals eventually domesticatedRituals eventually domesticated
Greek ReligionGreek Religion• The Greek gods were created toThe Greek gods were created to
– explain nature.explain nature.– explain emotions.explain emotions.– Bring the benefits of a long life/good luck Bring the benefits of a long life/good luck
and/or good harvests.and/or good harvests.
• The afterlife consisted of everyone going The afterlife consisted of everyone going to the underworld ruled by Hades.to the underworld ruled by Hades.
• To explain their world, Greeks created To explain their world, Greeks created myths, which are traditional stories about myths, which are traditional stories about gods, goddesses and heroes.gods, goddesses and heroes.
The Twelve The Twelve Olympian GodsOlympian GodsIn Greek mythology, were the
principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. The classical scheme
of the Twelve Olympians comprises the following gods:
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo,
Artemis, Hestia.
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Tragic DramaTragic Drama
• Evolution from public presentations of Evolution from public presentations of cultic ritualscultic rituals
• Major playwrights (5Major playwrights (5thth c. BCE) c. BCE)– AeschylusAeschylus– SophoclesSophocles– EuripidesEuripides
• Comedy: AristophanesComedy: Aristophanes
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Hellenistic PhilosophiesHellenistic Philosophies
• EpicureansEpicureans– Pleasure, distinct from HedonistsPleasure, distinct from Hedonists
• SkepticsSkeptics– Doubted possibility of certainty in anythingDoubted possibility of certainty in anything
• StoicsStoics– Duty, virtueDuty, virtue– Emphasis on inner peaceEmphasis on inner peace
The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World
The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World