4
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U S A Vol. 6 8, N o. 5 , p p . 1047-1050, M a y 1971 Binding Sites f o r Cholinergic Ligands i n a Particulate Fraction ofElectrophorus Electroplax M. E . ELDEFRAWI, A . T . ELDEFRAWI, AND R. D . O'BRIEN Section o f Neurobiology a n d Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 Communicated b y Thomas Eisner, February 2 2 , 1971 ABSTRACT T h e bindingoffour radioactive cholinergic ligands to a particulate fraction o f Electrophorus electricus electroplax w as investigated by equilibrium dialysis a n d found t o b e reversible. A single site (concentration, 0.02- 0.03 nmol/g electroplax) that bound muscarone an d nicotine w a s found to be o n a phospholipoprotein; it is suggested that this i s t h e acetylcholine receptor. Four binding sites f o r decamethonium were found; t h e highest- affinity site (0.03 nmol/g) m a y be t h e same one that binds muscarone an d nicotine, both because o f the chemical nature of t h e binding macromolecule a n d because deca- methonium competes with muscarone an d nicotine i n binding. Dimethylcurare bound to three sites. T h e lower- affinity sites appeared t o b e on different macromolecules. When binding o f t he four cholinergic ligands ( a t 0.01 A M ) t o 2 8 arbitrarily selected proteins w as determined, it was concluded that muscarone would b e t h e most specific f o r t h e acetylcholine receptor, i n that i t bound t o none of t h e 28 proteins tested; nicotine bound t o one, dimethyl- curare to two, an d decamethonium t o te n o f t h e proteins. Nicotine or muscarone appear t o b e t h e ligands o f choice i n studying binding t o t h e acetylcholine receptor; deca- methonium appears t o have inadequate specificity. A major problem i n t h e attempted isolation o f acetylcholine (ACh) receptor macromolecules i s ho w to identify them i n vitro. Acting o n the hypothesis that in vitro, AC h receptor retains it s affinity f o r cholinergic ligands a n d binds them reversibly an d competitively, w e searched f o r such macro- molecules i n different excitable tissues. W e found them i n a particulate fraction o f Torpedo electroplax a n d a 100,000 X g , 1 h r supernatant o f housefly heads (1-5). They b ou nd muscarone, nicotine, decamethonium, a n d dimethyl-d- tubocurarine (dimethylcurare); i n t h e housefly head a n d r a t brain, atropine w a s bound also (3 , 6 ) . When binding wasmea- sured b y equilibrium dialysis over a restricted range o f ligand concentration (0.1-1 ,AM), only a single binding site w a s detected f o r each ligand i n t h e above cases; bu t when t h e concentration w a s extended (0.001-100 AM), several sites were revealed i n Torpedo electroplax (7). O n t h e basis o f concentrations o f binding sites, reversibility o f binding, an d competition b y other cholinergic ligands, it w as suggested that either o ne o r more o f t h e sites formed part o f t h e acetyl- choline receptor macromolecule. T h e binding macromolecules were phospholipoproteins o f nicotinic nature i n Torpedo, a n d proteins o f nicotinic a n d muscarinicnature i n houseflies ( 3, 5 ) . Further supporting evidence that n e o r more o f t h e sites w a s o n the A C h receptor w as that i n the housefly extract, toxic b u t no t nontoxic nicotine analogs were found t o block binding o f muscarone a n d nicotine (4). Also, i n electroplaxes, Abbreviation: ACh, acetylcholine. there was excellent correlation between t h e high concentra- tions of organophosphates needed t o reversibly block t h e response o f the A C h receptorin vivo i n Electrophorus (8), a n d t o block t h e i n vitro binding o f muscarone a n d acetylcholine t o Torpedo (9). With t h e majority o f o u r extensive binding data coming from Torpedo electroplax ( 1 , 2, 4, 5, 7 , 9 ) , b u t the i vivo information coming from Electrophorus electroplax, w e found i t important t o d o i n vitro binding studies o n t he latter. Direct comparisons would thus b e feasible between bio- chemical and physiological studies in t h e same species, a s well a s between binding studies i n electroplaxes of t h e tw o species. Comparison o f such results, obtained over a wide range o f ligand concentration, with several ligands a n d i n t h e absence o f a detergent, could also b e made with those found f o r decamethonium o n t h e same tissue (10, 11). Th e presence o f several binding sites f o r each ligand should also b e sought, a n d those with properties closest t o those o f t h e A C h receptor determined. Such a study should increase our knowledge o f the characteristics o f AC h receptor macromolecules i n vitro a n d help i n their final identification before attempts a t puri- fication are made. METHODS A 5-kg, 155-cm long e e l (Electrophorus electricus) yielded 2 kg o f electroplax tissue from the three organs. Th e tissue w a s c u t into 30-g pieces an d stored a t - 16°C. Each piece w a s homoge- nized in 1 0 0 m l o f distilled water (2°C) in a Sorvall Omni- mixer, a n d t h e homogenate w a s centrifuged f o r 2 0 m i n a t 45,000 X g . T h e supernate w as discarded when n o significant binding of cholinergic ligands t o it could b e detected. The pellet w a s rehomogenized i n 2 0 ml o f water f o r 1 min, soni- cated f o r 2 m i n i n a Branson Sonifier at half maximum c a - pacity, then filtered through cheesecloth. T h e volume wa adjusted t o 3 0 ml t o give a final concentration o f 1 g o f electro- plax p e r ml. Protein analysis (12) showed that this preparation contained 1 0 m g o f protein p e r m l . The sources an d specific activities o f [ 3 H ]muscarone, [3Hjnicotine, [3H]decamethonium, and [14C]dimethylcurare have previously been reported ( 3 , 5 ) . Equilibrium dialysis (for 16 h r a t 4°C) w as performed f o r each 1 m l o f electroplax preparation i n 1 00 volumes o f modified Krebs-Ringer solu- tion ( 3 ) ( p H 7.4, ionic strength 0.2), containing t h e radio- active ligand. After dialysis, t h e difference between radio- activity i n samples o f electroplax over equal volumes o f solution, represented amount o f ligand bound. Details o f the procedure, sampling an d counting, sources a nd treatment with enzymes, reversibility measurements, an d statistical analysis have a l l been previously described ( 5 , 7 ). 1047

M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-et-al-binding-sites-for-cholinergic-ligands-in-a-particulate 1/4

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USAV o l . 6 8 , N o . 5 , p p . 1 0 4 7 - 1 0 5 0 , May 1 9 7 1

B i n d i n g S i t e s f o r C h o l i n e r g i c L i g a n d s i n a P a r t i c u l a t e

F r a c t i o n o f E l e c t r o p h o r u s E l e c t r o p l a x

M. E . ELDEFRAWI, A . T . ELDEFRAWI, AND R . D . O'BRIEN

S e c t i o n o f N e u r o b i o l o g y a n d B e h a v i o r , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , I t h a c a , N . Y . 1 4 8 5 0

C o m m u n i c a t e d b y T h o m a s E i s n e r , F e b r u a r y 2 2 , 1 9 7 1

ABSTRACT The b i n d i n g o f f o u r r a d i o a c t i v e c h o l i n e r g i cl i g a n d s t o a p a r t i c u l a t e f r a c t i o n o f E l e c t r o p h o r u s e l e c t r i c u se l e c t r o p l a x was i n v e s t i g a t e d by e q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s andf o u n d t o b e r e v e r s i b l e . A s i n g l e s i t e ( c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 0 . 0 2 -

0 . 0 3 nmol/g e l e c t r o p l a x ) t h a t bound muscarone an dn i c o t i n e was f o u n d t o be on a p h o s p h o l i p o p r o t e i n ; i t i ss u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s i s t h e a c e t y l c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r . Fourb i n d i n g s i t e s f o r decamethonium were f o u n d ; t h e h i g h e s t -a f f i n i t y s i t e ( 0 . 0 3 n m o l / g ) m ay be t h e same one t h a t b i n d smuscarone an d n i c o t i n e , both b e c a u s e o f t h e c h e m i c a l

n a t u r e o f t h e b i n d i n g macromolecule and b e c a u s e d e c a -methonium competes with muscarone an d n i c o t i n e i n

b i n d i n g . D i m e t h y l c u r a r e bound t o t h r e e s i t e s . The l o w e r -a f f i n i t y s i t e s appeared t o b e on d i f f e r e n t m a c r o m o l e c u l e s .When b i n d i n g o f t h e f o u r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s ( a t 0 . 0 1

A M ) t o 2 8 a r b i t r a r i l y s e l e c t e d p r o t e i n s was d e t e r m i n e d , i twas c o n c l u d e d t h a t muscarone would b e t h e most s p e c i f i c

f o r t h e a c e t y l c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r , i n t h a t i t bound t o none o ft h e 2 8 p r o t e i n s t e s t e d ; n i c o t i n e bound t o o n e , d i m e t h y l -c u r a r e t o t w o , an d decamethonium t o ten o f t h e p r o t e i n s .

N i c o t i n e o r muscarone appear t o be t h e l i g a n d s o f c h o i c ei n s t u d y i n g b i n d i n g t o t h e a c e t y l c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r ; d e c a -methonium a p p e a r s t o h a v e i n a d e q u a t e s p e c i f i c i t y .

A m a j o r p r o b l e m i n t h e a t t e m p t e d i s o l a t i o n o f a c e t y l c h o l i n e( A C h ) r e c e p t o r m a c r o m o l e c u l e s i s how t o i d e n t i f y t h e m

i n v i t r o . A c t i n g o nt h e

h y p o t h e s i s t h a ti n v i t r o , ACh r e c e p t o rr e t a i n s i t s a f f i n i t y f o r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s a n d b i n d s t h e m

r e v e r s i b l y a n d c o m p e t i t i v e l y , w e s e a r c h e d f o r s u c h m a c r o -

m o l e c u l e s i n d i f f e r e n t e x c i t a b l e t i s s u e s . We f o u n d t h e m i n a

p a r t i c u l a t e f r a c t i o n o f T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x a n d a 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 Xg , 1 h r s u p e r n a t a n t o f h o u s e f l y h e a d s ( 1 - 5 ) . T h e y b o u n d

m u s c a r o n e , n i c o t i n e , d e c a m e t h o n i u m , a n d d i m e t h y l - d -t u b o c u r a r i n e ( d i m e t h y l c u r a r e ) ; i n t h e h o u s e f l y h e a d a n d r a tb r a i n , a t r o p i n e w a s b o u n d a l s o ( 3 , 6 ) . When b i n d i n g w a s m e a -

s u r e d b y e q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s o v e r a r e s t r i c t e d r a n g e o fl i g a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 0 . 1 - 1 , A M ) , o n l y a s i n g l e b i n d i n g s i t ew a s d e t e c t e d f o r e a c h l i g a n d i n t h e a b o v e c a s e s ; b u t w h e n t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s e x t e n d e d ( 0 . 0 0 1 - 1 0 0 A M ) , s e v e r a l s i t e sw e r e r e v e a l e d i n T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ( 7 ) . On t h e b a s i s o f

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b i n d i n g s i t e s , r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f b i n d i n g , a n dc o m p e t i t i o n b y o t h e r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s , i t w a s s u g g e s t e d

t h a t e i t h e r o n e o r m o r e o f t h e s i t e s f o r m e d p a r t o f t h e a c e t y l -c h o l i n e r e c e p t o r m a c r o m o l e c u l e . T h e b i n d i n g m a c r o m o l e c u l e s

w e r e p h o s p h o l i p o p r o t e i n s o f n i c o t i n i c n a t u r e i n T o r p e d o , a n d

p r o t e i n s o f n i c o t i n i c a n d m u s c a r i ni c n a t u r e i n h o u s e f l i e s ( 3 , 5 ) .F u r t h e r s u p p or t i ng e v i d e n c e t h a t o n e o r m o r e o f t h e s i t e s

w a s o n t h e ACh r e c e p t o r w a s t h a t i n t h e h o u s e f l y e x t r a c t ,t o x i c b u t n o t n o n t o x i c n i c o t i n e a n a l o g s w e r e f o u n d t o b l o c k

b i n d i n g o f m u s c a r o n e a n d n i c o t i n e ( 4 ) . A l s o , i n e l e c t r o p l a x e s ,

A b b r e v i a t i o n : A C h , a c e t y l c h o l i n e .

t h e r e w a s e x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e h i g h c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s o f o r g a n o p h o s p h a t e s n e e d e d t o r e v e r s i b l y b l o c k t h e

r e s p o n s e o f t h e ACh r e c e p t o r i n v i v o i n E l e c t r o p h o r u s ( 8 ) , a n d

t o b l o c k t h e i n v i t r o b i n d i n g o f m u s c a r o n e a n d a c e t y l c h o l i n et o T o r p e d o ( 9 ) .

W i t h t h e m a j o r i t y o f o u r e x t e n s i v e b i n d i n g d a t a c o m i n g

f r o m T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 ) , b u t t h e i n v i v o

i n f o r m a t i o n c o m i n g f r o m E l e c t r o p h o r u s e l e c t r o p l a x , we f o u n d

i t i m p o r t a n t t o d o i n v i t r o b i n d i n g s t u d i e s o n t h e l a t t e r .D i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n s w o u l d t h u s b e f e a s i b l e b e t w e e n b i o -c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n t h e s a m e s p e c i e s , a s w e l la s b e t w e e n b i n d i n g s t u d i e s i n e l e c t r o p l a x e s o f t h e t w o s p e c i e s .C o m p a r i s o n o f s u c h r e s u l t s , o b t a i n e d o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o fl i g a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n , w i t h s e v e r a l l i g a n d s a n d i n t h e a b s e n c e

o f a d e t e r g e n t , c o u l d a l s o b e m a d e w i t h t h o s e f o u n d f o r

d e c a m e t h o n i u m o n t h e s a m e t i s s u e ( 1 0 , 1 1 ) . The p r e s e n c e o fs e v e r a l b i n d i n g s i t e s f o r e a c h l i g a n d s h o u l d a l s o b e s o u g h t ,a n d t h o s e w i t h p r o p e r t i e s c l o s e s t t o t h o s e o f t h e ACh r e c e p t o rd e t e r m i n e d . S u c h a s t u d y s h o u l d i n c r e a s e o u r k n o w l e d g e o ft h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f ACh r e c e p t o r m a c r o m o l e c u l e s i n v i t r o

a n d h e l p i n t h e i r f i n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n b e f o r e a t t e m p t s a t p u r i -f i c a t i o n a r e m a d e .

METHODS

A 5 - k g , 1 5 5 - c m l o n g e e l ( E l e c t r o p h o r u s e l e c t r i c u s ) y i e l d e d 2 k g

o f e l e c t r o p l a x t i s s u e f r o m t h e t h r e e o r g a n s . The t i s s u e w a s c u t

i n t o 3 0 - g p i e c e s a n d s t o r e d a t - 1 6 ° C . E a c h p i e c e w a s h o m o g e -

n i z e d i n 1 0 0 m l o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r ( 2 ° C ) i n a S o r v a l l O m n i -

m i x e r , a n d t h e h o m o g e n a t e w a s c e n t r i f u g e d f o r 2 0 m i n a t

4 5 , 0 0 0 X g . T h e s u p e r n a t e w a s d i s c a r d e d w h e n n o s i g n i f i c a n tb i n d i n g o f c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s t o i t c o u l d b e d e t e c t e d . T h e

p e l l e t w a s r e h o m o g e n i z e d i n 2 0 m l o f w a t e r f o r 1 m i n , s o n i -c a t e d f o r 2 m i n i n a B r a n s o n S o n i f i e r a t h a l f maximum c a -

p a c i t y , t h e n f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h c h e e s e c l o t h . T h e v o l u m e w a s

a d j u s t e d t o 3 0 m l t o g i v e a f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 g o f e l e c t r o -p l a x p e r m l . P r o t e i n a n a l y s i s ( 1 2 ) s h o w e d t h a t t h i s p r e p a r a t i o n

c o n t a i n e d 1 0 mg o f p r o t e i n p e r m l .T h e s o u r c e s a n d s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s o f [ 3 H ] m u s c a r o n e ,

[ 3 H j n i c o t i n e , [ 3 H ] d e c a m e t h on iu m , a n d [ 1 4 C ] d i m e t h y l c u r a r eh a v e p r e v i o u s l y b e e n r e p o r t e d ( 3 , 5 ) . E q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i s( f o r 1 6 h r a t 4 ° C ) w a s p e r f o r m e d f o r e a c h 1 m l o f e l e c t r o p l a xp r e p a r a t i o n i n 1 0 0 v o l u m e s o f m o d i f i e d K r e b s - R i n g e r s o l u -t i o n ( 3 ) ( p H 7 . 4 , i o n i c s t r e n g t h 0 . 2 ) , c o n t a i n i n g t h e r a d i o -a c t i v e l i g a n d . A f t e r d i a l y s i s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r a d i o -a c t i v i t y i n s a m p l e s o f e l e c t r o p l a x o v e r e q u a l v o l u m e s o fs o l u t i o n , r e p r e s e n t e d a m o u n t o f l i g a n d b o u n d . D e t a i l s o f t h e

p r o c e d u r e , s a m p l i n g a n d c o u n t i n g , s o u r c e s a n d t r e a t m e n t w i t h

e n z y m e s , r e v e r s i b i l i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s , a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i sh a v e a l l b e e n p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d ( 5 , 7 ) .

1 0 4 7

Page 2: M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-et-al-binding-sites-for-cholinergic-ligands-in-a-particulate 2/4

1 0 4 8 B i o c h e m i s t r y : E l d e f r a wi e t a l .

-J

x

C . I )

0

-

x

CI )

0

a

B

-J

Nx

( V)

0

-J

x

C.)

0

C

. 1

.5

B

b

B

. 5

B

F I G . 1 . S c a t c h a r d p l o t s o f t h e b i n d i n g o f l i g a n d s t o a p a r t i cu l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n o f e e l e l e c t r o p l e x ( B , amount bound i n nanomoles per

gram o f f r e s h t i s s u e ; L , m o l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l i g a n d ) . a , muscarone; b , n i c o t i n e ; c , d i m e t h y l c u r a r e ; d , d e c a m e t h o n i u m . The i n s e r t o f

i d s h o w s d a t a a t l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f l i g a n d . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s an average o f two e x p e r i m e n t s , t h r e e s a m p l e s e a c h .

RESULTS

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e t o t a l h o m o g e n a t e o f T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ,t h a t o f the e e l di d not s i g n i f i c a n t l y bind m u sc a r o ne a t 1 1 A Mw h e n t h e t i s s u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was25% ( w / v ) . No b i n d i n g was

o b s e r v e d i n t h e 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 X g s u p e r n a t e a n d very l i t t l e b i n d i n g

was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p e l l e t . H o w e v e r , w h e n t i s s u e concen-

t r a t i o n i n t h e r e c o n s t i t u t e d p e l l e t was i n c r e a s e d t o 1 g o fo r i g i n a l e l e c t r o p l a x per ml ( 1 0 mg o f p r o t e i n per m l ) s i g n i f i c a n tb i n d i n g w as o b s e r v e d . B i n d i n g was t h e n s t u d i e d over a w i d e

l i g a n d c o nc e nt r a t i on ( 0 . 0 0 1 - 1 0 0 A M ) ; mu s car on e a n d n i c o -t i n e were f o u n d t o b i n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y o n l y b e l o w 1 M M , b u t

d e c a m e t h o n i u m a n d d i m e t h y l c u r a r e were bound over t h e

e n t i r e l i g a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t u d i e d . S c a t c h a r d p l o t s ( F i g . 1 )a n d t h e i t e r a t i v e c o m p u t e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e b i n d i n g d a t a ( T a b l e

1 ) s h o w e dt h a t muscarone a n d

n i c o t i n e b o u n dt o

s i n g l e s i t e s ,b u t s e v e r a l b i n d i n g s i t e s were r e v e a l e d f o r d e c a m e t h o n i u m

a n d d i m e t h y l c u r a r e . The S c a t c h a r d curve f o r d i m e t h y l c u r a r e

( F i g . i c ) h a d an e a r l y r i s i n g p o r t i o n a t l o w l i g a n d c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n , s i m i l a r t o t h a t e x h i b i t e d i n p o s i t i v e c o o p e r a t i v i t y ( 1 3 ) .The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b i n d i n g s i t e s f o r m u sc a r o ne a n d n i c o -t i n e a n d o f t h e f i r s t t w o s i t e s f o r d e c a m e t h o n i u m ( B , , B 2 ) a n d

t h e s e c o n d b i n d i n g s i t e ( B 2 ) f o r d i m e t h y l c u r a r e were s i m i l a r

( T a b l e 1 ) .R e v e r s i b i l i t y o f b i n d i n g o f t h e f o u r l i g a n d s was s t u d i e d b y

a s e c o n d d i a l y s i s o f t h e p a r t i c u l a t e f r a c t i o n a g a i n s t 1 0 0 v o l -

umes o f l i g a n d - f r e e K r e b s - R i n g e r s o l u t i o n . The amount b o u n d

a t 0 . 1 uM o f l i g a n d w a s r e d u c e d t o w i t h i n 1 0 % o f t h a t b o u n d

a t 0 . 0 0 1 p M o f l i g a n d a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m L i n e w e a v e r - B u r k

p l o t s . T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t b i n d i n g ( a t t h e 0 . 1 AM c o n c e n t r a -t i o n ) w a s t o t a l l y r e v e r s i b l e .

T A B L E 1 . B i n d i n g c o n s t a n t s a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b i n d i n g s i t e s( B ) i n a p a r t i c u l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n o f E l e c t r o p h o r u s e l e c t r o p l a x f o r

f o u r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s

B( n m o l / g %

L i g a n d C o n s t a n t , K ( M ) t i s s u e ) e r r o r *

M u s c a r o n e 5 . 5 X 1 0 - 8 0 . 0 2 1 1 1 . 8

N i c o t i n e 6 . 3 X 1 0 - 8 0 . 0 3 3 7 . 1D e c a m e t h o n i u m K , = 2 . 5 X 1 0 - 9 B , = 0 . 0 3

K 2 =5.5 X 1 0 - 8 B 2 = 0 . 0 2

K3= 2 . 5 X 1 0 - 6 B 3 = 0 . 2 5

K4= 1 X 1 0 - 4 B4= 4 . 0 1 7 . 0D i m e t h y l c u r a r e t K 2 = 8 X 1 0 - 8 B 2 = 0 . 0 5

K3= 4 X 1 0 - 5 B 3 = 1 4 . 0 6 . 5

D a t a d e r i v e d f r o m i t e r a t i v e t r e a t m e n t o f S c a t c h a r d p l o t

( F i g . 1 ) .* R o o t - m e a n - s q u a r e p e r c e n t e r r o r .

t F o r d i m e t h y l c u r a r e , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a l s o a K ,

s i t e , w h i c h c o o p e r a t e s p o s i t i v e l y w i t h o n e o t h e r s i t e , a n d w h o s e

K , c a n n o t b e e s t i m a t e d ( s e e F i g . i c a n d t e x t ) .

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USA 6 8 ( 1 9 7 1 )

Page 3: M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-et-al-binding-sites-for-cholinergic-ligands-in-a-particulate 3/4

Page 4: M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

8/3/2019 M.E. Eldefrawi et al- Binding Sites for Cholinergic Ligands in a Particulate Fraction of Electrophorus Electroplax

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/me-eldefrawi-et-al-binding-sites-for-cholinergic-ligands-in-a-particulate 4/4

1 0 5 0 B i o c h e m i s t r y : E l d e f r a w i e t a l .

t o p h os ph o l ip a se C ; a n d d e c a m e t h o n i u m w a s q u i t e n o n -

s p e c i f i c , b i n d i n g t o 1 0 o f t h e 2 8 p r o t e i n s t e s t e d .

DISCUSSION

T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e p r e s e n c e , i n t h i s p a r t i c u -l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n o f e e l e l e c t r o p l a x , o f m a c r o m o l e c u l e s t h a tr e v e r s i b l y b i n d f o u r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s w i t h h i g h a f f i n i t y . The

s i m i l a r i t y i n t h e b i n d i n g ( T a b l e 1 ) o f t h e t w o r e l a t i v e l ys p e c i f i c a g o n i s t s , m u s c a r o n e a n d n i c o t i n e , i s r e m a r k a b l e .

T h e y r e v e r s i b l y b i n d t o s i n g l e s i t e s o f s i m i l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o na n d c o m p e t e i n b i n d i n g . We s u g g e s t t h a t b i n d i n g m a c r o -

m o l e c u l e s , w h i c h a r e p h o s p h o l i p o p r o t e i n s i n b o t h c a s e s ( T a b l e

2 ) , a r e ACh r e c e p t o r s w i t h a common b i n d i n g s i t e f o r t h e t w o

a g o n i s t s . S i m i l a r i t i e s i n t h e b i n d i n g o f m u s c a r o n e a n d n i c o t i n ew e r e a l s o f o u n d i n a p a r t i c u l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n o f T o r p e d o

e l e c t r o p l a x , b u t t h e r e w e r e t w o s i t e s f o r b i nd i ng e a c h o f t h e s e

l i g a n d s ( 7 ) ; t h e e v i d e n c e s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t e d t h a t b o t h s i t e sa r e o n t h e ACh r e c e p t o r , w h i c h p e r h a p s e x i s t s i n t w o c o n -

f o r m a t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t a f f i n i t i e s t o l i g a n d s , a s h a s b e e n

s u g g e s t e d f r o m p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s ( 1 5 ) . We c a n n o t e x c l u d et h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e ACh r e c e p t o r i n o u r e e l p r e p a r a t i o nh a s a n o t h e r b i n d i n g s i t e , w i t h d i f f e r e n t a f f i n i t y f o r n i c o t i n ea n d m u s c a r o n e , w h i c h

wew e r e

u n a b l e t o d e t e c t e i t h e r b e c a u s eo f l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o a f f i n i t i e s o r b e c a u s e o ft h e p r e d o m i n a n c e o f o n e c o n f o r m a t i o n . E q u i l i b r i u m d i a l y s i sh a s i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , a l o w e r o n e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e r a d i o -a c t i v i t y t h a t c a n b e d e t e c t e d , a n d a n u p p e r o n e w h e r e t h e

r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f t h e a m o u n t b o u n d i s s o s m a l l s o a s t o b e

m a s k e d b y t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h a t o f t h e b a t h s a m p l e s .T h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e h i g h e s t a f f i n i t y s i t e ( B 1 ) o f d e c a -

m e t h o n i u m t o t h a t o f m u s c a r o n e a n d n i c o t i n e , i n i t s c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n ( T a b l e 1 ) a n d s e n s i t i v i t y t o h y d r o l a s e s ( T a b l e 2 ) , a s

w e l l a s t h e c o m p e t i t i o n o f 0 . 0 0 5 , . M d e c a m e t h o n i u m w i t h n i c o -t i n e b i n d i n g ( F i g . 2 ) , l e a d s t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e r e may b e

o n e s i t e o n t h e ACh r e c e p t o r t h a t b i n d s t h e s e t h r e e l i g a n d s .By v i r t u e o f t h e i r i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o p h o s p h o l i p a s e C ( T a b l e

2 ) , t h e t h r e e o t h e r s i t e s t h a t b i n d d e c a m e t h o n i u m a n d t h et w o t h a t b i n d d i m e t h y l c u r a r e s e e m t o b e o n d i f f e r e n t m o l -

e c u l e s . S u c h a p o s s i b i l i t y i s l i k e l y , e s p e c i a l l y i n v i e w o f t h e i rl o w s p e c i f i c i t y ( T a b l e 3 ) . Y e t , a s f o u n d i n T o r p e d o e l e c t r o -p l a x ( 7 ) , a p a r a d o x i c a l s i t u a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d b y t h e a n t a g o n i s td i m e t h y l c u r a r e , w h i c h c o m p e t e s w i t h n i c o t i n e a n d m u s c a r o n e

f o r b i n d i n g . An e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t c o m p e t i t i o n may b e

a l l o s t e r i c b e t w e e n t w o t o p o g r a p h i c a l l y d i s t i n c t s i t e s o n t h e

m a c r o m o l e c u l e , a n d t h e h i g h e s t a f f i n i t y s i t e s t h a t b i n d

d i m e t h y l c u r a r e may b e o n t h e p r o t e i n p o r t i o n o f t h e AChr e c e p t o r . F o r t h a t m a t t e r , t h e s e c o n d s i t e ( B 2 ) t h a t b i n d s

d e c a m e t h o n i u m , w h i c h h a s s i m i l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d s e n s i -t i v i t y t o e n z y m e t r e a t m e n t , may a l s o b e b i n d i n g a t t h i s a l l o -s t e r i c s i t e . P h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a h a v e l e d t o many s u g g e s t i o n s

( 1 6 ) t h a t t h e ACh r e c e p t o r c a r r i e s m o r e t h a n o n e b i n d i n g s i t ef o r c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s .T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h i g h - a f f i n i t y s i t e s i s v e r y s i m i l a r f o r

t h e t h r e e a g o n i s t s ( 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 3 n m o l / g o f e l e c t r o p l a x ) , a n d

s i m i l a r t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 7 ) f o r T o r p e d oe l e c t r o p l a x ( 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 8 n m o l / g o f e l e c t r o p l a x ) . F o r E l e c t r o -p h o r u s , t h e s e v a l u e s c o r r e s p o n d t o 2 - 3 n m o l / g o f p r o t e i n ; t h e ya r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e v a l u e o f 2 6 n m o l / g o f p r o t e i n o f a

p a r t i a l l y p u r i f i e d membrane p r e p a r a t i o n f r o m E l e c t r o p h o r u s ,a s e s t i m a t e d b y i t s a b i l i t y t o b i n d a - b u n g a r o t o x i n ( 1 1 ) .

C h a n g e u x e t a l . ( 1 0 ) c a l c u l a t e d d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t s f o rs i x l i g a n d s ; o n l y d e c a m e t h o n i u m wa s u s e d b o t h i n o u r s t u d y

a n d t h e i r s . T h e i r d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t f o r " r e c e p t o r i n s o l u -t i o n " ( i . e . , a f t e r t r e a t m e n t o f " m i c r o s a c s " w i t h d e o x y c h o l a t e

a n d u s i n g t h e s u p e r n a t a n t a f t e r c e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t o n l y 2 8 , 0 0 0

X g ) i s 0 . 9 AM f o r d e c a m e t h o n i u m . T h i s i s c l o s e s t t o o u r K 3v a l u e f o r d e c a m e t h o n i u m ( 2 . 5 , u M ) , a n d p r e s u m a b l y t h i s i s t h e

s i t e w h i c h t h e s e a u t h o r s w e r e s t u d y i n g . I t a p p e a r s f r o m o u r

d a t a t h a t t h i s s i t e d o e s n o t b i n d m u s c a r o n e o r n i c o t i n e .A s we f o u n d w i t h T o r p e d o e l e c t r o p l a x ( 7 ) , o u r c o n s t a n t s f o r

t h e i n v i t r o d i s s o c i a t i o n o f c h o l i n e r g i c l i g a n d s f r o m w h a t w eb e l i e v e t o b e t h e ACh r e c e p t o r a r e much l o w e r t h a n p h y s i o -

l o g i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d v a l u e s ( 1 0 , 1 7 ) . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s a m e

d i r e c t i o n a n d o f s i m i l a r m a g n i t u d e h a v e b e e n f o u n d b e t w e e n

i n v i v o a n d i n v i t r o d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t s f o r E l e c t r o p h o r u sa c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e ( 1 8 ) . An i n t e r e s t i n g q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r

d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e m e m b r a n e s t r u c t u r e f a v o r s c o n f o r m a t i o n s

o f t h e ACh r e c e p t o r t h a t h a v e h i g h e r a f f i n i t i e s f o r l i g a n d s .O u r d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t f o r E l e c t r o p h o r u s e l e c t r o p l a x , m u s -

c a r o n e o r n i c o t i n e a r e t h e p r e f e r r e d l i g a n d s w i t h w h i c h t o

s t u d y t h e ACh r e c e p t o r a s p u r i f i c a t i o n p r o c e e d s . D e c a m e t h o -

n i u m i s t h e l e a s t d e s i r a b l e l i g a n d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e .

We a r e g r a t e f u l t o P r o f . H . Howland f o r p r ov i d i n g a l i n e a r

c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m f o r t h e S c a t c h a r d p l o t , a n d t o M i s s L . P .G i l m o u r f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t i s g r a t e f u l l ya c k n o w l e d g e d f r o m U . S . P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e r e se a r c h g r a nt sNS 0 9 1 4 4 a n d GM 0 7 8 0 4 a n d T r a i n i n g G r a n t ES 9 8 .

1 . O ' B r i e n , R . D . , a n d L . P . G i l m o u r , P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i .USA, 6 3 , 4 9 6 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

2 . O ' B r i e n , R . D . , L . P . G i l m o u r , a n d M. E . E l d e f r a w i , P r o c .N a t . A c a d . S c i . USA, 6 5 , 4 3 8 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

3 . E l d e f r a w i , A . T . , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , J . N e u r o c h e m . , 1 7 ,1 2 8 7 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

4 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , J .A g r . F o o d C h e m . , 1 8 , 1 1 1 3 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

5 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , M o l .P h a r m a c o l . , 7 , 1 0 4 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .

6 . O ' B r i e n , R . D . , M. E . E l d e f r a w i , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , a n d J . T .F a r r o w , i n C h o l i n e r g i c L i g a n d I n t e r a c t i o n s , e d . D . J . T r i g g l e ,E . A . B a r n a r d , a n d J . F . Moran ( A c a d e m i c P r e s s , N . Y . ,( 1 9 7 1 ) , p . 4 9 .

7 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . T . E l d e f r a w i , L . P . G i l m o u r , a n d R . D .O ' B r i e n , M o l . P h a r m a c o l . ( s u b m i t t e d ) .

8 . B a r t e l s , E . , a n d D . N a c h m a n s o h n , A r c h . B i o c h e m . B i o p h y s . ,1 3 3 , 1 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

9 . E l d e f r a w i , M. E . , A . G . B r i t t e n , a n d R . D . O ' B r i e n , P e s t i c .B i o c h e m . P h y s i o l . , 1 , i n p r e s s .

1 0 . C h a n g e u x , J . P . , M. K a s a i , M. H u c h e t , a n d J . C . M e u n i e r ,C . R . A c a d . S c i . , P a r i s , 2 7 0 , 2864D ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

1 1 . C h a n g e u x , J . P . , M. K a s a i , a n d C . Y . L e e , P r o c . N a t . A c a d .S c i . U S A , 6 7 , 1 2 4 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

1 2 . L o w r y , 0 . H . , N . J . R o s e b r o u g h , A . L . F a r r , a n d R . J .R a n d a l l , J . B i o l . C h e m . , 1 9 3 , 2 6 5 ( 1 9 5 1 ) .

1 3 . C o o k , R . A . , a n d D . E . K o s h l a n d , B i o c h e m i s t r y , 9 , 3 3 3 7( 1 9 7 0 ) .

1 4 . E h r e n p r e i s , S . , N a t u r e , 2 0 1 , 8 8 7 ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; C h a g a s , C . , A n n .

N . Y . A c a d . S c i . , 8 1 , 3 4 5 ( 1 9 5 9 ) ; T r a m s , E . G . , B i o c h i m .B i o p h y s . A c t a , 7 9 , 5 2 1 ( 1 9 6 4 ) .

1 5 . R a n g , H . P . , a n d J . M. R i t t e r , M o l . P h a r m a c o l . , 6 , 3 5 7( 1 9 7 0 ) ; K a t z , B . , a n d S . T h e s l e f f , J . P h y s i o l . , 1 3 8 , 6 3 ( 1 9 5 7 ) .

1 6 . C l a r k , A . J . , J . P h y s i o l . , 6 1 , 1 2 3 ( 1 9 2 6 ) ; A r i e n s , E . J . , a n dA . 1 M . S i m o n i s , A n n . N . Y . A c a d . S c i . , 1 4 4 , 8 4 2 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ;F l a c k e , W . , a n d T . S . Y e o h , B r i t . J . P h a r m a c o l . C h e m o t h e r . ,3 3 , 1 5 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) ; R a n g , H . P . , a n d J . M. R i t t e r , M o l . P h a r m -a c o l . , 5 , 3 9 4 ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; P o d l e s k i , T . , J . C . M e u n i e r , a n d J . P .C h a n g e u x , P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . U S A , 6 3 , 1 2 3 9 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

1 7 . H i g m a n , H . B . , T . P o d l e s k i , a n d E . B a r t e l s , B i o c h i m . B i o -

p h y s . A c t a , 7 5 , 1 8 7 ( 1 9 6 3 ) .1 8 . W e b b , G . D . , a n d R . L . J o h n s o n , B i o c h e m . P h a r m a c o l . , 1 8 ,

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USA 6 8 ( 1 9 7 1 )

2 1 5 3 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .