Measuring sustainable governance Fanie Cloete School of Public Management and Planning, University of Stellenbosch

Measuring Measuring sustainable governancesustainable governance

Fanie CloeteFanie Cloete

School of Public Management and School of Public Management and

Planning, Planning,

University of StellenboschUniversity of Stellenbosch

Cloete: Measuring sustainable governance (c)

OutlineOutline• Governance, development, & Governance, development, &

sustainabilitysustainability• Governmental performance Governmental performance

assessment modelassessment model• Good policy evaluation Good policy evaluation

practices indicator guidepractices indicator guide• International sustainability International sustainability

assessment frameworksassessment frameworks• Unpacking sustainabilityUnpacking sustainability• ConclusionsConclusions


GovernanceGovernance

= “the manner in which power is = “the manner in which power is

exercised in the management of exercised in the management of

a country’s economic and social a country’s economic and social

resources for development”resources for development”

- World Bank 1994- World Bank 1994


Good governanceGood governance

“…“…..achieving the most achieving the most appropriate developmental appropriate developmental policy objectives to sustainably policy objectives to sustainably develop a society, by mobilising, develop a society, by mobilising, applying and co-ordinating all applying and co-ordinating all available domestic & available domestic & international resources in public, international resources in public, private and voluntary sectors in private and voluntary sectors in most effective, efficient and most effective, efficient and democratic way…” democratic way…” ((Cloete 2000)Cloete 2000)


DevelopmentDevelopment

= both a physical reality and a state of = both a physical reality and a state of mind in which the means for mind in which the means for obtaining a better life is improved, obtaining a better life is improved, through a combination of social, through a combination of social, economic and institutional capacity-economic and institutional capacity-building and empowermentbuilding and empowerment

(Sen 1999, Todaro 1997, Serageldin (Sen 1999, Todaro 1997, Serageldin 1996)1996)


Development level 1Development level 1

Satisfying basic needs above Satisfying basic needs above the indigent line: the indigent line:

food, water, shelter, clothes & food, water, shelter, clothes & personal safetypersonal safety


Developmental level 2Developmental level 2

Consolidation of a middle class Consolidation of a middle class life style: life style:

Sanitation, health services, Sanitation, health services, jobs, churches, recreation, jobs, churches, recreation, schools, culture, shops, life schools, culture, shops, life cycle services.cycle services.


Developmental level 3:Developmental level 3:

Fulfilling higher level personal and Fulfilling higher level personal and abstract needs and desires: abstract needs and desires:

the opportunity to live an enriched life the opportunity to live an enriched life according to one’s own preferred according to one’s own preferred alternative lifestyle, including alternative lifestyle, including specialised specialised individualindividual interests and interests and preferences (eg travel, music, culture, preferences (eg travel, music, culture, sport, hobbies, etc) & individually sport, hobbies, etc) & individually customised customised collective collective services (in-flight services (in-flight TV, games, A/C, etc)TV, games, A/C, etc)


International policy International policy indicators indicators

• IUCNIUCN• OECDOECD• World Bank World Bank • European UnionEuropean Union• UN Agenda 21UN Agenda 21• UN Millennium goals & targetsUN Millennium goals & targets• UN Commission for Sustainable UN Commission for Sustainable

developmentdevelopment


CSD Indicator frameworkCSD Indicator framework

Integrated approach, to measure Integrated approach, to measure sustainability :sustainability :– SocialSocial– EconomicEconomic– EnvironmentalEnvironmental– InstitutionalInstitutional

• Model applicable to all UN member Model applicable to all UN member statesstates


Millennium Goals for 2015Millennium Goals for 2015

1.1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hungerEradicate extreme poverty & hunger2.2. Achieve universal primary educationAchieve universal primary education3.3. Promote gender equality & empower Promote gender equality & empower

womenwomen4.4. Reduce child mortalityReduce child mortality5.5. Improve maternal healthImprove maternal health6.6. Combat AIDS, TB, Malaria & other Combat AIDS, TB, Malaria & other

diseasesdiseases7.7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityEnsure environmental sustainability8.8. Develop a global partnership for Develop a global partnership for

developmentdevelopment


Policy systems approachPolicy systems approach

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

GOVERNMENT DECISION MAKERS

CONVERSION PROCESS

DEMANDS

SUPPORT

FEEDBACK

( INPUTS)

DECISIONS

ACTIONS

(OUTCOMES)

(OUTPUTS)


Policy Input Indicator Policy Input Indicator GuideGuide

• Policy content (approach, Policy content (approach, comparability, etc)comparability, etc)

• Financial resources for Financial resources for programme/projectprogramme/project

• Human resources skills for Human resources skills for programme/projectprogramme/project

• Support for programme/projectSupport for programme/project• Other required resources (eg Other required resources (eg

water)water)


Policy Resource Conversion Policy Resource Conversion Indicator GuideIndicator Guide

• Process efficiency Process efficiency • Process effectiveness (appropriateness, Process effectiveness (appropriateness,

relevance, etc)relevance, etc)• Process productivityProcess productivity• People-centred, participatory & responsive People-centred, participatory & responsive

processesprocesses• Process equity, fairness, representivityProcess equity, fairness, representivity• Process transparencyProcess transparency• AccountabilityAccountability• Democratic nature of processes (tolerance, rights-Democratic nature of processes (tolerance, rights-

based, legitimate)based, legitimate)• Project managementProject management• Process flexibilityProcess flexibility• Co-ordination, integration & holism of servicesCo-ordination, integration & holism of services• Professionalism & ethical nature of processesProfessionalism & ethical nature of processes• Creativity, competitiveness & entrepreneurshipCreativity, competitiveness & entrepreneurship


Policy Output Indicator Policy Output Indicator GuideGuide

• Results achieved:Results achieved:– NumbersNumbers– QualityQuality


Policy Outcome Indicator Policy Outcome Indicator GuideGuide

• Achievement of national visionAchievement of national vision (relevance & (relevance & effectiveness of outcome)effectiveness of outcome)

• Affordability of outcomeAffordability of outcome• Equity, fairness, representivity of outcomeEquity, fairness, representivity of outcome• Development & growth focus of outcomeDevelopment & growth focus of outcome• Contribution to stability (regulation & protection Contribution to stability (regulation & protection

focus) of outcomefocus) of outcome• Democratic nature of outcome (free Democratic nature of outcome (free

participatory, legitimate tolerance, accountable participatory, legitimate tolerance, accountable outcomes)outcomes)

• Empowerment of citizens as outcome (informed, Empowerment of citizens as outcome (informed, participating, activist citizens as outcome)participating, activist citizens as outcome)

• Citizen satisfactionCitizen satisfaction• Project/programme sustainabilityProject/programme sustainability (social, (social,

economic, political, managerial, technological, economic, political, managerial, technological, environmental), both objectively and environmental), both objectively and subjectively determined in short, medium & subjectively determined in short, medium & long term time frames)long term time frames)


SustainabilitySustainability

= maintenance of a stable, = maintenance of a stable,

desired trend in a durable desired trend in a durable

way within a specified long way within a specified long

term time frame.term time frame.


The National VisionThe National Vision

To build from the remnants of a To build from the remnants of a previously deeply divided country previously deeply divided country with a legacy of racial division and with a legacy of racial division and inequality, a united, strong, inequality, a united, strong, independent, prosperous, self-independent, prosperous, self-reliant and proud South African reliant and proud South African nation.nation.


Demographic Demographic sustainabilitysustainability

= maintenance of a stable = maintenance of a stable

trend in populations, able to trend in populations, able to

sustain all its developmental sustain all its developmental

needs through available needs through available

resources durably within a resources durably within a

specified long term time frame.specified long term time frame.


The Demographic VisionThe Demographic Vision

to create and sustain human, flora to create and sustain human, flora and fauna populations that and fauna populations that constitute sound ecological systems constitute sound ecological systems in South Africain South Africa


Demographic Demographic Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective

changes in size, distribution & changes in size, distribution &

composition of population, through composition of population, through

estimates, polls, census, projections & estimates, polls, census, projections &

forecasts.forecasts.


Social sustainabilitySocial sustainability

= maintenance of an empowered = maintenance of an empowered

citizenry interacting with each other citizenry interacting with each other

through effective social networks, through effective social networks,

constituting a cohesive constituting a cohesive

community/society striving towards community/society striving towards

generally accepted goals to promote generally accepted goals to promote

individual & collective interestsindividual & collective interests


The Social VisionThe Social Visionto create a stable, secure and to create a stable, secure and prosperous social environment in prosperous social environment in which all citizens have access to which all citizens have access to basic nutrition, health, housing and basic nutrition, health, housing and education services in order to education services in order to enable and empower them to enable and empower them to develop pride, belonging, hope, develop pride, belonging, hope, self-help, self-respect, a spirit of self-help, self-respect, a spirit of caring and responsibility and their caring and responsibility and their own respective potentials fullyown respective potentials fully


Social Social Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in individual & community changes in individual & community profiles, status, values, institutions & profiles, status, values, institutions & behaviour patterns, including personal behaviour patterns, including personal development, conflict, cohesion, development, conflict, cohesion, networks, mobilisation, participation, networks, mobilisation, participation, mobility, stability, family life, youth mobility, stability, family life, youth development, etcdevelopment, etc


Economic sustainabilityEconomic sustainability

= maintenance of a sound, stable = maintenance of a sound, stable

and growing/expanding economic and growing/expanding economic

system meeting the needs of system meeting the needs of

society or developing towards society or developing towards

higher levels in an efficient way higher levels in an efficient way

over timeover time


The Economic VisionThe Economic Vision

to create a productive, competitive, to create a productive, competitive, efficient, effective, growing efficient, effective, growing economic environment that creates economic environment that creates investors’ confidence and sufficient investors’ confidence and sufficient jobs for all work seekers, where all jobs for all work seekers, where all citizens can aspire to basic citizens can aspire to basic incomes above the poverty line and incomes above the poverty line and fair and equitable opportunities fair and equitable opportunities and resources to improve their own and resources to improve their own quality of life as well as they canquality of life as well as they can


Financial sustainabilityFinancial sustainability

= not spending more than you = not spending more than you

earn over time , and preferably earn over time , and preferably

not reducing assets or capacity not reducing assets or capacity

but building them up in a but building them up in a

durable way within a specified durable way within a specified

time frametime frame


The Financial VisionThe Financial Vision

to create a sound and stable fiscal to create a sound and stable fiscal and financial base for economic and financial base for economic activities that is internationally activities that is internationally competitive, dynamic, competitive, dynamic, growing/expanding and innovativegrowing/expanding and innovative


Financial / EconomicFinancial / EconomicImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

== Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in income & expenditure changes in income & expenditure patterns, taxation, economic growth & patterns, taxation, economic growth & decline, inflation, exchange rates, types of decline, inflation, exchange rates, types of economic activities & inactivities, economic activities & inactivities, employment, production & consumption employment, production & consumption patterns, living cost, productivitypatterns, living cost, productivity


Cultural sustainabilityCultural sustainability

= maintenance of stable and = maintenance of stable and

durable systems of values, durable systems of values,

customs and practices customs and practices

expressing the cultural identity expressing the cultural identity

of a community or societyof a community or society


The Cultural VisionThe Cultural Vision

to create a tolerant and relaxed to create a tolerant and relaxed cultural environment where cultural environment where individual ethnic and cultural individual ethnic and cultural identities can be expressed and identities can be expressed and promoted through arts, drama, promoted through arts, drama, language and religion to enrich the language and religion to enrich the diversity and heritage of the South diversity and heritage of the South African nationAfrican nation


Cultural Cultural Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in cultural values, changes in cultural values, attitudes, practices and customs, attitudes, practices and customs, incl in language, art, drama, incl in language, art, drama, literature, music, religion, etc.literature, music, religion, etc.


Political sustainabilityPolitical sustainability

= maintenance of a stable, = maintenance of a stable,

effective political vision, effective political vision,

commitment and support commitment and support

founded on legitimate democratic founded on legitimate democratic

processes in a durable way within processes in a durable way within

a specified time framea specified time frame


The Political VisionThe Political Visionto create in terms of its 1996 to create in terms of its 1996 Constitution:Constitution:– a democratic and safe organisational a democratic and safe organisational

or institutional environment,or institutional environment,– where individual rights and where individual rights and

community interests can be freely community interests can be freely pursued pursued

– under a legitimate, transparent, under a legitimate, transparent, ethical and accountable government ethical and accountable government

– that is regularly elected in free and that is regularly elected in free and fair elections,fair elections,

– to maximise the quality of life of its to maximise the quality of life of its citizens, and citizens, and

– that plays a key role in Africa and the that plays a key role in Africa and the World.World.


Institutional sustainabilityInstitutional sustainability

= maintenance of stable and effective = maintenance of stable and effective

and efficient institutions which have a and efficient institutions which have a

good record of achieving strategic good record of achieving strategic

policy objectives and of learning from policy objectives and of learning from

past failures and successes durably past failures and successes durably

within a specified time frame.within a specified time frame.


The Institutional VisionThe Institutional Vision

to create professional, to create professional, participatory and responsive public participatory and responsive public services with the capacity to services with the capacity to address national needs in a address national needs in a durable way within a specified durable way within a specified time frametime frame


Managerial sustainabilityManagerial sustainability = maintenance of a combination of = maintenance of a combination of

::– strong and committed leadershipstrong and committed leadership– clear and unambiguous strategic clear and unambiguous strategic

policy objectivespolicy objectives– a broad-based consensus about a broad-based consensus about

these objectivesthese objectives– effective operational policy effective operational policy

implementation, coordination, implementation, coordination, monitoring, assessment & monitoring, assessment & redesign,redesign,

durably within a specified time durably within a specified time frameframe


Organisational Organisational Impact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

== Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in administrative agency changes in administrative agency size, budget, composition, size, budget, composition, functions, services & facilities, functions, services & facilities, distribution, accessibility, quality, distribution, accessibility, quality, quantity, effectiveness, efficiency, quantity, effectiveness, efficiency, technologytechnology


Technological sustainabilityTechnological sustainability

= maintenance of effective and = maintenance of effective and

appropriate stable technological appropriate stable technological

systems enabling, supporting, systems enabling, supporting,

facilitating and promoting facilitating and promoting

societal activities in different societal activities in different

sectors durably within a sectors durably within a

specified time framespecified time frame


The Technological VisionThe Technological Visionto create stable and reliable to create stable and reliable electronic and other technological electronic and other technological networks and tools to enable, networks and tools to enable, facilitate, support and promote facilitate, support and promote societal activities optimally, and societal activities optimally, and also to achieve full electronic also to achieve full electronic government in South Africa. government in South Africa.


TechnologicalTechnologicalImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective changes in levels of technology provision changes in levels of technology provision & use, incl levels and sophistication of & use, incl levels and sophistication of electronic literacy, telecommunications, electronic literacy, telecommunications, stand alone computer workstations, stand alone computer workstations, networks, etcnetworks, etc


Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability

= maintenance of stable = maintenance of stable

ecological and bio-diversity ecological and bio-diversity

systems durably within a systems durably within a

specified long term time framespecified long term time frame

(= Brundtland)(= Brundtland)


The Environmental VisionThe Environmental Vision

to create a natural and a living to create a natural and a living environment that fully conserves and environment that fully conserves and promotes the scenic beauty of the promotes the scenic beauty of the country, and to utilise all natural country, and to utilise all natural resources in such a sustainable way resources in such a sustainable way that later that later generationsgenerations will also be able will also be able to enjoy them and to satisfy their needs to enjoy them and to satisfy their needs

(= Brundtland)(= Brundtland)


EnvironmentalEnvironmentalImpact IndicatorsImpact Indicators

==Subjectively perceived or objective Subjectively perceived or objective

changes in nature & quality of changes in nature & quality of

natural & living environment, natural & living environment,

including air, noise, water, sea, including air, noise, water, sea,

flora, fauna & topographyflora, fauna & topography


Conclusions Conclusions • Regular, systematic governance Regular, systematic governance

assessment now international best assessment now international best practicepractice

• Outcomes measurement imperativeOutcomes measurement imperative• Sustainability focus increasingly Sustainability focus increasingly

relevantrelevant• Appropriate & relevant international Appropriate & relevant international

models availablemodels available• Avoid reinvention of wheelsAvoid reinvention of wheels• Customise/contextualise Customise/contextualise

international models for domestic international models for domestic applicationapplication

Documents

Measuring sustainable governance Fanie Cloete School of Public Management and Planning, University of Stellenbosch