Medical Ethics AH

Embryo Research

Why is embryo research a moral issue?

Embryo research is a controversial moral issue because of the fact that it uses living human cells or human embryos

Some see them as human life forms with many of the rights of a fully formed human eg. The right to life

Some religious people think that it is wrong because it is ‘playing God’

Others believe that killing an embryo is like killing a person and that there is no difference between the two

How are embryos used In research?

Embryos should not be created for the purpose of research

The research must have a specific purpose or goalScientists use embryos to: develop new forms of contraceptive To find reasons for miscarriage To develop cures for congenital (genetic) diseases Investigate the causes of infertility screen for genetic disease PGD- pre-implantation

genetic diagnosis

Where do the embryos come from?

The vast majority of embryos are ‘spare’ embryos left over from IVFIn Vitro Fertilization (assisted reproduction) outside the wombIVF is used to help infertile people have childrenThe process begins after the cause of the infertility has been

investigatedThe woman is given a course of drugs to cause hyper ovulationThis means that the ovaries will produce more than one eggThese eggs are then extracted through a non invasive surgical

procedureThey are then fertilized with the partners or donors spermThe viable embryos that form are then implanted into her uterusNo more than 2/3 embryos are implanted at a timeThe spare embryos are frozen

What happens to ‘spare embryos?

Embryos can be frozen for 5 years, after this time they are destroyed as they are not deemed viable, but embryos have been frozen for 12-15 years

If a couple have had successful IVF and no longer require their frozen embryos, they can allow them to be used in research

The HFE Act does not say that embryos cannot be created for the purpose of research but this is a difficult area and most of the research is done on ‘spare’ IVF embryos

How is embryo research monitored? The HFEA monitors the use of embryos in research= The Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority They ensure that the rules set out in the HFE Act of

1990 are followed strictly Licences are granted to institutions that agree to stick to

the rules Members of HFEA visit institutions to monitor the use of

embryos in research Licences are evoked for breaking the rules and fines or

a prison sentence can also result

AHE Act 1990 The Act allows research to be carried out on embryos

up to the 14th day or until the ‘primitive streak’ appears This Act replaced the Warnock Report of 1984 The Warnock Report stated that the pre 14 day embryo

was not a person but that it did have certain rights Those rights were not the same as an embryo in a

womb Embryos that have been used in research are not

allowed to be placed in the womb of a woman or non human

HFE Act cont The Act prohibits reproductive human cloning Anyone who transplants a cloned embryo into a human

will be prosecuted No one can use an embryo without a licence issued by

the HFEA Only human embryos can be transplanted in a human Embryos can be stored frozen for a maximum of 5 years Until 2007 it was illegal to create human animal hybrid

embryos

Hybrid Embryos (human/animal hybrids) Hybrid embryos are those which have been created using either

animal DNA, animal egg or animal cells and human cells The scientific community welcomed the u turn on the creation of

hybrids as previously this was forbidden Hybrids are used to find cures for Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s,

diabetes and spinal paralysis There are three types of hybrid embryos1. Chymeric embryos: this is done by injecting animal cells into a

human embryo2. Human transgenic embryo: injecting animal DNA into a human

embryo 3. cytoplasmic hybrid: inserting the nuclei of a human cell into the

egg of an animal from which most genetic material has been removed

Hybrid Embryos cont

It is not permitted to fertilize a human embryo with animal sperm or the other way around

These embryos will never become living beings The third type of hybrid is the one most commonly used

in British universities They provide a plentiful supply of stem cells Stem cells are immature (non specific) cells that can be

grown into any type of tissue for research

Stem cells