Media and Democratisation

8/13/2019 Media and Democratisation

1/53

REUTERS

INSTITUTE for the

STUDY of

JOURNALISMREPORT

Media and Democratisation:

What is Known about the Role of Mass Media in

Transitions to Democracy

Nael Jebril, Vclav Stetka, Mahew Loveless

September 2013

Cover image REUTERS/Youssef Boudlal A man reads newspapers after the first unconfirmed results from Senegal's controversial presidential electionindicate a tight race between incumbent Abdoulaye Wade and former Prime Minister Macky Sall: newsstand in central Dakar, 27 February 2012.


2/53

!

!"#$%#$&

()%*+$,-% .+//012 3

!# 4#$1"5+*$,"# 6

$# 70&& 7%5,0 0#5 4#&$,$+$,"#08 !90#:% 5+1,#: ;%/"*10$,&0$,"# >/.*-):(0(-@ (* 9)-(* ?A&4(>)

B# 70&& 7%5,0 0#5 =$$,$+5,#08 0#5 >%90-,"+108 !90#:% 5+1,#:;%/"*10$,&0$,"# ?2H# 7%5,0 0#5 ;%/"*10$,&0$,"# ,# $9% =10@ A"185 34)-(,)-(/* L&,&)4>2 (* -2& ?4):M/40'

BC D%-,&,#: $9% 7%5,0E& D%-"8+$,"#012 D"8%F G9% D,&% "H ."*,08 7%5,0I J?

,@8,":10K92 J


3/53

!

!"#$%&'(# *%++,-.

#$%& '()*'+ (,)-*'(& .$/+ %& 01*.1 /2*3+ +$( '*-(& *4 +$( 5/&& 5(6%/ %1+'/1&%+%*1& +* 6(5*7'/789 :+ *44('& / 4316/5(1+/- *;(';%(. *4 +$%10%1*' .*'0&+$/+ -**0 /+ +$( 5(6%/ /& /1 %1&+%


4/53

B

&DD&>-(K& >/*-4(:.-(/* /D -2& A&'() -/ (*,-(-.-(/*)0 >2)*3& '.4(*3 -2&>/*,/0(')-(/* 62),&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P 6)4-(>.0)40@ G(-2 4&,6&>- -/&*D/4>(*3 6/0(-(>)0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@ -24/.32 G)->2'/3 Q/.4*)0(,AP (, :/-2A(N&' )*' (*>/*,(,-&*-# I2(, A(32- 4&D0&>- -2& 2(32 */4A)-(K&&N6&>-)-(/*, :@ -2& 4&,&)4>2 >/AA.*(-@ >/*>&4*(*3 A&'() 4&D/4A

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

:4(*3(*3 ):/.- R'&A/>4)-(>S -4)*,(-(/* /4 -4)*,D/4A(*3 ,/>(&-(&,P -2&4&K/0.-(/*)4@ 4/0& /D -2& 8*&G&,-; A&'(.A R(# -2& (*-&4*&-S 2), D/.*'0(--0& &A6(4(>)0 ,.66/4-# I2& )K)(0):0& &K('&*>& (, ,6/4)'(> )*'(*,.DD(>(&*- -/ (*D/4A ) -2&/4@ /D -2& A),, A&'();, 4/0& (* 6/0(-(>)0,/>()0(,)-(/* '.4(*3 6&4(/', /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*# E(A(0)40@P -2& A)Q/4/.->/A&, D4/A -2& '&:)-& 4&3)4'(*3 -2& >/**&>-(/* :&-G&&* ,/>()0A&'() )*' -2& ?4): E64(*3 ,.33&,- -2)- ,/>()0 A&'() )4& */- ,-4/*3

&*/.32 -/ >).,& 4&K/0.-(/*, '&,6(-& -2&(4 >/*-4(:.-(/* -/ -2& 6.:0(>,62&4& )*' *&G D/4A, /D 3/K&4*)*> I2)- (,P &A6(4(>)0 &K('&*>&64/K('&, */ ,-4/*3 ,.66/4- D/4 >0)(A, /D ,(3*(D(>)*- *&G A&'() (A6)>-/* 4&3(A& >2)*3&, (* -2& ?4): G/40'#

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


5/53

H

?C 4#$1"5+*$,"#E>2/0)4, 2)K& '(DD&4&*- .*'&4,-)*'(*3, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*# I2(, (, A)(*0@

:&>).,& -2&4& )4& K)4(/.,P -2/.32 */- *&>&,,)4(0@ >/*-4)'(>-/4@P G)@, /D.*'&4,-)*'(*3 G2)- '&A/>4)>@ (, R# E>2A(--&4 )*' [)40P !\\BS# C&D(*(*3'&A/>4)>@ >)* 4)*3& D4/A ) A(*(A)0(,- 4&U.(4&A&*- /D D4&& >/A6&-(-(K&

&0&>-(/*, R# E>2.A6&-&4P !\HBS -/ '&D(*(-(/*, &A62),(,(*3 A.0-(60& D/4A, /D6)4-(>(6)-(/* R,&& L/Y.A(0/G(>YP $]]$P D/4 )* /K&4K(&GS# C&A/>4)-(,)-(/* >)*

:& :&,- .*'&4,-//' ), 8) >/A60&NP 0/*3 -&4AP '@*)A(>P )*' /6&*X&*'&'64/>&,,^ (- >/*,(,-, /D 64/34&,, -/G)4', ) A/4& 4.0&X:),&'P A/4& >/*,&*,.)0)*' A/4& 6)4-(>(6)-/4@ -@6& /D 6/0(-(>,; RM2(-&2&)'P $]]$7 $_S# I2(, 4&U.(4&,-G/ '(,-(*>- )664/)>2&,#

I2&+(%)' )664/)>2 D/>.,&, /* -2& >/*'(-(/*, -2)- 64&')-& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P,&&O(*3 '/A&,-(> )*' (*-&4*)-(/*)0 D)>-/4, -2)- A)O& (- 0(O&0@ D/4'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* -/ ,-)4- )*' -/ ,.>>&&' R# &N60)*)-/4@ )*' >/*'(-(/*XD/>.,&'S# I2& )#,-$./*& D/>.,&, /* '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,,&,P &A62),(,(*3-2& 64/N(A)-& >).,&, 4)-2&4 -2)* 0/*3X-&4A >).,&, R# '&,>4(6-(K& )*'

,(-.)-(/*X/4(&*-&'S R,&& `)&46D&4 &- )0#P $]]\P D/4 )* /K&4K(&G^ )0,/ %.*>OP$]]_S# +* )*@ >),&P '&A/>4)-(> -4)*,(-(/* 64&,&*-, ) 2@:4(' 4&3(A& G2&4&(*,-(-.-(/*, /D -2& /0' 4&3(A&, >/&N(,- G(-2 -2/,& /D -2& *&G ,-)-&P )*').-2/4(-)4()*, )*' '&A/>4)-, /D-&* ,2)4& 6/G&4 RE2(*P !\\HS^ G2&4&),'&A/>4)-(> >/*,/0(')-(/* 4&D&4, -/ -2& >2)00&*3&, /D A)O(*3 *&G '&A/>4)>(&,,&>.4& RE>2&'0&4P !\\aS# ? 6/,,(:0& -2(4' )664/)>2 A(32- 4&D&4 -/ ),6&>-, /D'&A/>4)>@ (* >/.*-4(&, G(-2 */ (AA&'()-& -24&)- /D :4&)O'/G*#

1.44&*- '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* -2&/4@ (, >0/,&0@ 0(*O&' G(-2 -2& &)40@A/'&4*(,)-(/* -2&/4@ G2(>2 &,-):0(,2&, ) -2&/4&-(>)0 0(*O :&-G&&* -2& 0&K&0 /D'&K&0/6A&*- /D ) 3(K&* >/.*-4@ )*' (-, 64/:):(0(-@ /D :&(*3 '&A/>4)-(>R9(6,&-P !\b\^ 9&4*&4P !\baS# +- )43.&, -2)-P :&@/*' >&4-)(* -24&,2/0', /D&>/*/A(> '&K&0/6A&*-P ,/>(&-(&, :&>/A& -// >/A60&N )*' ,/>()00@ A/:(0(,&'-/ :& 3/K&4*&' :@ ).-2/4(-)4()* A&)*, R`(**&:.,>2P $]]c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a!S#

I2& 0(-&4)-.4& 6/(*-, -/ A)*@ '/A&,-(> D)>-/4, (* &N60)(*(*3

'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,,&, R6)4-(&,7 1)6/>>() )*' d(:0)--P $]!]^ (*,-(-.-(/*)0D)>-/4,7 e&''&,P !\\\^ M&0Y&0P $]]\^ >(K(0 ,/>(&-@7 M2(-&2&)'P $]]$S#C&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 0(-&4)-.4& 3&*&4)00@ -&*', -/ '/G*60)@ -2& 4/0& /D(*-&4*)-(/*)0 D)>-/4, (* '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P :.- ), 30/:)0(,)-(/* 2), A)'& ,-)-&,A/4& K.0*&4):0& -/ -2& '&A)*', /D -2& 30/:)0 D/4>&,P ,>2/0)4, 2)K& ,-)4-&' -/6)@ A/4& )--&*-(/* -/ -2& (*D0.&*>& /D &N-&4*)0 K)4():0&, R# 8*&(32:/.42//';&DD&>-,7 J4(*O, )*' 1/66&'3&P $]]c^ '(DD.,(/*7 `.*-(*3-/*P !\\!S# `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


6/53

b

M&0Y&0 )*' +*30&2)4-P $]]cP $]]\P D/4 ) '(,>.,,(/*S# +- (, 2&4& -2)- -2& A),,A&'() 2)K& :&&* 4&>/3*(,&' ), ) 6/-&*-()0 :.- (*D0.&*-()0 '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*)>-/4 ,(*>&P .*0(O& &)40(&4 (*,-)*>&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P -2& >.44&*- 30/:)0G)K& /D '&A/>4)>@ -)O&, 60)>& (* ) A&'()X,)-.4)-&' &*K(4/*A&*- Rf/0-A&4)*' L/G*,0&@P $]]\S#


7/53

c

3C 70&& 7%5,0 0#5 4#&$,$+$,"#08 !90#:% 5+1,#: ;%/"*10$,&0$,"#I2& 4/0& /D -2& A&'() (* -2& 64/>&,, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 2), :&&* 34&)-0@.*'&4&,-(A)-&' R# L)*')00P !\\BSP 6)4-0@ :&>).,& -2& 0(-&4)-.4& /* 6/0(-(>)0,>(&*>& )*' >/AA.*(>)-(/* (, 0)43&0@ D4)3A&*-&' R`)>O&-- )*' d2)/P $]]bS#E-.'(&, G2(>2 2)K& )''4&,,&' -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&* -2& A&'() )*'

6/0(-(>, (* '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* >/*-&N-, .,.)00@ 2)K& -G/ A)Q/4 >/*>&4*,7 R!S'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* -24/.32 -2& A&'() )*' R$S '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* /D -2& A&'() (-,&0DR`)>O&-- )*' d2)/P $]]b^ ,&& )0,/ E)03)'/P $]]\S# +- (, '(DD(>.0- -/ ('&*-(D@ )'(4&>- 4&0)-(/*,2(6 /D >).,& )*' &DD&>- :&-G&&* -2& A&'() )*' '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*), -2& )K)(0):0& &A6(4(>)0 &K('&*>& (, )*&>'/-)0 )*' ,/ >)**/- :& ,.:Q&>-&' -/4(3/4/., &A6(4(>)0 -&,-(*3 R,&& f/0-A&4 )*' L/G*,0&@P $]]\S# I2& A&'() A)@

:& K(&G&' &(-2&4 ), '&6&*'&*- /* ,/>(&-@ )*' A(44/4(*3 (-, >/*-/.4, /4 ),64(A)4@ A/K&4, )*' A/.0'&4, R%>g.)(0P $]]bS# 9(O&G(,&P A&'() D4&&'/A 2),

:&&* 6&4>&(K&' ), )* (*'(>)-/4 /D '&A/>4)-(> 4&D/4A R,&& %>1/**&00 )*'J&>O&4P $]]$SP /4 ), ) 64&>/*'(-(/* D/4 '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*, -/ G/4O64/6&40@ R# J&4A)* )*' M(-Y*&4P !\\_^ C)20P !\a\S# V/4 :/-2 A&'() )*'

'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* ,>2/0)4,P -2& A),, A&'() )4& 4&3)4'&' ), /*& /D -2& O&@'&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*, RE-4&&-P $]!]^ %>g.)(0P $]]]S K(-)0 (* (A64/K(*3 -2&U.)0(-@ /D -2& &0&>-/4)0 ,@,-&AP 6/0(-(>)0 6)4-(&,P 6)40()A&*-P Q.'(>()4@P )*'/-2&4 :4)*>2&, /D -2& ,-)-&P &K&* >(K(0 ,/>(&-@P )*' ,)D&3.)4'(*3 -2&(4'&A/>4)-(> 6&4D/4A)*>

+* */4A)-(K& A&'() -2&/4@P '&A/>4)-(> 6/0(-(>)0 ,-4.>-.4&, )4& /D-&*),,.A&' -/ 64&>&'& -2& 34/G-2 /D A&'() A)4O&-,# I2(, ),,.A6-(/* A)@ */-

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

I2.,P -4)*,D/4A(*3 -2& A&'() (*-/ D.00@ '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*, (, )>2)00&*3(*3 -),O A)(*0@ :&>).,& R!S -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&* 3/K&4*A&*- )*'-2& A&'() (, 2(320@ )A:(K)0&*-P R$S 4&D/4A&' A&'() (*,-(-.-(/*, G(00 ,-(00

4&-)(* &0&A&*-, /D -2& 0/3(> )*' >/*,-4)(*-, /D -2&(4 64&'&>&,,/4,P )*' RBSQ/.4*)0(,-, (* -2& *&G0@ -4)*,D/4A&' A&'() /43)*(,)-(/*, G(00 ,-(00 2/0' K)0.&,-2)- )4& 4//-&' (* -2&(4 64/D&,,(/*)0 0(D& .*'&4 -2& /0' 4&3(A& Rf/0-A&4 )*'L/G*,0&@P $]]\S# I2(, -4)*,D/4A)-(/* (, /D-&* )>2(&K&' -24/.32 0(:&4)0(,)-(/*/D -2& A&'() ,/ -2)- )* ('&)0 A&'() &*K(4/*A&*- (*>0.'&, -G/ A&'() ,&>-/4,7) A)4O&-X0&' A&'() ,&>-/4 )*' ) */*XA)4O&-X,&>-/4 RL/Y.A(0/G(>YP $]]$S# +*-4)*,(-(/*)0 '&A/>4)>(&,P -2& 3.)4)*-&& /D >/AA.*(>)-(/* D4&&'/A, (, 4)4&0@

!I2&,& )4& /D-&* A&),.4&' -24/.32 30/:)0 )**.)0 (*'&N&, ,.>2 ), -2& V4&&'/A `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g.)(0P $]]bS#


8/53

_

'(,6.-&' >/*,-(-.-(/*)00@ )*' 2), :&&* (A60&A&*-&' (* K(4-.)00@ )00 -4)*,(-(/*>/.*-4(&, Rf/0-A&4 )*' L/G*,0&@P $]]\S#

+* '&A/>4)-(,(*3 >/*-&N-,P -2& A&'() -),O, )4& 3&*&4)00@ )*' .,.)00@,.:,.A&' .*'&4 -2& 8)>>/.*-):(0(-@ 4/0&; G2(>2 -2& A&'() 2)K& :&&**/4A)-(K&0@ ),>4(:&' ), /*& /D -2&(4 A)(* D.*>-(/*, (* ) '&A/>4)-(> ,/>(&-@

Re.4&K(->2 )*' J0.A0&4P !\\]^ E>2.',/*P !\\b^ L)*')00P !\\a^ E>)AA&0 )*'E&A&-O/P $]]])^ F/44(,P $]]c^ f/0-A&4P $]]c)S# I2& */-(/* -2)- -2& 64&,,,2/.0' 2/0' -2& 3/K&4*A&*- )*' 6/0(-(>)0 &0(-&, )>>/.*-):0& Z -2)- (,P)*,G&4):0& -/ -2& &0&>-/4)-& )*' ,.:Q&>- -/ &K&*-.)0 6.*(,2A&*- (* >),& /DG4/*3'/(*3 Z (, 6)4-(>.0)40@ ,-4/*30@ 4//-&' (* -2& 0(:&4)0P ?*30/X?A&4(>)*-4)'(-(/* /D Q/.4*)0(,AP ),,(3*(*3 -2& 64&,, -2& 0):&0 /D -2& 8D/.4-2 &,-)-&; )*'&N6&>-(*3 (- -/ )>- ), ) 8G)->2'/3;P &N6/,(*3 -2& -4)*,34&,,(/*, /D -2& 6.:0(>/DD(>()0, )*' /-2&4 6/G&4 2/0'&4, G(-2(* -2& '&A/>4)-(> ,@,-&A RM)(,:/4'P$]]]S# +* )''(-(/* -/ &0&>-(/*,P -2& A&'() )4& ,&&* ), (*,-4.A&*-)0 D/4 :/-2 -2&A)(* '(A&*,(/*, /D 6/0(-(>)0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@ R,&& E>2&'0&4P !\\a^ M2(-&2&)'P$]]$SP K&4-(>)0 R-2& ):(0(-@ /D >(-(Y&*, -/ /K&4,&& )>-(/*, /D -2& 6/G&4 2/0'&4,S), G&00 ), 2/4(Y/*-)0 R-2& ,@,-&A /D 8>2&>O, )*' :)0)*>&,; :&-G&&* ,-)-&(*,-(-.-(/*,P 6.:0(> )3&*>(&,P )*' :4)*>2&, /D 3/K&4*A&*-S# E(A60@P -2&@ ,&4K&), ) A&)*, D/4 K/-&4, -/ A)O& '&>(,(/*, :@ '(,,&A(*)-(*3 (*D/4A)-(/* ):/.-3/K&4*A&*- )>-(/*,#

`/G&K&4P ), ) >2)00&*3& -/ 0&3(,0)-(K& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P &A&43(*3'&A/>4)>(&, )4& -2/.32- -/ '&K&0/6 .*(U.& -@6&, /D A&'() ,@,-&A, -2)- '(DD&4,(3*(D(>)*-0@ D4/A -2/,& (* &,-):0(,2&' '&A/>4)>(&,P )*' Q/.4*)0(,-(>64/D&,,(/*)0(,A (, )43.&' -/ :& &A:&''&' (* -2& G('&4 >.0-.4)0 -4)'(-(/*, /D )3(K&* >/.*-4@ )*' -/ 4&D0&>- -2& *&&', )*' &N6&>-)-(/*, /D ).'(&*>&,R%>1/**&00 )*' J&>O&4P $]]$S# I2(, >4&)-&, ,&K&4)0 Z )*' 0)43&4 Z 3)6,

:&-G&&* -2& 8('&)0; )*' -2& 4&)0(-@ /D Q/.4*)0(,A -2)* (* &,-):0(,2&''&A/>4)>(&,#

I2.,P -2& 4/0& /D -2& A&'() (* '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* >)* :& :&,- .*'&4,-//' Z)*' (, &N)A(*&' 2&4& Z )0/*3 -2& ,-)3&, /D 6/0(-(>)0 -4)*,D/4A)-(/*# +* -2& 64&X-4)*,(-(/* 6&4(/'P -2& A&'() A)@ 60)@ ) G(-*&,,(*3 4/0&P ), G&00 ), )0&3(-(A(,(*3 4/0& D/4 -2& >2)*3&, -)O(*3 60)>& :&D/4& -2& 4&3(A& 0/,&, (-, 2/0'/* 6/G&4 RJ&**&--P !\\aS# +- A)@ )0,/ &N&4- '(4&>- 64&,,.4& )*' >/*,-(-.-& )*)>-.)0 8-4(33&4; D/4 '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* RL)*')00P !\\BS# C.4(*3 -2& -4)*,(-(/*6&4(/'P -2& A&'() A)@ ,&- -2& )3&*') D/4 6/0(-(>)0 '&:)-&P /DD&4 )0-&4*)-(K&(*-&464&-)-(/*, /D -2& /*3/(*3 &K&*-,P )*' >4&)-& ,.66/4- D/4 &A&43(*36/0(-(>)0 6)4-(&,# M2(0& 64&K(/., 4&,&)4>2 ,.33&,-, -2)- -2& A&'() -&*' -/ :&A/,- ,.66/4-(K& /D '&A/>4)>@ (* -2& &)40@ ,-)3&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* RL)*')00P!\\aSP -2&(4 6&4D/4A)*>& (, K.0*&4):0& -/ 6/0(-(>)0 >/*-4/0 G2(>2 A)*(D&,-,(-,&0D (* 2(320@ /6(*(/*)-&' )*' 6/0(-(>(,&' 4&6/4-(*3 '.4(*3 -4)*,(-(/* 62),&,#I2& A&'();, 4/0& (* -2& &)40@ ,-)3&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* >)* :& K&4@ (*D0.&*-()0

:&>).,& /D (-, 6/-&*-()0 (A6)>- /* 6/0(-(>)0 '&>(,(/*, RE)03)'/P $]]\S )*'6/0(-(>)0 /4(&*-)-(/*, RE>2A(--XJ&>O )*' f/0-A&4P $]]_S# ?, D)4 ), -2&>/*,/0(')-(/* 62),& (, >/*>&4*&'P -2& A&'() )4& &N6&>-&' -/ ,.,-)(*'&A/>4)-(> '(,>/.4,& )*' 3.)4' )3)(*,- :)>O,0('(*3P G2&-2&4 (*,-(-.-(/*)0'&>)@ /4 (*'(K('.)0 >/44.6-(/* RL)*')00P !\\aSP ) 4/0& /D-&* >2)00&*3&' :@34/G(*3 >@*(>(,A )*' '&>0(*& /D 6.:0(> -4.,- (* Q/.4*)0(,A#

%/4& ,/ -2)* (* &,-):0(,2&' '&A/>4)>(&,P -2& '(,-(*>-(/* :&-G&&* 0/>)0 )*'30/:)0 A&'() /DD&4, )* )''(-(/*)0 (*,(32- (*-/ -2& (*D0.&*>& /D -2& A&'() /*-2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,,# I2& &N6)*,(/* (* 30/:)0 >/AA.*(>)-(/* '.4(*3-2& -2(4' G)K& /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 2), 2(320(32-&' -2& 4/0& /D -2&

8'&A/*,-4)-(/* &DD&>-; :@ -2& (*-&4*)-(/*)0 A&'()P G2(>2 &*0(32-&*, ).'(&*>&,):/.- -2& ):,&*>& /D 6/0(-(>)0 D4&&'/A /4 &>/*/A(> )DD0.&*>& (* -2&(4 0(K&,


9/53

a

R`.*-(*3-/*P !\\!S# e0/:)0 A&'() A)@ )0,/ >/*-4(:.-& -/ '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* :@'(4&>-(*3 D/4&(3* 6/0(-(>)0 &0(-&, )*' ).'(&*>&, -/G)4', 64/:0&A, (* )6)4-(>.0)4 >/.*-4@ Rf/0-A&4 )*' L/G*,0&@P $]]\S /4 :@ )DD&>-(*3 -2& >4&)-(/*/D D/4&(3* 6/0(>(&, -24/.32 -2& ,/X>)00&' 81FF &DD&>-; R9(K(*3,-/*P !\\_S#

C/A&,-(>)00@P -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&* -2& 34/G-2 /D D4&& A&'() )*' -2&

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

Q.,- ), >(K(> &*3)3&A&*- 64/A6-, )--&*-(/* -/ -2& *&G, RF/44(,P $]]]S#`/G&K&4P -2&4& (, K&4@ 0(--0& 4&,&)4>2 &N60/4(*3 2/G &N)>-0@ -2& A&'()

D.0D(0 -2(, */4A)-(K&0@ ),>4(:&' 4/0& )*' >/*-4(:.-& -/ '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*:.(0'(*3 (* -2& -4)*,(-(/* >/.*-4(&,# I2& /K&4K(&G /D -2& 4&0&K)*- 0(-&4)-.4&,6&>(D(>)00@ '&)0(*3 G(-2 A&'() )*' '&A/>4)>@ (* 1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6&/K&4 -2& 6),- -G/ '&>)'&, RE60(>2)0P !\\H^ 1/4>/4)* )*' =4&,-/*P !\\b^C/G*(*3P !\\c^ T;F&(0P !\\_:^ E6)4O, )*' L&)'(*3P !\\a^ %.32)* )*'e.*-2&4P $]]]^ J)Q/A(X9hYh4 )*' `&3&'i,P $]]!^ e4/,,P $]]$^ =4(>& &- )0#P$]]$^ EiOj,' )*' J)Q/A(X9hYh4P $]]B:^ =)0&-Y )*' k)O.:/G(>YP $]]B^

k)O.:/G(>YP $]]c^ f/0-A&4P $]]c)^ k)O.:/G(>Y )*' EiOj,'P $]]a^ C/:&OXT,-4/G,O) )*' el/G)>O(P $]]a^ C@>Y/O )*' e)A)*Xe/0.-K(*)P $]]\^[0(AO(&G(>YP $]!]^ C/:&OXT,-4/G,O) &- )0#P $]!]^ C/G*&@ )*' %(2&0QP $]!$^e4/,, )*' k)O.:/G(>YP $]!$:S ,.33&,-, -2)- &N(,-(*3 ,>2/0)4,2(6 -)>O0&, -2&U.&,-(/* /D -2& (A6)>- /D -2& A&'() /* 6/0(-(>)0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@ )*'

(*,-(-.-(/*)0 4&D/4A '.4(*3 -2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,, A)(*0@ (*'(4&>-0@P )*'64(A)4(0@ (* -2& D/4A /D U.)0(-)-(K& ,-.'(&, .,(*3 (*-&464&-(K& )*' 2(,-/4(>)0)664/)>2&,# I2(, D(*'(*3 ,2/.0' */- :& ,.464(,(*3 3(K&* -2& ,>)4>(-@ /D&A6(4(>)0 4&,&)4>2 /* -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&* A&'() )*' '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* (*1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6& ), G&00 ), /-2&4 -4)*,(-(/* >/.*-4(&, (* 3&*&4)0PG2(>2 A)*@ /D -2& ):/K& U./-&' ).-2/4, &N60(>(-0@ )'A(- )*' :&A/)* )- -2&,)A& -(A& Z G(-2 /*0@ ) 0(--0& >2)*3& /K&4 -2& @&)4,# =)-4(>O T;F&(0;,/:,&4K)-(/* D4/A !\\_ -2)- 8G& O*/G 0(--0& ):/.- -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&*A&'() 4&D/4A )*' -2& D/4A)-(/* /D ,-):0& '&A/>4)>@; RT;F&(0P !\\_:7 BS (,&>2/&' (* A/,- ,.:,&U.&*- K/0.A&,P ), (, 2(, >4(-(>)0 >/AA&*- -2)- 8G2(0&,-.'(&, /D '&A/>4)-(Y)-(/* 4&>/3*(Y& -2& (A6/4-)*>& /D -2& A&'()P D&G 2)K&3/*& :&@/*' -2&,& :),(> ),,.A6-(/*, -/ ,-.'@ 2/G )*' G2@ ,.>2 (*,-(-.-(/*,A)@ )'K)*>& /4 (A6&'& '&A/>4)-(Y)-(/* 64/>&,,&,; RT;F&(0P !\\_7 HS#BM4(-(*3D(K& @&)4, 0)-&4P [)4/0 k)O.:/G(>Y */-&' -2)-7

23#%# () ,/%%#$'14 $- /$&$(0('4 ($ '3# 1('#%&'/%# -$ '3# %#1&'(-$)3(56#'7##$ 0&)) ,-00/$(,&'(-$) &$. )-,(&1 ,3&$"#* 23# ())/#) -+ 73#'3#%0&)) 0#.(& 1#&. -% +-11-7 ,3&$"#8 73#'3#% '3#4 0(%%-% -% 0-/1. )-,(#'48

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


10/53

\

&$. 73#'3#% '3#4 )3-/1. 6# ,-$,#5'/&1(9#. &) &"#$') -+ )-,(&1 ,3&$"# -% -+'3# )'&'/) :/- &%# 4#' '- 6# %#)-1;#.* /6-7(,98 ?@@?A ?@BC

+* -2&(4 >/*>0.,(/* -/ -2& K/0.A& G2(>2 4&A)(*, /*& /D -2& A/,- &N60(>(-)--&A6-, -/ '(,>.,, -2& 4&0)-(/*,2(6 :&-G&&* A&'() 4&D/4A )*'

'&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P %/*4/& 5# =4(>& )*' J&)-) L/Y.A(0/G(>Y >/*D&,, -2)-P )- -2&&*' /D -2&(4 U.&,-P -2& '(4&>-(/* /D >).,)0(-@ (, */ >0&)4&4 -2)* :&D/4&7

D/% E-14 F%&(1 -+ ($:/(%4 3&) ($;-1;#. .#'#%0($($" 73#'3#% '3#%# () &,&/)&1 #++#,' 6#'7##$ 1(6#%&1(9#. 0#.(& &$. & .#0-,%&'(, )-,(#'48 &$. &)3&55#$) ($ 0-)' %#1("(-/) )#&%,3#)8 %#&,3($" & +($&1 .#)'($&'(-$ () #1/)(;#*E-7 ,&$ 7# '#11 73#'3#%8 &) () )- 7(.#14 &))/0#.8 0#.(& %#+-%0 () &$#,#))&%4 ,-$.('(-$ -+ .#0-,%&'(9&'(-$8 -% %&'3#%8 73#'3#% +%## &$.($.#5#$.#$' 0#.(& &%# 0#%#14 &''%&,'(;#8 )/5#%68 &$. #;#$ G/)'(+4($"

5%-./,') -+ &$ &1%#&.4 1(6#%&1(9#. )-,(#'4H I-#) 0#.(& %#+-%0 5%-0-'#.#0-,%&'(9&'(-$ -% () '3# #J()'#$,# -+ 3#&1'34 &$. ($.#5#$.#$' 0#.(&0#%#14 & ,-$)#:/#$,# -% )("$ -+ & )-,(#'4 '3&' () &1%#&.4 -$ '3# 7&4 '-7&%.

"%#&'#% .#0-,%&'(, 5%&,'(,#H 0.'&' (* -2& K/0.A&PH

$- "%&$. '3#-%4 -% -;#%73#10($" ,-$,1/)(-$ ,&$ 6# .%&7$* O+ '3# ,&)# )'/.(#)(11/)'%&'# &$4'3($"8 (' () '3&' '3# %#1&'(-$)3(5 6#'7##$ 0#.(& %#+-%0 &$.

5-1('(,&1 '%&$)('(-$ () 6#)' ,-$)(.#%#. &) %#'&(18 $-' 73-1#)&1#8 &) $&%%-7 &$.+/$,'(-$&1 %&'3#% '3&$ .%&0&'(, &$. -;#%&%,3($"* Y/O >/A60)(*&' -2)- 8-2&4& (, K&4@ 0(--0&

-2&/4&-(>)0 0(-&4)-.4& /* A&'() )*' '&A/>4)-(Y)-(/*; R$]]\7 B!S )*' ,-4&,,&'-2)- 8-2& >&*-4)0 U.&,-(/* G2(>2 *&&', -/ :& )''4&,,&' )*' -2&/4(Y&' (,G2&-2&4 ) D4&& )*' (*'&6&*'&*- A&'() (, )* )3&*- /D '&A/>4)-(> >2)*3& )*'>/*,/0(')-(/* /4 */-; R$]]\7 B$SP 2(320(32-(*3 -2&4&:@ -2& 0)>O /D .*)A:(3./.,/.->/A&, D4/A 64&K(/., ,-.'(&, 4&3)4'(*3 -2(, >4.>()0 (,,.

?*P Q#.(& &$. O$)'('/'(-$&1 R3&$"# ($ R#$'%&1 &$. S&)'#%$ S/%-5#ATU#))-$) '- 6# U#&%$#.VH

T*& /D -2& A)(* 4&),/*, -/ D/>., /* -2& >/.*-4(&, /D 1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4*5.4/6& R155S G2&* &N)A(*(*3 -2& 4/0&, /D A&'() (* -2& 64/>&,, /D

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

HI2& K/0.A& >/*-)(*, >2)6-&4, ):/.- A&'() 4&D/4A )*' ):/.- '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* (* >/.*-4(&, ), '(K&4,& ), 12(*)PWY:&O(,-)*P +*'/*&,()P J/,*()X`&4>&3/K(*)P k/4')*P WO4)(*&P W3)*')P +*'()P =/0)*'P )*' W4.3.)@#


11/53

!]

O*/G0&'3& (* G2(>2 -/ &A:&' (*K&,-(3)-(/*, /D -2& >/A60&N 64/>&,, /D(*,-(-.-(/*)0 4&D/4AP 6/0(-(>)0 ,/>()0(,)-(/*P )*' -2& 4/0& /D -2& A&'()#

I2& D)>- -2)- A/4& -2)* -G/ '&>)'&, )D-&4 -2& :&3(**(*3 /D -4)*,(-(/* (*1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6&P -2& K&4@ U.&,-(/* ):/.- -2& >/*-4(:.-(/* /D -2&A&'() -/ -2& 64/>&,, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 4&A)(*, K&4@ A.>2 .*)*,G&4&' Z /4

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`)00(* )*'%)*>(*(;, R$]]HS ,&A(*)0 ://O /* >/A6)4)-(K& A&'() )*' 6/0(-(>, R,&& (*6)4-(>.0)4 k)O.:/G(>Y )*' EiOj,'P $]]a^ C/:&OXT,-4/G,O) )*' el/G)>O(P$]]a^ C/:&OXT,-4/G,O) &- )0#P $]!]^ C/G*&@ )*' %(2&0QP $]!$S )*' '(,>.,,(*36)4-(>.0)4 ),6&>-, /D A&'() ,@,-&A -4)*,D/4A)-(/* (* -2& >/*-&N- /D :4/)'&464/>&,,&, /D 5.4/6&)*(,)-(/* )*' 30/:)0(,)-(/* R1Y&6&O &- )0#P $]]\^[0(AO(&G(>YP $]!]S# ?0-2/.32 (*'(,6&*,):0& >/*-4(:.-(/*, -/ /.4.*'&4,-)*'(*3 /D -2& -4)*,D/4A)-(/* )*' 4&>&*- >2)00&*3&, /D -2& 155 A&'(),@,-&A,P -2&,& ,>2/0)40@ /.-6.-, 4)4&0@ RG(-2 */-):0& &N>&6-(/*,P ,&&

k)O.:/G(>YP $]!$S &*3)3& G(-2 -2& )>-.)0 0(*O :&-G&&* A&'() )*'(*,-(-.-(/*)0 4&D/4AP /4 '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* (* ) :4/)'&4 6&4,6&>-(K

M(-2 ,/ D&G ,-.'(&, '(4&>-0@ -)>O0(*3 -2(, -/6(> R)*' &K&* D&G&4 ,.66/4-(*3-2&(4 )43.A&*-, G(-2 &A6(4(>)0 &K('&*>&SP (- (, /D-&* '(DD(>.0- -/ ,&6)4)-& G2)-(, :&(*3 >0)(A&' ):/.- -2& (A6)>- /D -2& A&'() /* -2& (*,-(-.-(/*X:.(0'(*364/>&,, D4/A :4/)'&4 ),,&,,A&*-, /D -2&(4 '&A/>4)-(> U.)0(-(&, /4>/*-4(:.-(/* -/ '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* (* 3&*&4)0# M(-2(* -2(, :4/)'&4 D4)A&G/4OP-2& 64&K)(0(*3 /6(*(/* )A/*3 A&'() ,>2/0)4, 2), >&4-)(*0@ :&&* >4(-(>)0P

6/(*-(*3 -/ ,.>2 >2)4)>-&4(,-(>, /D -2& 155 *&G, A&'() ), 0/G (*,-(-.-(/*)0).-/*/A@P 2(32 6/0(-(>)0 6)4)00&0(,AP 0/G R)*' D.4-2&4 '&>0(*(*3S64/D&,,(/*)0(,)-(/*P ), G&00 ), (*>4&),(*3 -):0/('(,)-(/* /D A&'() >/*-&*- R,& k)O.:/G(>Y )*' EiOj,'P $]]a^ C/:&OXT,-4/G,O) )*' el/G)>O(P $]]a^d(&0/*O) )*' %)*>(*(P $]!!^ e4/,, )*' k)O.:/G(>YP $]!$)SP G2(>2 )4& )00U.)0(-(&, 4&3)4'&' ), .*D)K/.4):0& D/4 -2& '&K&0/6A&*- )*' D(4A&,-):0(,2A&*- /D Q/.4*)0(,A;, )>>/.*-):(0(-@ 4/0 E.AA)4(,(*3 -2(, '(,>/.4,&P[)-4(* f/0-A&4 */-&' -2)-7

'3# 0#.(& ($ 0&$4 $#7 .#0-,%&,(#) -+'#$ )##0 '- 1&,> '3# :/&1('(#) '3&'7-/1. :/&1(+4 '3#0 +-% 51&4($" & >#4 %-1# ($ 5%-0-'($" &,,-/$'&6(1('4 &$.($,1/)(;# 5-1('(,)* 23#4 &%# +%#:/#$'14 ,%('(,(9#. +-% %#0&($($" '-- ,1-)# '-

5-1('(,&1 5-7#% 3-1.#%) '- 6# &61# '- &,' &) #++#,'(;# 7&',3.-")W 5-1('(,&1%#5-%'($" () %#"&%.#. &) '-- -5($(-$&'#. '- 5%-;(.# 6&1&$,#. "&'#>##5($"W73(1# ,-00#%,(&1 5%#))/%#) -$ $#7) ,-;#%&"# -+'#$ #$,-/%&"# &$-;#%#053&)() -$ '3# '%(;(&1 &$. 5-5/1&% &' '3# #J5#$)# -+ )#%(-/) &$.)/)'&($#. &''#$'(-$ '- ($'#%$&'(-$&1 &++&(%) &$. ,-051#J ())/#) -$ '3#

5-1(,4 &"#$.&* /AA&4>()0(,)-(/* /D -2& A&'() )D-&4 !\\] 2), :&&* /*& /D -2& A/,-D4&U.&*-0@ U./-&' 4&),/*, D/4 -2& )66)4&*-0@ D0)G&' '&A/>4)-(> 6&4D/4A)*>&/D -2& A&'() (* -2& 155 >/.*-4(&,P 6)4-(>.0)40@ (* -2/,& G2&4& 64(K)-(,)-(/* /D-2& *&G, A&'() ,&>-/4 -//O 60)>& )- )* &)40@ ,-)3& )*' -/ ) 34&)-&4 &N-&*-

RE6)4O, )*' L&)'(*3P !\\a^ 9).OP $]]a^ J)0>@-(&*&P $]]\S# +- 2), :&&*4&6&)-&'0@ 6/(*-&' /.- Z -2/.32 )3)(* A/,-0@ /* ) -2&/4&-(>)0 0&K&0 Z -2)-P


12/53

!!

G2(0& -2& &*' /D >&*,/4,2(6P -2& '(A(*(,2(*3 /D '(4&>- 6/0(-(>)0 >/*-4/0P )*'-2& /K&4)00 60.4)0(,)-(/* /D -2& A&'() ,&>-/4 >4&)-&' >/*'(-(/*, D/4 -2& A&'()-/ &DD&>-(K&0@ )(' -2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,, )*' -2& >4&)-(/* /D -2&'&A/>4)-(> 6.:0(> ,62&4&P -2& ,(A.0-)*&/., 64/>&,, /D 4&60)>&A&*- /D('&/0/3(>)0 >/*-4/0 G(-2 A)4O&-X'4(K&* (A6&4)-(K&, 2), U.(>O0@ A)'& -2& 3/)0

/D ,&4K(*3 -2& 6.:0(> (*-&4&,- ,&>/*')4@ -/ -2& ,&)4>2 D/4 64/D(-#b

E-(00P */- )00 ).-2/4, ,2)4& ,.>2 ) *&3)-(K& 6&4,6&>-(K& /* -2& '&K&0/6A&*-/D -2& A&'();, '&A/>4)-(> 4/0&, (* -2& 4&3(/*# L&K(&G(*3 -2& D(4,- '&>)'& )D-&4-4)*,(-(/*P =&-&4 e4/,, ,&&, >&4-)(* 6/,(-(K& &DD&>-, /D -2& A&'() /* -2&'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,, (* 6/,-X1/AA.*(,- 5),-&4* 5.4/6&P &K&* (D -2& K&4@*/-(/* /D 8&DD&>-; (, ,0(32-0@ 4&0)-(K(,&'7

O+ 7# &,,#5' ](1;- U#$&%'V) 5%-5-)('(-$ '3&' 0#.(& #++#,') )3-/1. 6##J&0($#. ($ '#%0) -+ '3# ,1(0&'# '3#4 ,%#&'#8 %&'3#% '3&$ '3#(% .(%#,'(05&,'8 &$ &%"/0#$' ,&$ 6# 0&.# '3&' '3# S&)'#%$ S/%-5#&$ 0#.(& 3&;#

5-)('(;#14 ,-$'%(6/'#. '- '3# '%&$)+-%0&'(-$8 .#)5('# '3#(% $#"&'(;# )(.##++#,')* 2(&K&A&*-, /D -2& A&'()P e4/,, U./-&, 8-2&>4&)-(/* /D ) 6.:0(> >0(A)-& /D >/A6&-(-(/* :&-G&&* ) G('& 4)*3& /D>/A6&-(-/4, D/4 6/0(-(>)0 )*' &>/*/A(> 6/G&4 /4 D/4 >.0-.4)0 64&'/A(*)*>&;R$]]$7 !cbS# ?*/-2&4 6/,(-(K& &DD&>- >)* :& ,&&*P )>>/4'(*3 -/ 2(AP (* -2&A&'();, (*D/4A)-(K& 4/0&P ,(*>& 8-2& A&'() )0,/ :4/.32- -/ -2& D/4& *&G (,,.&,P*&G 6)4-(&,P *&G 0&)'&4,P )*' 6/-&*-()0 0&)'&4,P *&G ('&), )*' 6/,,(:(0(-(&,P)*' >/*-4(:.-&' -/ -2& >4&)-(/* /D K)4(&' *&G */*3/K&4*A&*-)0 34/.6,PG2(>2 (, -/ ,)@P >(K(0 ,/>(&-@; Re4/,,P $]]$7 !cbS# `(, 6/,(-(/* >)* :& 4&)' ),,.66/4-(*3 ) */-(/* -2)- -2& A&'() D)>(0(-)-&P 4)-2&4 -2)* '(4&>-0@ ,-(A.0)-&P-2& &,-):0(,2A&*- /D '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*,7

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e4/,,P $]]$7 !_!S#c

I2& */-(/* /D -2& A&'() ), 8)'Q.*>-, -/ -2& -4)*,(-(/*; 4)-2&4 -2)* )3&*-, /D>2)*3& 2), :&&* ,2)4&' :@ /-2&4 ).-2/4,P 2(320(32-(*3 -2& (*-&4'&6&*'&*>& /D6)4-(>.0)4 )>-/4, /D -2& 6/0(-(>)0 64/>&,, Rk)O.:/G(>YP $]]c^ f/0-A&4P $]]c:S

b?*)0@,(*3 -2& E0/K&*()* ')(0@ 64&,, &)40@ (* -2& !\\],P [/m(4 R!\\B7 !$BcS >/*>0.'&' -2)- A/,- ,-/4(&, >0)(A(*3 -/ :&(*K&,-(3)-(K& 4&6/4-(*3 A&4&0@ >4&)-&' ,>)*')0, -2)- '(' */- ,&4K& -2& 6.:0(> (*-&4&,-# I2& >/AA&4>()0(,)-(/* /D A),,A&'() 2)' 8:4/.32- ):/.- -2& -4&*' /D (*K&,-(3)-(K& Q/.4*)0(,A )- )*@ >/,-; R[/m(4P !\\H7 !cS# E(*>& -2&* ) *.A:&4 /DE0/K&*()* A&'() ,>2/0)4, 2)K& 6/(*-&' /.- -2)- -2&4& (, )0A/,- */ 4&)0 (*K&,-(3)-(K& 4&6/4-(*3 (* -2& E0/K&*()*A&'()P )0-2/.32 A)*@ Q/.4*)0(,-, >0)(A -/ &*3)3& (* (- Rd'/K> )*' [/K)>(>P $]]_7 b$BS#cI2(, ,-)-&A&*- (, >/*K&43&*- G(-2 =&-&4 e4/,,;, &)40(&4 -2/.32-,P ), 4&64&,&*-&' :@ -2& D/00/G(*37 8M& (* -2& M&,-G&4& G4/*3 (* ),,.A(*3 -2)- -2& A&'() G(00 2&06 &,-):0(,2 '&A/>4)>@# +*'&6&*'&*-P (A6)4-()0P 64/D&,,(/*)0 A&'())4& &N64&,,(/*, /D G&00 &*-4&*>2&' '&A/>4)-(> ,/>(&-(&, )*' D.*>-(/* (* -2&(4 ,.66/4-# I2&@ >)**/- :& ,6/*-)*&/.,0@>4&)-&' (* ) ,/>(&-@ (* -4)*,(-(/* -/ 2&06 -2)- -4)*,(-(/*; Re4/,,P !\\a7 !]P U./-&' (* C@>Y/OP $]]\7 B$S#


13/53

!$

G2(>2 (*D0.&*>& &)>2 /-2&4 (* -2&(4 '&A/>4)-(> 4/0&,# g./-(*3 %/44(, )*'M)(,:/4'P %)4-) C@>Y/O ,.AA)4(,&, -2)- 8-2&4& ,&&A, -/ :& )* &A&43(*3>/*,&*,., /* -2& D)>- -2)- n6)4)'/N(>)00@P -2& A&'();, ):(0(-@ -/ .62/0''&A/>4)-(> )>>/.*-):(0(-@ &K&*-.)00@ '&6&*', /* -2& '&34&& -/ G2(>2 6/0(-(>)0(*,-(-.-(/*, 2)K& )'/6-&' '&A/>4)-(> ,-4.>-.4&, )*' 64/>&'.4&,o; R%/44(,

)*' M)(,:/4'P $]]!^ U./-&' (* C@>Y/OP $]]\7 B$S# E(A(0)40@P [)4/0 k)O.:/G(>Y-)0O, ):/.- ) A/'&0 /D 8*/*X&U.(K)0&*- /4 ),@AA&-4(>)0 (*-&4'&6&*'&*>&;:&-G&&* ,/>(/X6/0(-(>)0 D)>-/4, )*' A&'() ,@,-&A,P (* G2(>2 ,/>()0 >/*'(-(/*,P(*>0.'(*3 ,/>()0 >2)*3&P >4&)-& >/*'(-(/*, D/4 /4 -4(33&4 A&'() )>-(/* -/(*D0.&*>& ,/>(&-@ Rk)O.:/G(>YP $]]c7 bP ,&& )0,/ k)O.:/G(>YP $]!$S#

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`_;() -2& (,,.& /D6/0(-(>)0 >/44.6-(/* RE-&-O)P $]!BS#

?*? Q&)) Q#.(& &$. K-1('(,&1 a,,-/$'&6(1('4 ($ U&'($ a0#%(,&

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`/G&K&4P &K&* G(-2(* -2&,& 0(A(-,P -2& 4/0& /D -2& 64&,, (, (*'(,6&*,):0& (*&N6/,(*3 (,,.&, G2(>2 &(-2&4 -2& ,-)-& G)*-, -/ O&&6 ,&>4&- /4 G2(>2 (*K/0K&>/44.6-(/* /D 6.:0(> /DD(>()0,# +* -2/,& ,>)*')0, 2& 4&K(&G, (* 2(, ://OP 8-2&64&,, 2), .*U.&,-(/*):0@ 2&06&' -/ 4)(,& )>>/.*-):(0(-@ :@ 6.:0(>(Y(*3(*D/4A)-(/* )*' )>-(/*, -2)- 4&,.0-&' (* n-24/G(*3 -2& 4),>)0, /.-oP G2&-2&4-24/.32 -2& 4&,(3*)-(/* /4 -2& K/-(*3 /.- /D (*'(K('.)0, ,.,6&>-&' /4 >2)43&'/D >/44.6-(/*; RM)(,:/4'P $]]]7 $H]S# V)4 D4/A ),>4(:(*3 9)-(* ?A&4(>)*G)->2'/3 Q/.4*)0(,A )* )00X6/G&4D.0 ,-)-.,P M)(,:/4' (, *&K&4-2&0&,, */-

*&)40@ ), 6&,,(A(,-(> >/*>&4*(*3 (-, 64)>-(>)0 &DD&>-, ), )4& A)*@ 1&*-4)0 )*'5),-&4* 5.4/6&)* A&'() &N6&4-, )*' Q/.4*)0(,-,P ), G), 4&K&)0&' :@ ) 4&>&*-,-.'@ RE-&-O) )*' p4*&:4(*3P $]!$S# ?, 2& ,.AA)4(,&,7

O 3&;# &%"/#. '3&' 0/,>%&>($" .-#) $-' #1(0($&'# ,-%%/5'(-$ 6/' %&()#)&7&%#$#)) &6-/' (') #J()'#$,#* O' .-#) $-' ,%#&'# &,,-/$'&6(1('4 6/' &..)#++-%') '- & 0-%# ;("(1&$' )-,(#'4* O' .-#) $-' 0&># 5-7#%_3-1.#%)%#)5-$)(61# +-% '3#(% 0().##.) 6/' +-%,#) '3#0 '- "(;# &$)7#%) +-% '3#(%&,')* * * * O' .-#) $-' 3&;# &11 '3# &$)7#%) '- '3# 0&$4 .#+(,(') -+,-$'#05-%&%4 ]-/'3 a0#%(,&$ .#0-,%&,(#) 6/' ,&$ 5-($' '3#0 -/'*)0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@ 2), :&&* ,2)4&' :@ /-2&4 ,>2/0)4,


14/53

!B

G4(-(*3 /* -2(, 4&3(/*# ?>>/4'(*3 -/ E2&(0) 1/4/*&0P 9)-(* ?A&4(>) 4&64&,&*-,86&42)6, -2& A/,- (*,-4.>-(K& >),&; /D -2& G)->2'/3 4/0& /D A&'()P ), (- (,8G('&0@ )>O*/G0&'3&' -2)- ,.,-)(*&' (*K&,-(3)-(K& 4&6/4-(*3 /* >/44.6-(/*P2.A)* 4(32-, K(/0)-(/*, )*' /-2&4 D/4A, /D G4/*3'/(*3 2), 2&06&' :.(0' )>.0-.4& /D )>>/.*-):(0(-@ (* 3/K&4*A&*- )*' ,-4&*3-2&*&' -2& D0&'30(*3

'&A/>4)>(&, /D -2& >/*-(*&*-; R1/4/*&0P $]]B7 \S#_

EA.0/K(-Y )*' =&4.YY/--(R$]]]S )43.& -2)- 8-2& ,-)-& /D )>>/.*-):(0(-@ (* 9)-(* ?A&4(>) (, */- ), :0&)O), A/,- /D -2& 0(-&4)-.4& G/.0' ,.33&,-;P ,(*>& 8(* ,&K&4)0 9)-(* ?A&4(>)*>/.*-4(&,P -2& A&'() )4& 60)@(*3 ) >&*-4)0 4/0& (* &N6/,(*3 ):.,&, )*' O&&6(*33/K&4*A&*-, (* >2&>O; REA.0/K(-Y )*' =&4.YY/--(P $]]]7 !bHSP */- Q.,- :@')A)3(*3 -2& 6/0(-(>)0 >)6(-)0 )*' 4&6.-)-(/* /D 6.:0(> /DD(>()0, :.-P,.:,&U.&*-0@P )0,/ :@ -4(33&4(*3 864/>&'.4&, (* >/.4-, /4 /K&4,(32- )3&*>(&,-2)- &K&*-.)00@ 0&)' -/ 0&3)0 ,)*>-(/*,; REA.0/K(-Y )*' =&4.YY/--(P $]]]7 !b!S#I)O(*3 ) '(DD&4&*- 6&4,6&>-(K& /* -2& >/*-4(:.-(/* /D A&'() -/ )>>/.*-):(0(-@P%).4/ =/4-/ R$]!$S 2), ,2/G* -2)- >2)*3&, (* J4)Y(0;, 0)43&,- -&0&K(,(/**&-G/4O RIf e0/:/S ,(*>& -2& D)00 /D -2& ).-2/4(-)4()* 4&3(A& (* !\ab Z *)A&0@34&)-&4 64/D&,,(/*)0(,)-(/* )*' '&K&0/6A&*- /D >4(-(>)0 4&6/4-(*3 Z 8D/4>&' -2&>2(&D &N&>.-(K&, -/ )')6- -2&(4 >/AA.*(>)-(/* ,-4)-&3(&,P G(-2 >/A60&N/:0(3)-(/*, D/4 -2& U.)0(-@ /D ,/>()0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@; R=/4-/P $]!$7 HBS# +* 2(,G/4',7

R3&$"#) &' 2X F1-6- ,-$'%(6/'#. '- (05%-;# '3# 5#%+-%0&$,# -+ #1#,'(-$)&) 0#,3&$()0) -+ ;#%'(,&1 &,,-/$'&6(1('4* * * * I#)5('# (') '%&.('(-$&1.#+#%#$,# '- 5%#)(.#$'(&1 &/'3-%('48 '3# %()# -+ & 0-%# &))#%'(;# &$.($.#5#$.#$' 0-.#1 -+ G-/%$&1()0 &' 2X F1-6- #$3&$,#. 0#,3&$()0) -+&,,-/$'&6(1('4 '3&' ,-$'%(6/'# '- 1(0(' 5%#)(.#$'(&1 5-7#%* 23/)8 '3#-5#$($" -+ 2X F1-6- 3&) )'%#$"'3#$#. '3# )-,(&1 &,,-/$'&6(1('4 +/$,'(-$ -+'#1#;()(-$* O /D ,-.'(&, '(4&>-0@ 0(*O(*3 -2&'&K&0/6A&*- /D A),, A&'() )*' '&A/>4)>@Pa:.- D/>.,(*3 /* 6.:0(> ,&4K(>&A&'() (*,-&)'P 1)4/0(*) %)-/, R$]!$S (* 2&4 >/A64&2&*,(K& ,-.'@ /* -2&>/**&>-(/*, :&-G&&* A&'() )*' 6/0(-(>, (* 9)-(* ?A&4(>) )44(K&' )- -2&>/*>0.,(/* -2)-P 8(* ,6(-& /D -2& >2)00&*3&, -2&@ D)>& 4&3)4'(*3 6/0(-(>)064&,,.4&, )*' -2& 0)>O /D 0)43& ).'(&*>&,P -2& n6.:0(>o A&'() (* J4)Y(0P )*' (*A)*@ 9)-(* ?A&4(>)* >/.*-4(&, '/ 2)K& ) 6/-&*-()0 -/ :& ) D/4>& D/4 >2)*3&)*' -/ >/*-4(:.-& -/ -2& :&--&4 64/K(,(/* /D U.)0(-@ '&:)-&; R%)-/,P $]!$7 $H]S#

I2& ,-.'@ :@ k.0(&- =(*-/ R$]]aS /* G)->2'/3 Q/.4*)0(,A (* ?43&*-(*) 2),P2/G&K&4P 6/4-4)@&' -2& >.44&*- ,-)-& /D -2(, 3&*4& (* ) 0&,, /6-(A(,-(> 0(32-P/:,&4K(*3 R:),&' /* >/*-&*- )*)0@,(,S -2)-P )D-&4 -G/ '&>)'&, /D :&(*3 6)4- /D-2& A)(*,-4&)AP 8G)->2'/3 64&,, 2)' 0/,- (-, :(-& :@ $]]b;P G2(>2P (* ).-2/4;,/6(*(/*P G), >).,&' :@ -2& &>/*/A(> >4(,(, ), G&00 ), :@ -2& >2)*3(*3/43)*(,)-(/*)0 >.0-.4& /D -2& *&G, A&'()P D)K/.4(*3 >/46/4)-& (*-&4&,-, R=(*-/P$]]a7 _b!S# I2(, -4&*' /D 34)'.)0 '(A(*(,2(*3 )*' G&)O&*(*3 /D (*K&,-(3)-(K&

_C&A/*,-4)-(*3 -2& (A6)>- /D (*K&,-(3)-(K& Q/.4*)0(,A /* 6/0(-(>)0 )>>/.*-):(0(-@ (* 9)-(* ?A&4(>)P E2&(0) 1/4/*&03(K&, &N)A60&, /D ,&K&4)0 64&,('&*-, G2/ G&4& 4&A/K&' D4/A /DD(>&P (*>0.'(*3 V&4*)*'/ 1/00/4 '& %&00/ /D J4)Y(0 (*!\\$P 1)40/, ?*'4&, =&4&Y /D f&*&Y.&0) (* !\\BP ?:')0) J.>)4)A /D 5>.)'/4 (* !\\_P )*' ?0:&4-/ V.Q(A/4( (* $]]]P)00 /D G2/A 2)' -/ ,-&6 '/G* 8'.& (* 0)43& A&),.4& -/ (*K&,-(3)-(K& 4&6/4-(*3 /* -2&(4 >/A60(>(-@ (* >/44.6- '&)0,;R1/4/*&0P $]]B7 !]S#a?>>/4'(*3 -/ %).4/ =/4-/P 8-2& 4/0& /D A&'()-(*3 64/>&,,&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 2), :&>/A& ) ,(3*(D(>)*- ,.:Q&>- /D)>)'&A(> (*U.(4@# q&- A/,- ,-.'(&, /* -2& -/6(> '/ */- /DD&4 ) >0&)4 /6&4)-(/*)0(,)-(/* /D -2& >/*>&6- /D n'&A/>4)>@o)*' /D-&* D)(0 -/ )*)0@,& -2& 0(*O)3&, :&-G&&* 6/0(-(>)0 (*,-(-.-(/*,P >(K(0 ,/>(&-@ )*' -2& A),, A&'(); R=/4-/P $]!$7 BbS#1)4/0(*) %)-/, 4)(,&, ) ,(A(0)4 6/(*- G2&* ,)@(*3 -2)- 8-2& A&'() 2)K& :&&* >0/,&0@ >/**&>-&' -/ '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*64/>&,, -24/.32/.- -2& G/40'P D4/A -2& 5),-&4* 5.4/6&)* 4&K/0.-(/*, /D !\a\ -/ -2& 4(,& -/ 6/G&4 /D q&0-,(* (* L.,,()# # # I2& >/*-&,-&' (,,.& (, 2/G 64&>(,&0@ -2(, &DD&>- -)O&, 60)>&P )*' G2&-2&4 -2& (*D0.&*>& (, A/4& (*'(4&>- )*' ,.:-0&;R%)-/,P $]!$7 !_HS#


15/53

!H

Q/.4*)0(,A Z *&K&4 6)4-(>.0)40@ ,-4/*3 -/ :&3(* G(-2P ), 2), )04&)'@ :&&*6/(*-&' /.- Z 2), :&&* /:,&4K&' (* A)*@ 1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6& ), G&00P&,6&>()00@ ,(*>& -2& :&3(**(*3 /D -2& &>/*/A(> >4(,(, (* $]]_ra G2(>2 6.- *&G,A&'() /43)*(,)-(/*, .*'&4 .*64&>&'&*-&' 64&,,.4& )*' 4&,.0-&' /D-&* (* -2&-4(AA(*3 /D (*K&,-(3)-(K& '&6)4-A&*-, RL.'.,)P $]!]^ E)0/K))4) )*'

k.Y&D/K(>,P $]!$^ E-&-O) )*' p4*&:4(*3P $]!$S# E.>2 -&*'&*>(&,P 4&K&)0(*3 -2&D4)3(0(-@ /D -2& *&G, A&'() ), )* (*,-(-.-(/* G2/,& 6&4D/4A)*>& (, -(32-0@'&6&*'&*- /* &N-&4*)0 &>/*/A(> >/*'(-(/*,P D.4-2&4 .*'&4,>/4& -2& *&>&,,(-@-/ &N)A(*& Q/.4*)0(,A;, 4/0& (* D/,-&4(*3 -2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,, G(-2(*-2& :4/)'&4 ,/>(&-)0 )*' &>/*/A(> D4)A&G/4O /D >/*,/0(')-(*3 '&A/>4)>(&,#

I2.,P -2& >2)00&*3&, /D (*,-(-.-(/*)0 4&,&)4>2 4&K&)0 :/-2 -2& 4&0)-(K&,>)4>(-@ /D 4&,&)4>2 64/K('(*3 )* .*&U.(K/>)0 )*,G&4 4&3)4'(*3 -2(, (,,.&R6)4-(>.0)40@ (* >/*-&N- /D 1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6&SP ), G&00 ), ,/A&>2)00&*3&, D/4 -2(, )664/)>2 (* 3&*&4)0 R(# ')-) >/00&>-(/* (* 9)-(* ?A&4(>)S#T*& /D -2& A/,- /:K(/., >/*>&4*, -2& D)>- -2)- -2& A&'() -2&A,&0K&, )4&>/.*-&' )A/*3 -2& O&@ (*,-(-.-(/*, /D '&A/>4)>@ R%>g.)(0P $]]]SP G2(>2A&)*, -2&@ -// *&&' -/ :& 8'&A/>4)-(,&'; :&D/4& -2&@ >)* :& 4&),/*):0@&N6&>-&' -/ >/*-4(:.-& -/ '&A/>4)-(,(*3 /-2&4 (*,-(-.-(/*,# I2(, (, (*'&&'4&D0&>-&' (* -2& ,>2/0)4,2(6P G2(>2 */-&, -2)- 64&K(/., K)0.&, )*' 6&4,/**&0>)* ,.4K(K& (* *&G0@ -4)*,D/4A&' A&'() /43)*(,)-(/*, Rf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

U.)0(-@ *&G, 4&6/4-(*3 RF/44(,P $]]\S^ 2/G&K&4 -2& 64/>&,,&, /D>/AA&4>()0(,)-(/* )*' -):0/('(,)-(/* /D >/*-&*- G2(>2 U.(>O0@ D/00/G&' -2&34/G-2 /D A&'() A)4O&-, (* -2& *&G0@ '&A/>4)-(,(*3 >/.*-4(&, 2)K& :&&*K(&G&' ), /:,>.4(*3 )*' Z )- 0&),- 6)4-0@ Z (*2(:(-(*3 -2& '&A/>4)-(> 4/0&, -2&D4&& A&'() G&4& &*-4.,-&' :@ */4A)-(K& A&'() -2&/4@#\

J),&' /* -2& 4&K(&G&' 0(-&4)-.4&P /*& A(32- 60).,(:0@ )43.& -2)- -2&>/*-4(:.-(/* /D -2& A&'() -/ '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* A(32- G&00 :& )- (-, ,-4/*3&,-'.4(*3 4&3(A& >2)*3& Z (*>0.'(*3 A/:(0(,)-(/* )3)(*,- -2& /0' 4&3(A +* 0)-&4,-)3&, /D '&A/>4)-(> >/*,/0(')-(/*P -2& A&'() 3&- /D-&* G)-&4&' '/G* :@A)4O&- 64&,,.4&, ), G&00 ), :@ R*&G0@ &A&43(*3S 6/0(-(>)0 >/*,-4)(*-,#g./-(*3 -2& 0)*'A)4O !\aH 64&,('&*-()0 &0&>-(/*, (* J4)Y(0 G2&4& If e0/:/)00&3&'0@ 60)@&' ) 8>)-)0@-(> 4/0&; (* &*'(*3 -2& 4.0& /D -2& A(0(-)4@ Q.*-) R,&&e.(A)4)&, )*' ?A)4)0P !\aaSP f(>O@ L)*')00 )43.&, -2)- (- (, -2&,& O(*' /D/>>),(/*, R4)4& ), -2&@ A(32- :&S -2)- 4&64&,&*- -2& 2(32 6/(*- /D -2& A&'();,4/0& (* -2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 64/>&,,P G2(>2 -2&* 3&-, 34)'.)00@ G&)O&4 ), -2&6/0(-(>)0 ,@,-&A :&>/A&, A/4& >/*,/0(')-&'7

23# 0#.(& '#$. '- 6# 0-)' )/55-%'(;# -+ .#0-,%&,4 &' & 5&%'(,/1&% 5-1('(,&1,-$G/$,'/%#8 73#$ '3#4 &%# '3#0)#1;#) #0#%"($" +%-0 5-1('(,&1 ,-$'%-18 &%#)'%-$"14 (.#$'(+(#. 7('3 '3# 5%-,#)) -+ .#0-,%&'(9&'(-$ &$.8 0-%#-;#%86#$#+(' +%-0 '3# 5/61(,V) #$-%0-/) 3/$"#% +-% $#7) &$. +-% 5-1('(,&1,3&$"#* a' &$ #&%1(#% T)'&"#V8 '3#(% ,-$'%(6/'(-$ 7(11 ($#;('&614 6# 0-%#

\E/A& ,>2/0)4, >/*-&*' -2)- -2& A&'()P :@ :&(*3 /K&4>4(-(>)0 )*' &N>&,,(K&0@ *&3)-(K&P A)@ 0&)' -/ 6/0(-(>)0 >@*(>(,A)*' -2& &4/,(/* /D D4)3(0& 3/K&4*A&*-, -2)- )4& ,-4.330(*3 D/4 0&3(-(A)>@ Rf/0-A&4 )*' L/G*,0&@P $]]\^ ,&& )0,/J&**&--P !\\aS#


16/53

!b

%#)'%(,'#. 6/' '- '3# #J'#$' '3&' '3#4 -++#% &1'#%$&'(;# &,,-/$') -+ )-,(&1&$. 5-1('(,&1 %#&1('4 &$. #;#$ '3&' '3#4 .%&7 5#-51# ($'- & )#$)# -+ )3&%#.

5/61(, )5&,#8 '3#4 ,&$ 6# )##$ &) 3#15($" '- 5&;# '3# 7&4 +-%.#0-,%&'(9&'(-$* a) '3# 5%-,#)) -+ '%&$)('(-$ &55%-&,3#) '3# ,-$)-1(.&'(-$)'&"#8 '3# 0#.(&V) ,-$'%(6/'(-$ 6#,-0#) 0-%# #:/(;-,&1* b3#$ .#5%(;#. -+

)'&'# +($&$,(&1 )/55-%' &$. +&,($" & 5/61(, 73-)# $#7) &55#'('# 3&) 6##$61/$'#. 64 "%-7($" ,4$(,()08 '3#4 ($,%#&)($"14 6#,-0# 5%#4 '- '3#5%#))/%#) -+ ,-00#%,(&1 )/%;(;&1* & /D )* &DD&>-(K& >/*-4(:.-(/* /DA&'() -/ (*,-(-.-(/*)0 >2)*3& '.4(*3 -2& >/*,/0(')-(/* 62),&, /D'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* ), G&00P 6)4-(>.0)40@ G(-2 4&,6&>- -/ &*D/4>(*3 6/0(-(>)0)>>/.*-):(0(-@ -24/.32 G)->2'/3 Q/.4*)0(,AP G2(>2 (, ,/A&-2(*3 -2& 4&,&)4>2D4/A 1&*-4)0 )*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6& '/&, */- U.(-& 6)4)00&0# `/G&K&4P (- (, )0,/6/,,(:0& -2)- -2& /K&4G2&0A(*30@ ,>&6-(>)0 ),,&,,A&*- /D -2& (A6)>- /D A&'()/* -2& :.(0'(*3 )*' '.& 6&4D/4A)*>& /D '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*, (* -2& 1554&3(/* A(32- 4&D0&>- -2& 2(32 */4A)-(K& &N6&>-)-(/*, >/*>&4*(*3 A&'()4&D/4A G2(>2 G), ),,.A&' -/ ,(A60@ 4&60(>)-& -2& &,-):0(,2&' M&,-&4*A/'&0, Rk)O.:/G(>YP $]]c^ E60(>2)0P $]]!S#!] `&4&P -2& ,/A&G2)- '(DD&4&*-&K)0.)-(/* :@ =&-&4 e4/,, R$]]$S 2), -/ :& A&*-(/*&'P (* G2(>2 2&>2)4)>-&4(,&, -2& &K/0.-(/* /D A&'() (* -2& 155 4&3(/* ), 8.*6&4D&>-;P ),/66/,&' -/ -2& A/4& >/AA/* -&4A 8(A6&4D&>-;P ,.33&,-(*3 ) 6/,,(:(0(-@ /DD.4-2&4 (A64/K&A&*- .*-(0 -2& &*K(,)3&' 86&4D&>-; ,-)-& (, )>2(&K&'^ )>>/4'(*3-/ e4/,,P ,.>2 ) 3/)0 >)* *&K&4 :& )>>/A60(,2&'P )*' ,2/.0' -2&4&D/4& */- :&.,&' ), ) A&),.4& D/4 -2& ),,&,,A&*- /D A&'();, '&A/>4)-(> 6&4D/4A)*>&Re4/,,P $]]$7 !c\S#

!]I2& >/*-&N- (* G2(>2 )*@ -4)*,(-(/* -/ '&A/>4)>@ -)O&, 60)>& (, >/*,('&4&' 2(320@ ,)0(&*- D/4 )*@ 4&D/4A 60)*RJ&4A)*P $]]aS#


17/53

!c

JC 70&& 7%5,0 0#5 =$$,$+5,#08 0#5 >%90-,"+108 !90#:% 5+1,#:;%/"*10$,&0$,"#

I2& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 0(-&4)-.4& 4&,-, /* (*,-(-.-(/*)0 D/.*')-(/*,^ @&- D.00'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* (, */- 4&)0(,&' .*0&,, >(-(Y&*, .*'&43/ ,/>()0(,)-(/* -/ *&GK)0.&,P )--(-.'&,P )*' :&2)K(/.4 */4A, /D '&A/>4)-(> >.0-.4& R?0A/*' )*'

f&4:) !\cB^ =.-*)AP !\\BS# e(K&* -2& ,.:,-)*-()0 :/'@ /D G/4O -2)- 2),'&A/*,-4)-&' A),, A&'();, (*D0.&*>& /* >(-(Y&*,; 6/0(-(>)0 )--(-.'&, R9&4*&4P!\ba^ =@&P !\ba^ %>1/A:, )*' E2)GP !\_$^ =)--&4,/* )*' %>10.4&P !\_c^=)--&4,/*P !\a]^ C&V0&.4 )*' J)00XL/O&)>2P !\a$^ +@&*3)4 &- )0#P !\a$^=/,-A)*P !\ac^ +@&*3)4 )*' [(*'&4P !\a_^ %>g.)(0P !\a_^ =)3& &- )0#P !\a_^V)*P !\aa^ 5*-A)*P !\a\^ J4/'@P !\\!^ =)3& )*' E2)6(4/P !\\$^ =/,-A)* )*'=/G&4,P !\\$^ d)00&4P !\\$P !\\c^ J)4-&0,P !\\B^ +@&*3)4P !\\H^ J0.A0&4 )*'e.4&K(->2P !\\b^ V)00/G,P !\\_^ F/44(,P !\\_^ C)0-/* &- )0#P !\\a^ F&G-/*P !\\\^=.-*)AP $]]]^ E>2A(--XJ&>OP $]]BSP (- (, */- .*4&),/*):0& -/ -2(*O -2)- -2&A),, A&'() 60)@ )* (A6/4-)*- 4/0& (* 6/0(-(>)0 ,/>()0(,)-(/* D/4 -2& >(-(Y&*, /D>/.*-4(&, .*'&43/(*3 '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*# I2&4& )4& -G/ 4&),/*, -/ &N6&>- -2(,#

T*&P -2& -2&/4@ /D A&'() '&6&*'&*>@ 6/,(-, -2)-P ), -.4A/(0 )*' 6&4(/', /D-4)*,(-(/*, &N(,-P >(-(Y&*, )4& A/4& 0(O&0@ -/ -.4* -/ -2& A&'() ), ) ,/.4>& /D4&),,.4)*>& )*' (*D/4A)-(/*# +* -.4*P -2&@ )4& A/4& 2(320@ ,.:Q&>- -/ -2&&DD&>-, /D A&'() (* >/*-4),- -/ ) 8*/4A)0; 6&4(/' (* ,-):0& ,/>(&-(&, RJ)00XL/O&)>2 )*' C&V0&.4P !\_c^ 9/K&0&,,P $]]aS# f/0-A&4 )*' E>2A(--XJ&>O R$]]c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

? ,&>/*' 4&),/* -/ &N6&>- -2& A),, A&'() >)* 60)@ ) ,)0(&*- 4/0& (*'&A/>4)-(,(*3 >/.*-4(&,P 0&,, 64)3A)-(>)00@ )*' A/4& */4A)-(K&0@P (, -2)- -2&4&U.(4&A&*-, /D '&A/>4)>@ (*>0.'& >&4-)(* 2):(-,P :&0(&D,P )--(-.'&,P )*'K)0.&, R?0A/*' )*' f&4:)P !\cB^ C)20P !\a\^ C()A/*'P !\\BS )*' -2& 4/0& /D-2& A&'() >)* 64/K('& (*,(32- (*-/ -2& '&K&0/6A&*- /D ) '&A/>4)-(> >(K(0,/>(&-@ )*' (*'(K('.)0 6/0(-(>)0 '&K&0/6A&*-# I2& 4&,6/*,(:(0(-(&, /D'&A/>4)-(> >(-(Y&*,2(6P G2(0& 6&42)6, 3&*&4)00@ >/*,('&4&' 0&,, )>.-& (*,-):0& '&A/>4)>(&,P )4& 2&(32-&*&' (* -2& >2)/-(> 64/>&,, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P

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e4/,,P $]]$7 \]S#

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


18/53

!_

I2& 0(-&4)-.4& /* 6/0(-(>)0 ,/>()0(,)-(/* (* >/.*-4(&, -4)*,(-(/*(*3 -/'&A/>4)>@ 2), D/>.,&' /* >2)*3&, (* (*'(K('.)0,; K)0.&,P )--(-.'&,P )*'

:&2)K(/.4, -2)- &A&43& D4/A -2&(4 ,/>()0 0/>)-(/*, R,/>(/X&>/*/A(> ,-)-.,P9(6,&-P !\b\S )*' ,/>(/X6/0(-(>)0 64&'(,6/,(-(/*, R%(,20&4 )*' L/,&P !\\bP !\\_^L/24,>2*&('&4P !\\\SP ), G&00 ), (*,-(-.-(/*)0 &N6/,.4& )*' &K)0.)-(/* R5K)*,

)*' M2(-&D(&0'P !\\b^ ?*'&4,/* )*' e.(00/4@P !\\_^ L/24,>2*&('&4P !\\\^M)0'4/*X%//4&P !\\\S#!$`/G&K&4P -2&4& )4& K&4@ D&G G/4O, -2)- (*>0.'& -2&A),, A&'() ), ,(3*(D(>)*- '&-&4A(*)*-, /D K)0.&P )--(-.'(*)0P /4 :&2)K(/.4)0>2)*3 V/4 -2& A/,- 6)4-P A&'() 4&,&)4>2 (* -4)*,(-(/*)0 >/.*-4(&, 2), 0)43&0@)--&*'&' -/ -2& >/A60&N 64/>&,,&, /D 0(:&4)0(,)-(/* )*' 64(K)-(,)-(/* /D A&'()(*,-(-.-(/*, (* */*XM&,-&4* 4&3(/*, K() -2& 4&A)O(*3 /D A&'() /G*&4,2(6PA&'() 0&3(,0)-(/*P &>/*/A(> D4&&'/AP ($'#% &1(

C&,6(-& -2(, /A(,,(/* (* ,-.'(&, /D 6/0(-(>)0 ,/>()0(,)-(/*P A),, A&'() 2)K&)0,/ /D-&* ,(A60@ :&&* ),,.A&' -/ 60)@ ) R3&*&4(>)00@S 6/,(-(K& 4/0& (*'&A/>4)-(> -4)*,(-(/*P 6)4-(>.0)40@ D/4 >(-(Y&*, /D -4)*,(-(/*)0 >/.*-4(&,# I2(, (,0)43&0@ 64&'(>)-&' /* -2& K)4(&-(&, /D ) 8D4&& 64&,, -2&/4@; G2(>2 )0(3*, ) D4&&)*' 60.4)0 64&,, G(-2 ) D4&& )*' '&A/>4)-(> ,/>(&-@ R%>g.)(0P !\a_^ )0,/J)4-&0,P !\\B^ EG)*,/* )*' %)*>(*(P !\\c^ E>2A(--XJ&>OP !\\a^ F/44(,P $]]]^%.-Y )*' %)4-(*P $]]!^ `):&4A),P !\\bS# +* /-2&4 G/4',P -2& A),, A&'() >)*

:& >/*,('&4&' ) 6/,(-(K& >/*-4(:.-(/* -/ '&A/>4)-(> 6/0(-(>)0 >.0-.4&P )*' -2.,'&A/>4)>@P ),,.A(*3 -2)- -2& A&'() )4& 0&3(,0)-(K&0@ 64/-&>-&' D4/A .*'.&6/0(-(>)0 )*' &>/*/A(> 64&,,.4&P /6&4)-& (* ) >/A6&-(-(K& A)4O&-P 64&,&4K& -2&4(32-, /D Q/.4*)0(,-,P )*' )4& D4&& D4/A >/*-4/0 :@ 6/0(-(>)0 )>-/4,# !Bq&-P2/G&K&4 ,)-(,D@(*3 )*' 4&),,.4(*3 -2(, A)@ ,/.*'P -2&4& (, (* D)>- 0(--0&&K('&*>& -2)- D(-, G(-2 -2(, ),,.A6-(/*# M2(0& &A6(4(>)0 G/4O '/&, &N(,-P (-'/&, ,/ (* ) ,>)--&4&' A)**&4P -2& ,.A /D G2(>2 0(A(-, (-, ):(0(-@ -/ (00.A(*)-&>/*>0.,(/*, ):/.- -2& 4/0& /D -2& A),, A&'() (* -2& 64/>&,, /D'&A/>4)-(,)-(/* ), (- )DD&>-, (*'(K('.)0, (* -2&,& >/.*-4(&,r4&3(/*,#

M2@ )4& -2& D(*'(*3, ,>)--&4&' )*' 0(A(-&'< I2& 34&)-&,- 0(A(-)-(/* (, -2)-P.*0(O& -2& &,-):0(,2&' '&A/>4)>(&, /D -2& M&,- (* G2(>2 A&'() ,-.'(&,/4(3(*)-&'P -2& >/.*-4(&, )*' 4&3(/*, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* 2)K& ) K)4@(*3 0&K&0/D >/A6)4):(0(-@ G(-2 /*& )*/-2&4# ?, ,.>2P -2&4& (, )* .*,.464(,(*3 )*'4&,.0-)*- 0)>O /D >/2&4&*>& (* )664/)>2# e(K&* -2& *.A:&4 /D )664/)>2&, )*'

:4/)' D(*'(*3, /D A&'() &DD&>-, (* -2& M&,-P G/4O (* -4)*,(-(/*)0 >/.*-4(&,/D-&* ,-)4- (* '(DD&4&*- 60)>&,P &A62),(,(*3 0/>)0r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


19/53

!a

D.*>-(/* /D ) 0)>O /D ')-)P G2&-2&4 U.)*-(-)-(K& /4 U.)0(-)-(K&P (* -4)*,(-(/*(*3>/.*-4(&,#

`&4&P G& 64&,&*- )* /K&4K(&G /D ,/A& /D -2& G/4O '/*& -2)- 0//O, )- -2&A&'() ), )* (*,-(3)-/4 /4 '&-&4A(*)*- /D >2)*3&, (* (*'(K('.)0,; 6/0(-(>)0)--(-.'&, /4 :&2)K(/.4 '.4(*3 6&4(/', /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*# I/ :& >0&)4P G&

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b

M& :&3(* G(-2 ,-.'(&, /* -2& '(DD.,(/* 2@6/-2&,(, )*' 64&X-4)*,(-(/*)0(*D0.&*>& /D -2& A&'() )*' A/K& -/ -2& A),, A&'();, 4/0& (* D/,-&4(*3 ,.66/4-D/4 '&A/>4)-(,)-(/* )*' '&A/>4)>@# M& -2&* 0//O )- ,-.'(&, /* -2& A),,A&'() ), ,/.4>&, /D (*D/4A)-(/* )*' 3&*&4(> '&A/>4)-(> K)0.&, )*'

:&2)K(/.4,# M& >/*>0.'& G(-2 -2& ,2(D- G(-2(* -2(, ,.:XD(&0' D4/A -2&-4)'(-(/*)0 A&'() -/ *&G A&'() )*' 2/G -2&,& ,-.'(&, A)@ ).3A&*- /.4.*'&4,-)*'(*3 /D -2& 4/0& /D A),, A&'() (* 6&4(/', /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*#

B*P Q#.(& I(++/)(-$

V/4 ,/>(&-(&, (* -4)*,(-(/*P 9&4*&4 )43.&, -2)- 8G&,-&4* A&'();P (* ), A.>2 ), (-'(DD.,&, (*-/ -4)*,(-(/*)0 >/.*-4(&,P 4)(,&, &N6&>-)-(/*, )*' ),6(4)-(/*,PG('&*(*3 2/4(Y/*,P .0-(A)-&0@ &*):0(*3 6&/60& -/ G)*- :&--&4 )0-&4*)-(K&, D/4-2&A,&0K&, R!\ba^ ,&& )0,/ =@&P !\ba^ 9(6,&-P !\b\^ E>24)AAP !\cH^`.*-(*3-/*P !\\!S# `& )43.&, -2)-P (* */*XM&,-&4* >/.*-4(&, R6)4-(>.0)40@/*&, -2)- )4& A/'&4*(,(*3SP -2& A&'() -&)>2 6&/60& 6)4-(>(6)-(/* :@64&,&*-(*3 -2&A G(-2 >2/(>&, )A/*3 *&G ('&),P ,(-.)-(/*,P )*' /6(*(/*,R9&4*&4P !\baS#

23() .(++/)(-$ -+ .#0-,%&,4 ;(& 0&)) 0#.(& %#)') -$ '3# $-'(-$ '3&' ,/1'/%&1($+-%0&'(-$ () #06#..#. ($ 6%-&.,&)')8 ($ '/%$ '%&$)0(''($" $-%0&'(;#

5-1('(,&1 &$. )-,(&1 ;&1/#) -+ '3# 6%-&.,&)'($" ,-/$'%4 '- '3# '&%"#' ,-/$'%48&%"/#. '3#$ '- (06/# ,-$)/0#%) 7('3 )'%-$"#% &''&,30#$') '- '3#)# ;&1/#)*/.*-4(&,P G& G/.0' &N6&>- -/ ,&& '&A/>4)-(> )--(-.'&,

>/44&0)-&' G(-2 ) 2(32 R/4 )- 0&),- '(,64/6/4-(/*)-&S >/*,.A6-(/* /D M&,-&4*:4/)'>),-, )*' 64(*- A&'()#C(DD.,(/* ), ) ,/.4>& /D (*'(K('.)0 6/0(-(>)0 '&K&0/6A&*- (, )- -2& >/4& /D

A)*@ -2&/4(&, /D '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*^ @&- ,>2/0)4, 3&*&4)00@ .,& -2& -&4A):,-4)>-0@P '&D&44(*3 -/ )* (*-&4*)-(/*)0 9#('"#()'/D '&A/>4)>@P '&A/*,-4)-(/*P)*' />>),(/*)00@ (*-&4*)-(/*)0 64&,,.4& R6)4-(>.0)40@ /K&4 (,,.&, ,.>2 ),2.A)* 4(32-, /4 ('&/0/3(>)0 >/*34.&*>@P 9(6,&-P !\c]^ `.*-(*3-/*P !\\!^J4)--/* )*' f)* '& M)00&P !\\_^ 9(*Y )*' E-&6)*P !\\c^ %)(*G)4(*3P $]]]S#I2& ,6&>(D(> 64/>&,, /D '(DD.,(/*P 2/G&K&4P (, 3&*&4)00@ 0&D- .*'&4'&K&0/6&'P0&)K(*3 ., G(-2 -2& &N6&>-)-(/* -2)- >(-(Y&*, G2/ >/*,.A& 34&)-&4 )A/.*-, /D(*-&4*)-(/*)0 R(# ,6&>(D(>)00@ M&,-&4*S A&'() G/.0' :& A/4& 0(O&0@ -/ :&

!bI2&4& )4& G/4O, (*>0.'&' 2&4& (* G2(>2 -2& >/.*-4(&, .*'&4 (*K&,-(3)-(/* )4& */- ,-4(>-0@ '&A/>4)-(,(*3# `/G&K&4P-2&@ 2)K& '&A/*,-4)-&' (*,-(-.-(/*)0 (*,-):(0(-@ (* -2& 4&>&*- 6),- )*' -2., ,.33&,- -4)*,(-(/* 6/-&*-()0 R&(-2&4-/G)4', /4 )G)@ D4/A '&A/>4)>@S )*' )4& -2., (*>0.'&'#


20/53

!\

&N6/,&' -/ -2& (A60(>(- >.0-.4)0 */4A, /D )* &,-):0(,2&' '&A/>4)-(> ,/>(&-@)*' -2&4&D/4& A)*(D&,- 2(32&4 0&K&0, /D '&A/>4)-(> )--(-.'&, RV.>2, )*'L/00&4P !\\HS#!c

E/P G2)- &K('&*>& (, -2&4&< C&,6(-& -2& )00.,(/* -/ (*-&4*)-(/*)0 A&'()'(DD.,(/* ), ) ,/.4>& /D (*'(K('.)0 6/0(-(>)0 '&K&0/6A&*- (* A)*@ -2&/4(&, /D

'&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P -2&4& (,P ,.>>(*>-0@P K&4@ 0(--0 L/24,>2*&('&4 R!\\\S )43.&'-2)- K)0.&, >)* '(DD.,& D4/A M&,- -/ 5),- :.- 64/K('&, /*0@ )* (*'(4&>- -&,- /D'(DD.,(/*P )43.(*3 -2)- (D '&A/>4)-(> )--(-.'&, '(' */- &A&43& -24/.32 '(4&>-6)4-(>(6)-(/* G(-2 *&G '&A/>4)-(> (*,-(-.-(/*,P (*'(K('.)0,; &N6/,.4& -/(*-&4*)-(/*)0 A&'() A.,- :& -2& &N60)*)-(/*# T-2&4, 2)K& -4(&' ) A/4& '(4&>-)664/)>2# [&4* R$]!!SP .,(*3 4&>&*-0@ 4&0&),&' ,.4K&@ ')-) (* 5),- )*' M&,-e&4A)*@P D(*', */ &K('&*>& -2)- -&0&K(,(/* D4/A M&,- e&4A)*@ )DD&>-&' -2&,64&)' /4 (*-&*,(-@ /D 64/-&,-, (* !\a\# W,(*3 0)-&4 ,.4K&@ ')-) (* D(K& 1&*-4)0)*' 5),-&4* 5.4/6&)* >/.*-4(&,P 9/K&0&,, R$]]\S D(*', */ &K('&*>& -2)-(*-&4*)-(/*)0 A&'() >/*,.A6-(/* /D -2& >(-(Y&*, (* -2&,& >/.*-4(&,>/44&,6/*'&' -/ 2(32&4 0&K&0, /D '&A/>4)-(> K)0.&, -2)* -2/,& G2/ '(' */-# +*/*& >),&P -2& D/4A&4 5),- e&4A)*@P 4&,&)4>2 ,2/G, -2)- (*'(K('.)0, &N6/,&'-/ (*-&4*)-(/*)0 A&'() R(* -2(, >),&P M&,- e&4A)* -&0&K(,(/*S &N2(:(-&' :/-2 )2(32&4 0(D& ,)-(,D)>-(/* (* )*' 4&3(A& ,.66/4- D/4 5),- e&4A)*@ R[&4* )*'`)(*.&00&4P $]]\S# +* /-2&4 G/4',P 4)-2&4 -2)* ):,/4:(*3 -2& K)0.&, /D -2&,&*'(*3 >/.*-4@P -2&@ ,(A60@ .,&' (- ), &*-&4-)(*A&*-# ?, G(-2 /-2&4 4&3(/*,PD/4&(3* A&'() >)* :& ('&*-(D(&' ), ) ,/.4>& /D (*D/4A)-(/*P D/4 &N)A60&P D/4-2& %(''0& 5),- (* -2& 64&X6)*X?4): ,)-&00(-& If 6&4(/' Re2)4&&:P $]]]SP @&-D)(0 -/ 4&K&)0 >/*,(,-&*- &K('&*>& /D 2)K(*3 >.0-(K)-&' 64/X'&A/>4)-(>)--(-.'&, (* >(-(Y&*, '&,6(-& ,>)--&4&' &K('&*>& RD/4 -2& 8?4): E64(*3; ,&&[2)A(, )*' f).32*P $]!$S#

=)4- /D -2& '(DD.,(/* )43.A&*- 2), 4&,-&' /* -2& */-(/* -2)-P (* 0(&. /D>.0-.4)0 &N6/4-)-(/*P (*D/4A)-(/*)0 -&>2*/0/3(&, )*' '&A/>4)>@ R(# D4&&'/AS

)4& 4&0)-&' (*),A.>2 ), -2& A&)*, /D >/AA.*(>)-(/* )4& '&>&*-4)0(,&' )*'&),(0@ )K)(0):0& Rk&*O(*, )*' I2/4:.4*P $]]BS# C& V0&.4 R!\_]S )43.&' -2)- -2&'(DD.,(/* /D -2& A&'() A.,- (*>0.'& -2& '(DD.,(/* /D A&'() -&>2*/0/3@P )'(DD(>.0- 2.4'0& (* 0&,,&4 '&K&0/6&' >/.*-4(&,# I2(, (, */- ) 6)-2X'&6&*'&*-)43.A&*- G2&4& A&'() D4&&'/A &U.)0, 6/0(-(>)0 D4&&'/A7 (- '&6&*', G2)- (,'/*& G(-2 -2&A R'& E/0) =//0P !\aB^ +**(,P !\b]S# +* >/*34.&*>& G(-2 -2(,-&>2*/0/3(>)0 )664/)>2P A/4& ,/62(,-(>)-&' ,-)-(,-(>)0 )*)0@,(, 2), 64/'.>&'-2& &A6(4(>)0 D(*'(*3 -2)- >/AA.*(>)-(/* -&>2*/0/3(&, )4& (* D)>- *&>&,,)4@ Z

:.- */- ,.DD(>(&*- Z -/ (*(-()-& '&A/>4)-(,)-(/*Re4/,2&OP $]!!S# e4/,2&O R$]!!S)0,/ ,2/G, -2)-P (* -2(, -&>2*/0/3(>)0 '&-&4A(*(,A D4)A&P A&'() '(DD.,(/* 2),) >).,)0 &DD&>- Re4)*3&4X>).,)0(-@S /* -4)*,(-(/*, -/ '&A/>4)>@P (* >/.*-4(&,G2&4& -2& A&'() ,&4K&' A/4& (*D/4A)-(/* D.*>-(/*, /4 G2&4& ,/>(/X6/0(-(>)0(*,-):(0(-@ 0&K&0, G&4& 2(32&4# `(, >/*>0.,(/* (, -2)- T'(DD.,(/*; A)@ :&4&K/0.-(/*)4@ 4)-2&4 -2)* (*,-4.>-(K& /D 6/0(-(>)0 ,/>()0(,)-(/*# `/G&K&4P -2(,)3)(* 4&0(&, /* -2& -4)'(-(/*)0 A&'() /4 64(*- )*' :4/)'>),-# F&G&4-&>2*/0/3(&, /D 6/-&*-()0 4&K/0.-(/* 2)K& 64&,&*-&' 4&,&)4>2&4, G(-2 A@4()'*&G '(4&>-(/*,P G2(>2 )4& -)O&* .6 D.4-2&4 :&0/G#

+D -4)'(-(/*)0 A&'() 2)K& ,&&A(*30@ 64/'.>&' 0(--0& (* -&4A, /D D/A&*-(*3'&A/>4)-(,)-(/*P G2)- -2&* /D -2& .,&, /D -2& A&'() -/ ($3(6(''&A/>4)-(,)-(/*R) *&3)-(K& -)O& /* -2& -(-0& /D -2(, 6)6&4S< ?0-2/.32 -2&4& (, &K('&*>& -2)- -2&A),, A&'() >)* ,-(A.0)-& )*-(X4&3(A& )>-(K(-(&, (* U.),(X).-2/4(-)4()*,/>(&-(&, R# `/*3 [/*3 6/,-X2)*'/K&4P ,&& 12)* )*' 9&&P $]]_SP ,/A& ),O

!cI2(, (, */- -/ ,)@ -2)- M&,-&4* A&'() 4&64&,&*- -2& )>A& /D A&'() /:Q&>-(K(-@ )*' 60)@ -2& 4/0& /D ) 6.4&A)4O&-60)>& /D ('&),P :.- -2)-P (* >/A6)4)-(K& -&4A,P -2&@ 2)K& >&4-)(*0@ 2)' ) 0/*3&4 4&>/4' /D )--&A6-(*3 -/ )>2(&K&)*' 64)>-(,& -2&,& */4A)-(K& 3/)0,#


21/53

$]

G2&-2&4 -2& 1/AA.*(,- A&'() )4& (*Q.4(*3 -2&A,&0K&, /4 2)K& ) 34(6 /*6&/60&;, K(&G, R# ):/.- >/44.6-(/*P ,&& d2. &- )0#P $]!$^ D/4 &N)A60&, D4/A-2& D/4A&4 E/K(&- W*(/*P ,&& `/6O(*,P !\_]S# +* -2& ,6&>(D(>)00@ 12(*&,&&N)A60&P E-/>OA)** )*' e)00)32&4 R$]!!S D(*' -2)- -2& A&'() )4& .,&' :@).-2/4(-)4()* 0&)'&4, -/ :/0,-&4 0&3(-(A)>@ :@ 64/6)3)*'(,(*3 >(-(Y&*,;

&N6&4(&*>&, (* -2& 0&3)0 ,@,-&A# V.4-2&4P .*0(O& E/K(&- 1/AA.*(,AP 12(*&,&64/6)*3)*'(,&4, ,.660@ A&,,)3&, -2)- */- /*0@ )'2&4& -/ (*,-(-.-(/*)0>/*,-4)(*-, :.- )0,/ A&&- -2& ,/A&G2)- '&K&0/6&' >/*,.A&4(,- '&A)*', /D-2& 12(*&,& ).'(&*>&P )0-2/.32 /-2&4, '/ D(*' -2)- -2& R,-)-&S *&G, A&'() (*12(*) 2)K& *&3)-(K& &DD&>-, /* 6&/60&s, )--(-.'&, -/G)4', 6/0(-(>)0(*,-(-.-(/*,P D/,-&4(*3 '(,-4.,- (* 3/K&4*A&*- R12&* )*' E2(P $]]!S# I2&4& (,-2&4&D/4& &K('&*>& /D -2& 6/G&4 /D -2& A),, A&'() -/ (*D0.&*>& (*'(K('.)0,^@&- -2(, D)(0, -/ >/44&,6/*' >0&)40@ -/ 2(32&4 0&K&0, /D ) 64/-/X'&A/>4)-(>6/0(-(>)0 >.0-.4& (* */*X'&A/>4)-(> 4&3(A&,#

B*? K-1('(,&1 ]-,(&1()&'(-$

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r/4 2/G A.>2 >(-(Y&*, &N2(:(-&' ,.66/4-D/4 '&A/>4)>@ R/4 )- 0&),- -2& -4)*,(-(/*SP 3&*&4(> '&A/>4)-(> 6/0(-(>)0 )--(-.'&,R# &am

Documents

Media and Democratisation