Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2017
Módulo 2 - Water Quality variables and the objetives of
Water Quality diagnosis Classes supporting Material:
• saMpling and preservation of Water and sediMent saMples
•Water Quality Monitoring and assessMent
CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATE
MISSIONTo promote and monitor the execution of environmental and sustainable development
public policies, ensuring the continuous improvement of environmental quality in order to addressthe expectations of the State of São Paulo’s society.
VISIONTo improve the standards of excellence in environmental management and the services
provided to users and to the population as a whole, ensuring CETESB's ongoing evolution in acting as anational and international reference in the environmental field and in protecting public health.
VALUESThe values, principles and standards that guide CETESB's actions are
established in its Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.
SAO PAULO STATE GOVERNMENTGovernor
SECRETARIAT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTSecretary
CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANYOF SÃO PAULO STATEChief Executive Officer
Corporate Management Board,acting
Director of Control andEnvironmental Licensing
Director of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
Director of Engineering andEnvironmental Quality
Geraldo Alckmin
Ricardo Salles
Carlos Roberto dos Santos
Carlos Roberto dos Santos
Geraldo do Amaral
Ana Cristina Pasini da Costa
Eduardo Luis Serpa
Technical CoordinationGeog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro Midaglia
Biol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo
FacultyEng. San. Gabriela Mello
São Paulo, Abril de 2017
CETESBENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATEAv. Profº. Frederico Hermann Júnior, 345 - Alto de Pinheiros -
CEP: 05459-900 - São Paulo - SPhttp://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br / e-mail: [email protected]
https://www.facebook.com/escolasuperiordacetesb/
MÓDULO 2 - WATER QUALITY
VARIABLES AND THE OBJETIVES OF
WATER QUALITY DIAGNOSIS
CLASSES SUPPORTING MATERIAL:
• SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF
WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES
• WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND
ASSESSMENT
© CETESB, 2017This material is for the exclusive use of participants in the Specialized Practical Courses and TrainingSessions, and its total or partial reproduction, by any means, is expressly forbidden withoutauthorization from CETESB - Environmental Company of São Paulo State.
Carlos Ibsen Vianna LacavaManager of the Operational Support Department - ETTânia Mara Tavares GasiManager of the Knowledge Management Division - ETGIrene Rosa SabiáCourses and Knowledge Transfer Sector - ETGC
Executive CoordinationClaudia Maria Zaratin Bairão e Carolina Regina MoralesETGC Technical Team:Rita de Cassia Guimarães e Yhoshie Watanabe Takahashi.
This booklet was diagrammed by ETGC - Courses and Knowledge Transfer SectorGraphic Publishing: Rita de Cassia Guimarães - ETGC / Cover: Vera Severo / Printing: Gráfica-CETESB
ORGANIZING INSTITUTIONS:
ANA – National Water Agency
CETESB – Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
ABC/MRE – Brazilian Cooperation Agency/Foreign Affairs Ministry
PARTNERS:
ACTO – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
UN Environment – GEMS/Water Program
FOREWORD
Water is one of the most important assets for biological activity and throughout the universe it hasbeen sought out as something essential for life, yet it is unfortunately treated in an inconsequential way bymost members of humanity. The human perception is that water is infinite and inexhaustible. Because ofthis, it is inadequately approached in ecological terms.
A full understanding of the correlation water-quality and quantity versus multiple uses - must be fullyunderstood in order to change this behavior so as to leave future generations with possibilities for survivalthat unite their basic needs with environmental preservation.
The conception of a course of this magnitude indicates that there is a need for a continuous knowledgeacquisition that requires topics that might gradually lead us to a comprehensive understanding of thenatural aquatic environment (increasingly rare) and its progressive alterations, regarding external as wellas internal metabolism in the aquatic ecosystem, in order to fully understand nature and the influence ofhuman beings.
Based on these initial conceptualizations, the course will therefore be aimed at learning about thevarious types of aquatic environments and their main compartments, emphasizing intrinsic inorganic andorganic characteristics, correlations between changes that are native and non-native in origin and thosethat are primarily considered to be natural environments without any anthropogenic interference.
Thus, over time, the knowledge acquired in each of these modules will lead to an increasingly richerunderstanding of the influence that human actions have on the balance of aquatic ecosystems.
Geog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro MidagliaBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto PalomboTechnical Coordination
Claudio Roberto Palombo([email protected])
A Biologist at CETESB since 1980, Claudio Roberto Palombo graduated fromthe Institute of Biosciences at the University of São Paulo and has a bachelor’sdegree in Ecology (1978). He also received a master's degree (1989) anddoctorate (1997) from the Department of General Ecology in the Institute ofBiosciences at the University of São Paulo. He has experience in limnology withan emphasis on altered environments. He is a University Professor andTechnical Analyst of FEHIDRO Projects related to aquatic ecosystems and has
developed methodologies for integrated weed management.
Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia([email protected])
Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia holds a degree in Geography from the Faculty ofPhilosophy, Literature and Human Sciences at USP - Geography Dept. (1984),and a degree as a Translator and Interpreter in English from the the Ibero-American Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences (1982). She did herpostgraduate studies in "Rural and Land Ecology Survey" at the ITC-Faculty ofGeo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University ofTwente in Enschede, The Netherlands. She received a master's degree in HumanGeography from the Faculty of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences atUSP - Geography Dept. (1994). She has experience in the environmental areawith an emphasis on the monitoring of water quality. She completed her PhD in2009 at FFLCH-Geography, presenting the proposal for the Index of a SpatialScope for the Monitoring of Surface Water (IAEM), focusing on the spatialmanagement of water resources and its relationship to population growth,
demonstrating the vulnerabilities caused by anthropogenic pressure.
Gabriela de Sá Leitão de Mello([email protected])
A Sanitary Engineer trained at the Mauá Institute of Technology (2001) and has amaster’s degree in Civil Engineering from the Polytechnic School of the University ofSão Paulo (2005), Gabriela de Sá Leitão de Mello was an environmental analyst atthe Environmental Company of São Paulo State - CETESB from August 2007 toSeptember 2012 working in the fields of water quality and licensing and inspection.From 2002 to 2015, she was a professor at the University Center of the MauáInstitute of Technology and a professor at the Faculty of Engineering of theUniversity Center of the Santo André Foundation from 2005 to 2015. She taughtundergraduate courses including Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental Pollution and Sanitation, as well as postgraduate courses. She beganher doctorate in 2012 at USP's School of Public Health completing all her credits,but stopped her enrollment in 2014 due to a change of country. In 2015, shelectured at two universities in Peru: Pontificia Universidad del Peru - PUCP andUniversidad Científica del Sur. She is currently working with Golder Associates as aSpecialist in Water Quality.
SUMMARY
Water Quality Variables And The Objectives Of Water Quality Diagnosis- Eng. San. Gabriela Mello ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 13Chapter 1Physical Variables of Water Quality .............................................................................................................................. 15Chapter 2Chemical Variables of Water Quality ............................................................................................................................ 24Chapter 3Types of diagnosis: emergency care, monitoring activities, trend analysis, impact assessment, analysis ofcompliance with legal standards .................................................................................................................................. 47
Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 57
List of Tables
Table 1 - Oxygen saturation content dissolved in fresh water at sea level, at different temperatures (in mg/L)(Derísio, 1992) ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 2 - Concentrations and loads of BOD in different types of effluents (Braile and Cavalcanti, 1993) ................. 28
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Color tone difference caused by natural sources in the merging of the Rio Negro with the Amazon River(Photo: A.Camolez, 2011) ........................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2 - Procedure for determining color using the spectrophotometer at the CETESB Laboratory ofInorganic Chemistry Photo: R. Rossetti (2017) ........................................................................................ 16
Figure 3 - Particle distribution in a sample of water .................................................................................................. 16Figure 4 - Negative esthetic effect of treated water (Available at: <http://avozdoportoal.blogspot.com.br/2015/01/
agua-barrenta-continua-sem-solucao.html>Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................ 17Figure 5 - Solids fractions (Available at: <http://www.c2o.pro.br/analise_agua/a1833.html>
Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................................................................... 19Figure 6 - Imhoff Cone used to determine the amount of sedimentable solids at the CETESB Inorganic
Chemistry Lab. Photo: C.L. Midaglia ,2017 .............................................................................................. 20Figure 7 - Secchi Disc (Available at: <http://www.corporacionsystemar.com/producto/138-disco.-secchi>
Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................................................................... 21Figure 8 - Use of Secchi Disc (Available at:: <http://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAABdHEAE/parametros-
qualidade-agua> Accessed in August of 2016) ......................................................................................... 21Figure 9 - Dissolved oxygen concentration in relation to biodiversity (Available at: <http://www.quimlab.com.br/
guiadoselementos/variaveis_quimicas.htm> Accessed in: August of 2016) ............................................. 26Figure 10 - Self purification of a water body (Available at: <http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/358980/> Accessed on
August of 2016) ....................................................................................................................................... 27Figure 11 - The reaction in determining CDO (Available at:<http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/9162028/> Accessed
in August of 2016) .................................................................................................................................... 28Figure 12 - Example of a eutrophicated water structure, with excessive algae growth (Arquives of the Banco
Interáguas-CETESB) ............................................................................................................................... 33Figure 13 - Incrustation of a water pipe (Available at: <http://inspecaoequipto.blogspot.com.br/2013/08/
inscrustacao-em-caldeiras.html>Accessed in August of 2016) ................................................................ 33Figure 14 - Bioaccumulation caused by Mercury (Available at: <http://scienceblogs.com.br/rastrodecarbono
/2013/01/rastro-de-mercurio/> Accessed August of 2016) ....................................................................... 36Figure 15 - Salt Wedge Intrusion (B) (Available at: <http://www.tnh1.com.br/noticias/noticias-detalhe/meio-
ambiente/250-mil-a-beira-do-colapso-crise-hidrica-avanca-degrada-reservas-e-cria-ilhas-de-desabastecimento-em-maceio/?cHash=ff51354ca59fe0f719d2a7d1e68a894f> Accessed in Augustof 2016) ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 16 - Photo of foam forming on the São Pedro Hydroelectric Power Plant, in Itu. (C.L. Midaglia, 2015) ............. 43Figure 17 - Graph of the environments affected by chemical emergencies treated by the CETESB in 2015
(SIEQ, 2017) ........................................................................................................................................... 47
SUMMARY
Figure 18 - Evolution in the registered cases of fish mortalities from 2010 to 2015 (CETESB, 2016) ......................... 48Figure 19 - Proportion between the causes of fish mortality from 2010 to 2015, dealt with by CETESB
(CETESB, 2016) ..................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 20 - Separated and combined sewage systems (Von Sperling 2005) .............................................................. 49Figure 21 - Point and diffuse pollution sources and examples of points for water samples (adapted from Von
Sperling 2005) ......................................................................................................................................... 50Figure 22 - Measure of BOD5,20 (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ................... 51Figure 23 - Average of ammoniacal nitrogen (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years
(CETESB, 2008) ..................................................................................................................................... 51Figure 24 - Average of total phosphorus (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ........ 52Figure 25 - Nickel (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) .......................................... 52Figura 26 - Zinc average (2007) and the tendency over the previous 10 years (CETESB, 2008) ................................ 52Figure 27 - Hypothetical example a quality parameter’s variation throughout time (SANCHEZ, 2006) ......................... 53
WATER QUALITY
VARIABLES AND THE
OBJECTIVES OF WATER
QUALITY DIAGNOSIS
ENG. SAN. GABRIELA MELLO
Cadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do Conhecimento
11
12
Intro
Wateactivbe dsoil’s
EvensuspAnthboth efflueagrocbodie
Chapqualithat variaon thwith periothe afacilitthe rEnvirindex
o
o
o
o
In thiSeriephoscadmchlorcompPAHEme
Chanmay for th
WATE
oduction
er quality invities taking etermined b
s characteri
n in a prespended solidropogenic ain an occ
ents into tchemicals es on the su
pters 1 andity variablesthere are
ables shouldhe objectiveits intended
odic monitorapplicable letate commuresults of thronmental Cxes to the re
o WQI – Wo RWQUIPo TSI – Troo WQIPAL
Commun
is module, tes of Solidssphorus formmium, chromride, total alpounds, dets, trihalomerging Pollut
nges in watrestrict thei
he populatio
ER QUALOF
n water bodplace in th
by its presestics and th
served hydds into theactivities, incasional wathe water, and fertilizeurface
d 2 of this cs, also callehundreds od be used toe. One examd use and wring of wateegislation aunication wheir analyseCompany oesults obtai
Water QualitPWS – Rawophic State
L – Water Qnities
the followin, Conductiv
ms), pH, Memium, coppelkalinity, sultergents, orethane formtants.
er quality, air intended on and econ
LITY VARWATER Q
dies is a rehe area. Thervation levhe types of v
rographic be body of wn turn, mayay, as in t
and alsoers, which,
course moded quality inof water quo assess thmple might with the avaer quality, thnd the para
with the pubes into wateof the Stateined in the m
ty Index w Water Qua Index
Quality Index
g physical vvity, Temperetals (alumier, cobalt, lephate, hard
rganochlorinmation poten
as evidenceuses, causinomic losse
RIABLES AQUALITY
esult of the us, the wat
vel, the use vegetation c
basin, for water, whicy cause mothe release
in a diffuduring mo
dule will disndicators oruality variahe quality of
be checkinailable resohe selectionameters thablic, environer quality ine of São Pmonitoring
ality Index f
x for the Pro
variables wrature and Tnum, mangead, mercudness, fluorne pesticidential, polych
ed by changing damage
es. In Brazil
AND THEY DIAGNO
natural conter quality oand occup
cover that a
example, th can increre intense
e of domesuse way, tments of ra
scuss in der parameterbles and thf a particula
ng the compurces. In a n of variableat are relevanmental condexes. As
Paulo - CETprogram:
for Public W
otection of A
ill be studieTransparen
ganese, ironry, silver, n
ride, oils andes, polycyclhlorinated bi
ges in levelse to aquatic , the CONA
E OBJECTOSIS
nditions andof a hydrogpation of theare present.
here is naease water alterations stic sewagehrough theainfall, drai
etail some ors. It shouldhat the cho
ar body of wpatibility of tmonitoring
es should taant to the rentrol agenc an examp
TESB appli
Water Supply
Aquatic Life
d: Turbiditycy; (nitroge
n, arsenic, bickel, selend greases, pic aromatic phenyls- PC
s of quality plife, leading
AMA Resolu
TIVES
d anthropographic basie area’s so.
atural amour turbidity lein water que and indue application into the w
of the key wd be emphaoosing of w
water will dethe water q program foake into acegion. In ordcies can cople, in Braziies the follo
y
e and Aquat
y, True Coloen forms anbarium, nium and zinphenolic hydrocarbo
CBs and
parametersg to health rution No. 35
genic in will il, the
unt of evels. uality, ustrial on of water
water asized which epend quality or the count der to onvert il, the owing
tic
or, d
nc),
ons -
s, risks
57 of
13
2005estabnoblecomm430/2way,espe
The CET
5 determineblishing quae uses, sucmunities, an2011 estab both will be
ecially in Ch
main refereESB (2016)
s the five clality standarch as public nd Class 4 rlishes stande a fundam
hapter 3.
ences used ), in addition
lasses for frrds for eachsupply and
represents dards for theental refere
in the elabon to those li
resh water h of them. Td preservatiothe least noe release o
ence for the
oration of thisted in Bib
in function oThe Special on of the naoble uses. Cof effluents i
developme
his module wliographical
of their intenClass assu
atural balanCONAMA Rnto water b
ent of this co
were Piveli Reference
nded uses, umes more nce of aquatResolution Nbodies. In thourse modu
(2007) andes.
tic No. is
ule,
14
Cha
Phys
The Cond
a
The that solidfrom
o
o
Or an
o
o
It is i2):
The Tμm mColo
pter 1
sical varia
main waterductivity, So
a) True Co
True Color light suffers, and of mnatural sou
o Partial do Iron and
Figure
nthropogen
o Domestio Effluents
and tann
mportant to
True (or Acmembrane tr is only ass
ables of w
r quality indolids Fractio
olor
of a water rs while pamaterial in curces (Figur
ecompositiod manganes
e 1 - Color tonRio Negro
nic
c sewage; s from pulp neries.
o differentiat
ctual) Color to remove ssociated wit
water quali
dicators usons, Transp
sample is ssing throucolloidal, orre 1), such a
on of vegetase oxides n
ne difference co with the Ama
and paper
te the True
is determinsuspended sth dissolved
ity
ed for physparency, Tu
associated ugh it, mainrganic and as:
ation (humiaturally pre
caused by natazon River (Ph
industries (
(or Real) C
ned from a ssolids (thosd solids (les
sical characrbidity and T
to the degnly due to inorganic s
c acid and fesent in the
tural sources ihoto: A.Camo
(lignin and c
Color from th
sample that se greater thss than 10-3
cterization aTemperatur
ree of reduthe presen
state. The c
fulvic acid) soil.
n the merginglez, 2011).
cellulose), t
he Apparen
has been fhan 1 μm), s3μm) and pa
are: True Cre.
ction in intence of disscolor may
and
g of the
textiles (ani
nt Color. (Fig
filtered on asince True art of the
Color,
ensity olved come
lines)
gure
a 0.45
15
colloFigur
The Ato filtdisso
Fig
Althoof the
In ththe ctechn
idal particlere 3.
Apparent Ctration, meaolved.
gure 2 - Proce
ough determe particles,
e CETESB collection renician at the
es (intermed
Color is the caning a sam
edure for deterIno
Figur
Dissolv
mining the sit is practic
monitoringecord basice time of sa
diate size pa
color that wmple that con
rmining color uorganic Chem
re 3 – Particle
ed particles. Turbidit
solids fractioal and fast.
g network, itcally consistampling. Co
articles, bet
was measurentains susp
using the specmistry Photo: R
e distribution in
Colloid partity. Apparent C
ons does no
t is importats of a visuloration is a
tween 1 and
ed in a sampended part
ctrophotometeR. Rossetti (20
n a sample of
cles. ParticleColor. Real c
ot clarify an
ant to note tual observata field param
d 10-3 μm),
mple that waicles, both c
er at the CETE17)
water.
es in suspensolor.
nything rega
that the colotion made bmeter.
, as shown
as not subjecolloidal an
ESB Laborator
sion.
arding the n
oration noteby the colle
in
ected d
ry of
nature
ed on ection
16
The
•
•
•
b
Condcurreof saconc
Impo
In gecondof wathe rmore
variable’s
• Color climit estaof the Mi
<http://avoz
At Wateflocculat
A reducimbalancfor Classmethod)
Color is
b) Conduc
ductivity is ent. It depealts in the centration of
ortance of v
eneral, leveductivity alsoater, especirelative amoe dissolved
importanc
causes aesablished in inistry of He
Figure 4 – Nzdoportoal.blo
er Treatmention, sedime
ction of ligces. Thus, s 2 water b.
a little used
ctivity
the numerinds on ioniwater colu
f pollutants
variable:
els greatero gives a gially in its mounts of thed solids
e:
sthetic damBrazil by th
ealth) is 15
Negative estheogspot.com.br/
Accesse
nt Plants, centation and
ght penetrain CONAM
bodies is 7
d quality var
cal expressc concentra
umn and thcontained w
r than 100 ood indicat
mineral conce various coare added
age in pubhe Potabilitymg Pt-Co.
etic effect of t/2015/01/aguaed in August o
color is a cd filtration p
ation into MA Resolutio
5 mg Pt. L
riable at Sew
sion of the ations and therefore rewithin fresh
μS cm-1 ition of the acentration, bomponents.d. High v
blic water suy Standard L-1.
reated water (a-barrenta-conof 2016).
control pararocesses.
water bodon No. 357
L-1 (visual c
wage Treat
ability of wtemperature
epresents a water.
indicate imalterations ibut it does n
The water’values may
upply (Figu(Ordinance
(Available at: ntinua-sem-so
ameter for
ies can ca7/2005, the omparison:
tment Statio
water to cone and indica
an indirect
pacted envn the compnot provide ’s conductivy indicate
ure 4). Thuse No. 2914/
olucao.html>
the coagul
ause ecoloTrue Color
: platinum-c
ons.
nduct an elcates the am
measure o
vironments.position of aany indicatvity increas
the corr
s, the /2011
ation,
ogical r limit cobalt
ectric mount of the
. The a type ion of es as rosive
17
chara2005
c
The remaIn gethoseclass
•
•
The analy
acteristics 5, does not
c) Series o
total solidsains as resideneral terme that defisified as foll
• Physical
S
C
D
Chemica
V
F
methods uytical or pre
of that watestablish lim
of Solids
s in a samdue, after th
ms, the dryine the varlows:
l Characteri
Suspension
Colloidals
Dissolved
al Characte
Volatile solid
Fixed solids
used to detecision bala
ter. Braziliamits regardi
mple of wathe water evng, calcinarious solid
stics - Size
ristics:
ds (organic)
(inorganic)
termine thence (Figure
an legislatioing conduct
ter or effluevaporates aation (550-6
fractions
e:
)
)
e nine solide 5).
on, CONAMtivity.
ent correspand dries us600 ° C) apresent in
ds fractions
MA Resolu
pond to all sing an ovennd filtrationthe water,
s are gravim
tion No. 35
the mattern set at 102
n operation, which ca
metric, usin
57 of
r that 2 ° C. s are
an be
ng an
18
Dr
The
In thdeterregaimpoalthocompthe dorgarefercompover
In adfractiusing
Figure 5 –
Sample of wrying to cons
variable’s
he characterminations rding the b
ortant pieceough the copounds in wdifferent ornic molecul
rence rangepounds vola1000 ° C.
ddition to thion called g an Imhoff
Solids fraction
water. Filtratistant weight.
importanc
erization of of the con
behavior ofe of prelimncentrationwater, it dorganic moleles can initi
e of 550-600atilize above
he nine solidsedimentabCone, as s
ns (Available aAccesse
ion by glass fTotal solids. volatile solid
e:
natural wancentrationsf the wate
minary inforn of volatile oes not provecules that iate the vola0 ° C (maine 250 ° C, w
ds fractionsble solids. shown in Fig
at: <http://wwwed in August o
fiber filter witTotal dissolv
ds. Fixed diss
aters or of s of variou
er or effluermation. It solids is as
vide any inmay be p
atilization pntained durinwhile others
s previouslyThe determ
gure 6. The
w.c2o.pro.br/aof 2016).
th <2um poreved solids. Tosolved solids
domestic aus solids f
ent in quesshould be
ssociated wformation a
present. In process at teng the calcis require, fo
y describedmination of unit is expr
analise_agua/a
e size. Retainotal suspende.
and industrifractions arstion, but it
noted, fowith the presabout the s
addition, aemperatureination stepor example,
, there is anthis fractio
ressed in m
a1833.html>
ned. Filtered. ed solids. To
ial effluentsre not defit constituter example,sence of orpecific natua portion oes other thap). Some or temperatu
nother impoon is perfo
mL. L-1.
otal
s, the initive es an , that rganic ure of of the an the rganic res in
ortant ormed
19
Figu
For tgills orgaspawriversState1mL.relea
The Brazlimit
d
This watedepth
The
Fromzonewate(Figuin the
ure 6 – Imhoff
the water reto clog up, nisms that
wning. The s, promotine of São P. L-1, to be ase in the co
dissolved sil. Accordinis 500 mg.
d) Transpa
variable is er to the deh of the pho
variable’s
m the Secche in lakes oer column, wure 8). Suche water bod
f Cone used toC
esource, seand to otheprovide foosolids can
ng anaerobiPaulo has e
released dollecting ne
solids fractig to CONAL-1.
arency
determinedepth where otic zone in
importanc
hi disk meaor ponds, thwhich indicah depth is idy.
o determine thChemistry Lab
edimentableer aquatic liod or mighretain bac
c decompoestablishedirectly into twork, prov
ion also haAMA Resolu
d using the it is no lonlentic wate
e:
asurement, hat is, the ates the levnfluenced b
he amount of sb. Photo: C.L.
e solids canfe. They cat also dam
cteria and oosition. Thu
two emissthe body o
vided with tr
as a qualitytion No. 35
Secchi disnger visible.er bodies, in
it is possibdepth of ve
vel of photoby the conc
sedimentable Midaglia ,201
n cause daan sedimentage areas
organic ress, accordinion standar
of water (Arreatment (A
y standard r7 of 2005, f
k (Figure 7. Thus, it is particular.
ble to estimertical penesynthetic ac
centration o
solids at the C7
mage to fist in the riveof river beidues at th
ng to Decrerds regardinrticle 18) anrticle 19-A).
regarding nfor special w
), which is s possible t
ate the depetration of sctivity of lakf suspende
CETESB Inorg
sh, causinger bed destreds used fohe bottom oee No. 8468ng this varnd 20mL. L.
natural watewater bodie
immersed ito determin
pth of the psunlight intkes or reseed solids pr
ganic
g their roying or fish of the 8, the riable: -1, for
ers in es the
in the e the
photic to the rvoirs esent
20
<
<htt
e
The inten(thosexam
<http://www.co
tp://www.ebah
e) Turbidit
turbidity ofnsity that ligse greater tmple:
• A
orporacionsys
Fh.com.br/conte
ty
f a sample ght suffers wthan 1 μm,
Algae, organ
Figure 7 - Stemar.com/pro
igure 8 – Useent/ABAAABdH
of water iswhen crossaccording
nic waste, m
Secchi Disc (Aoducto/138-di
e of Secchi DisHEAE/parame
2016).
s associatesing it, dueto Figure 3
microrganis
Available at: sco.-secchi> A
sc (Available aetros-qualidad
d with the to the pre3), which m
ms
Accessed in A
at:: de-agua> Acce
degree of sence of su
may be of n
August of 2016
essed in Augu
reduction iuspended s
natural origi
6)
ust of
n the solids n, for
21
Or of
Althocomp
The
o TB
o Ino(Td
o InwR1
f)
TemexhibModuseascausnucle
Temthat to 30and pressthe wincre
• S
f anthropog
• R
• E
• M
ough the Tposition of t
variable’s
There is aesBrazil, by Or
n water treaof coagulatTurbidity ca
disinfection)
n natural wwhich can rResolution N
00 UNT.
) Tempera
perature vabit seasonaule I. Surfa
son, time osed by induear power p
perature plaseveral phy0 ° C, viscolatent heatsure increawater, incr
ease the rat
Sand, silt an
genic origin:
Release of d
Erosive proc
Mining activ
Turbidity dethe particles
importanc
sthetic damrdinance No
atment planion, flocculan serve a).
waters, turbreduce or sNo. 357/200
ature
ariations areal and diurnace tempe
of day and ustrial efflueplants.
ays a cruciaysical-chemosity, surfact of vaporiz
ase. Elevatioease the se of gas tra
nd clay
domestic se
cesses
ities
eterminations, it is a pra
e:
age of the o. 2914/201
nts for publilation, sedi
as a shelter
idity diminissuppress fis05, the turbi
e part of theal variationrature is indepth. Inc
ents (such a
al role in thmical variablce tension, zation decrons in tempspeed of p
ansfer, whic
ewage and
n is not spactical and r
public wate11, of the M
ic supply, itimentation, r for micro
shes light psh productiidity limit fo
e normal clis as well anfluenced b
creased temas sugarca
e aquatic eles have. Incompressibrease whileperature al
physical, chh can cause
industrial ef
pecific, sincrapid determ
er supply. Tinistry of He
t is an impofiltration a
organisms,
penetrationivity, for exr Class 2 w
imate regims vertical sby factors
mperature iane industrie
environmentn general, ability, specife the thermso decreashemical ane a bad sm
ffluentsUrba
e it does mination.
hus, the limealth, is 5 U
ortant variaband disinfe
reducing t
, hindering xample. Thuwater bodies
me and natutratification such as lan a water es) and the
t, conditionias temperatfic heat, ionmal conducse the solubd biologicaell.
an drainage
not indicate
mit establishUNT.
ble in the coection procethe efficien
photosynthus, in CONs, for examp
ural water bas present
atitude, altbody is us
ermoelectric
ing the influture rises frnization conctivity and vbility of gasal reactions
e
e the
hed in
ontrol esses ncy of
hesis, NAMA ple, is
odies ted in itude, sually c and
uence rom 0 nstant vapor ses in s and
22
The
•
•
variable’s
Maintaintolerancegradientsincubatiofollowingtemperazone".
Temperabiologica
importanc
ning aquatice limits, opts and certaon etc. Accog as the emture variatio
ature is coal processe
e:
c life, since timal tempeain temperaordingly, COmission staon of the re
onsidered ts in water tr
aquatic orgeratures for atures limitaONAMA Reandard: "temeceiving bod
to be an reatment.
ganisms havgrowth, pre
ations for egesolution Nomperature: dy must no
important
ve upper aneference fogg migrationo. 357/2005less than
t exceed 3º
variable in
nd lower ther certain then, spawning5 establishe40º C, an
º C in the m
controlling
ermal ermal g and es the d the
mixing
g the
23
Cha
Che
Somorgatheir cadmchlorcomp(PAHEme
a
Oxygdifferconc
Wheα é upgásCSAWheα is apgasCSA For epressconc1. It ias a Table
pter 2
mical Var
e of the manic matter
different mium, chromride, total pounds, deHS), formatrging Pollut
a) Dissolve
gen from thrence. Thi
centration of
re: uma constas é a pressã
AT = α.p. re: a constant ts is the pres
AT = α.p.
example, oxsure of 0.2
centration ofis very comfunction of
e 1.
riables of W
ain chemica(BOD, DOforms), pHmium, coppalkalinity,
etergents, oion potentiatants.
ed Oxygen
he atmosphs mechanf saturation
nte que varão exercida
that varies issure exerte
xygen make21 atm. At f oxygen sa
mmon to findf temperatu
Water Qua
al variables C, COD an
H, metals (per, cobalt,
sulfate, haorganochlorial of trihalom
here dissolvism is goof a gas in
CS
ria inversama pelo gás s
nversely pred by the ga
es up 21% 20 ° C, for
aturation in d in the liteure, pressur
ality
for indicatinnd TOC), n(aluminum,lead, mercardness, fine pesticidmethanes,
ves in natuoverned by water, as a
SAT = α.pg
mente proposobre a supe
roportional tas on the s
of the atmor example, surface warature tablere and salin
ng water qunutrients (n mangane
cury, silver, fluoride, oildes, polycycpolychlorin
ral waters y Henry's a function o
gás
orcional à teerfície do líq
to temperaturface of th
osphere anα is equal
ater is equales of oxygenity of the w
uality are: diitrogen andse, iron, anickel, sele
ls and greclic aromatated biphen
due to the Law, whic
f temperatu
emperatura quido.
ure and e liquid.
d, by Dalto to 43.9 an to 43.9 x 0n saturationwater, as in
issolved oxd phosphorarsenic, baenium and eases, phetic hydrocarnyls - PCBs
partial prech defines
ure:
e
n's law, exend therefor0.21 = 9.2 mn concentran the exam
ygen, rus in arium,
zinc) enolic rbons s and
ssure s the
erts a re the mg. L-
ations ple in
24
Tem
The depebodyriver norm AnotThis areasfor thseveis onorga Dissogeneconshigh concbiodithese In a assetakenconc
Table 1-
perature (ºC)
0
2
4
6
8
10
15
20
25
30
reintroductends on they. Thus, the
at normal mally has a l
ther importasource is
s where intehe sun's ra
ere pollutionnly expressnic matter h
olved oxygeral, pollutedsumption in
dissolved centration. Tiversity foune concentra
body of eessment of n as the ba
centrations,
- Oxygen saat differe
14,
13,
13,
12,
11,
11,
10,
9,
8,
7,
tion rate of hydraulic csurface reavelocity, w
low velocity
ant source not very siense sewagys to penet
n conditions ive after a
has occurre
en is an imd waters arthe decompoxygen conThe concennd in any aations may v
utrophic wathe pollutio
asis. A bodyduring the
aturation coent tempera
0
6
8
1
5
9
3
2
2
4
6
f oxygen dcharacteristaeration ratehich in turn
y.
of oxygen ignificant inge is releastrate the wacan survivelarge part
ed.
mportant inde those withposition of oncentrationsntration of aquatic envivary depend
ater, howevon level why of water wday, well ab
ontent dissoatures (in m
Alti
250
14,2
13,4
12,7
12,1
11,5
11,0
9,9
8,9
8,1
7,4
dissolved intics and is pe in a cascan presents
in water bn the stretcsed. High tuater and one. Thus, theof the bac
dicator of th a low dissorganic coms, reachingdissolved oironment, Fding on wat
ver, the ovhen only thwith excessbove 10 mg
olved in fresg/L) (Derísi
tude (m)
500
13,8
13,0
12,3
11,7
11,2
10,7
9,5
8,6
7,9
7,2
n natural wproportionalade (water a rate high
bodies is thches of riverbidity and nly a few se photosyntcterial activ
the pollutiosolved oxygmpounds), wg a point sloxygen is
Figure 9 serter body co
vergrowth ohe dissolvesive growth g/L, even at
h water at so, 1992).
75
13,
12,
12,
11,
10,
10,
9,
8,
7,
7,
waters throu to the velofall) is great
her than tha
e photosyners that arestrong colopecies thathetic contribity in the d
n level in wgen concentwhile the cleightly belowdirectly prorving as annditions.
of algae maed oxygen
of algae mt temperatu
sea level,
50
,3
,6
,0
,4
,8
,3
,3
,4
,6
,0
ugh the suocity of the wter than thaat of a dam
nthesis of ae downstreaor make it dit are resistabution of ox
decompositi
water bodietration (dueean waters w the satuoportional tn example,
ay influencconcentrati
may have oxures above 2
1000
12,9
12,2
11,6
11,0
10,5
10,0
9,0
8,1
7,4
6,7
urface water
at of a m that
algae. am to ifficult ant to xygen on of
es. In to its show ration o the since
e the ion is xygen 20°C,
25
charawateHoweand c
<htt
b
The consdegrathe mmatteand a
It camattedeterChemorgaare eorgaDisso
o
Bioch(oxid
acterizing aer velocity, ever, at nigcause fish m
Figuretp://www.quim
Very lo
b) Organic
greater thesumption ofade it. Planmain naturaer, not onlyagricultural
n be said ter in samprmined, themical Oxygnic matter expressed nic matter olved Organ
o The Bioc
hemical Dedize) organi
a situation oin which grht, the consmortality.
e 9- Dissolvedmlab.com.br/gu
Theow for fish/12
reprodu
c Matter
e amount off dissolvednt and animal sources y biodegraddrainage.
hat there wples of wateen the Bioen Demandpresent in in O2/L mgpresent in
nic Carbon
chemical Ox
emand is thec matter int
of super sareen crustssumption of
d oxygen concuiadoselemente fish toleran-24 hours tol
uction/activity
f biodegradd oxygen smal organic
of organicdable, are: d
was a historer and effluochemical Od - COD. Ba sample, m
g. Finally, nn a sampl- DOC.
xygen Dem
e amount oto a stable
aturation. Ths of algae mf dissolved
centration in retos/variaveis_
nce limit for dlerance limit/wy/withstands
dable organsince aerobc matter andc matter. Tdomestic s
rical evolutiuents. In thOxygen DeBOD5,20 anmeaning th
nowadays ite, through
mand (BOD)
of oxygen reinorganic fo
his mostly may form ooxygen by
elation to biod_quimicas.htm>
issolved oxywithstands sabundant po
ic matter inbic microord the microhe anthropewage, ind
on in the dhe beginninemand - Bnd COD arehat the resut is possibl Total Org
equired for orm. BOD5,2
takes placeon the surfaalgae can r
iversity (Availa> Accessed in
ygen pawning/with
opulation
n the water,rganisms noorganisms pogenic souustrial efflu
eterminatiog, the VolaOD5,20 ande indirect m
ults of thesee to directlganic Carb
microorgan20 is normal
e in lakes oace (Figurereduce the l
able at: n: August of 20
hstands
, the greateneed oxyge
themselveurces of oruents, and u
on of the oratile Solids d right aftemeasures oe determinaly determin
bon - TOC
nisms to deglly consider
of low e 13). levels
016).
er the en to
es are rganic urban
rganic were
er the of the ations e the
C and
grade red to
26
be thtempusedin thcons The The oxyg Accoclassrespe In theefficichem“potetreatfor thstudi
Self pdirect
res
he amount perature. A d and referrehe sewers sumption po
largest incrpresence o
gen in the w
ording to COsification stectively 3, 5
e field of seencies, reg
mical treatmential” demment). In thhe treatmeies of water
<
purification/Dtion/dischargsistant organ
of oxygen time perio
ed to as BOor in the
otential of di
reases of Bof a high cowater, causin
ONAMA Retandards, t5 and 10 mg
ewage treatgarding bot
ments (althomand can bhe CONAMAnt process.r (Figure 10
Figura <http://slidepla
Degradation zge of heat or dnisms/bacteri
consumedd of 5 days
OD5,20. Thuswater bo
ssolved oxy
OD in a wantent of orgng fish mort
esolution Nhe BOD5,20
g. L-1.
tment, BODth aerobic
ough oxygebe measurA No. 430 o. This varia).
10- Self purificyer.com.br/slid
zone/active ddisposal/typea and fungi/m
d over a pes at an incs, it indirectdy, therefoygen.
ater body arganic mattetality and ot
No. 357 of 20 limits for
D is an impoand anae
n demand red at the of 2011, a
able is also
cation of a wade/358980/> A
ecompositioes of organismore resistan
distance.
eriod of timcubation temtly indicatesore serving
re mostly cr can inducther forms o
2005, whichclass 1, 2
ortant pararobic biologonly occursbeginning
minimum eo the basis
ater body (AvaAccessed on A
n zone/recovms/concentr
nt organisms
me, at a spemperature os the organig as an in
aused by oe the comp
of aquatic lif
h establishe2 and 3 w
meter for cogical as ws in aerobic
and end fficiency of for natural
ilable at: August of 201
very zone/cleaation/superio/superior aqu
ecific incubof 20°C is ic matter condication o
organic draiplete depletfe.
es natural wwater bodies
ontrolling swell as phyc processesof any typ60% is req
l self-purific
6)
an water zoneor aquatic lifeuatic life/time
bation often
ontent of the
nage. ion of
water s are
tation ysical-s, the pe of quired cation
e/flow e/more e or
27
The biolotreatBODFor eprogThe posstraditHoweloadsefflueunitsconc
T
Sanita
BleachTextileDairy
Bovine
Tanne
BreweSoft d
Citric j
Sugar
o
This of a c
Fig
BOD load ogical sewament syste
D load is theexample, inram to measame can
sible, estimational in Braever, a betts in drainaents, it is al
s of mass ocentration an
Table 2
TYPE OF EFFL
ary sewage
hed pulp (Krafte products
e slaughterhou
ery (Cr)
ery rinks
juice concentr
r and alcohol
o Chemica
is the amochemical ag
gure 11- The
expressedage treatmem, such as
e product ofn an existinasure outflobe done inated unit vaazil to adopter definitio
age basins so commonor volume nd unitary c
- Concentra
LUENT
t process)
use
rated
al Demand o
ount of oxyggent, such a
reaction in de
d in kg/dayent stations areas and f the effluenng industry,ow and ana an alreadyalues may pt a "per can of this pawhere the
n to establisof process
contribution
ations and l(Braile an
BOD5,20 C
RANGE
110-400
250-600
1.000-1.500
2.500
1.611-1.784
940-1.335
2.100-3.000
of Oxygen (
gen neededas potassiu
etermining CDOAccess
y is a funds, giving for volumes o
nt’s water o, where a t
alyze BOD cy installed be calcula
apita" contrarameter is e populationsh unitary csed produc
of BOD5,20
oads of BOnd Cavalcan
CONCENTRATIO(mg / L)
TYPICAL V
220
300
1.12
1.718
1.188
25.00
(CDO)
d to oxidize m dichroma
O (Available ased in August o
damental prm to the m
of tanks, theutflow throutreatment scan be estasanitary se
ated. Regarribution of Bnecessary
n is knownontributionst. Table 2 for differen
OD in differenti, 1993).
ON UN
VALUE
29,
1.5-1
!
8
8
00
organic maate (Figure
at:<http://slideof 2016)
arameter inmain chara
e force of aeugh the BOsystem is toablished to wage systeding sanita
BOD5,20 of 5by determin. In the ca
s of BOD5,20
presents tyt types of e
nt types of
NITARY BOD5,20(Kg/
RANGE
---
2 a 42,7 kg/t
1.8 kg/m3 leite
atter in a sa11).
player.com.br
n the desigacteristics oerators, etcD concentro be installobtain the
em. If that iary sewage54 g.hab-1.dning the BOase of indu0 as a functtypical valueffluents.
effluents
0 CONTRIBUT/Day)
TYPICAL VA
54 g/hab.d
6,3 kg/1.00
live weig88 kg/t salty
10,4 kg/m3
4,8 kg/m3 s2,0 kg/1000
orange
ample by m
r/slide/916202
gn of of the c. The ation. ed, a load.
is not , it is
day-1.. OD5,20 ustrial ion of es of
TION
ALUE
day
0 kg ht
y skin
beer
soda 0 kg
e
means
28/>
28
CDOtime. The sewato obpotasexceCODbiodebiodewith indicthe bexert The sanitdevecreatcontronly both soliddue t Anotthe Cthis vCODthe rwith biolo
o
The compoxidioxygorgadissonon-atomthe scompthe f
O values are. The increa
COD is anage and indbserve the ssium dichr
ept in very D results foegradable fegradable tCOD/BOD5
cate great cbiological trted by the n
COD has btary sewagelopment thted and marol the appused as a federal ands carried byto the flow b
ther importaCOD value variable ca
D/BOD5,20 raratio changeCOD/BOD5
ogical treatm
o The Diss
organic carpounds in vzed by bio
gen demandnic carbonolved organbiodegrada
ms that are sample. Orgponent of sfact that it
e normally lase in CDO
n indispensdustrial efflu
biodegradaromate is grare cases
or a samplefraction is the effluent 5,20 ratio of hances of freatment is non-biodegr
been shownge and indat these sy
any studieslied loads asecondary
d São Pauloy the anaerbring greate
ant use of Cis higher ann be used atio is differes through 5,20 ratio eq
ment, which
solved Orga
rbon, presevarious statological ord (BOD) an in the aq
nic carbon -able portions
bound to thganic carbo
several effluserves as
arger than in a water
sable paraments. COD ability of se
greater thans such as e are highemeasured; is. It is co3/1, for ex
failure, sincfurther imp
radable frac
n to be a vedustrial efflystems had were condand the obtparameter
o state legirobic reactoer deviation
COD is in pnd the resuto signal thrent for the
treatment, qual to 3/1,
acts to a g
anic Carbon
ent in raw ates of oxidar chemical nd chemicalquatic ecos- DOC. Thes of the orghe organic on in freshwuents and s
a source o
those of BObody is ma
meter in this very useewage. It i
n that produaromatic her than thothe closer
ommon to axample. Buce the biodepaired by thction.
ery efficientfluent treatd since the ducted, it istained effic, more to vslation doe
ors due to ths in BOD re
redicting sault can be ohe dilutions.
various effespecially may, for e
reater exten
n (COD) and
and waste wation. Some
processesl oxygen desystem: pae TOC anaganic matter
structure, qwater originediments. Iof energy f
OD5,20, with inly due to w
e characteful when uss known th
uced by theydrocarbonose of BODr this valueapply biologt very high
egradable frhe toxic eff
t parameterment syste70's, when
s observed ciencies. In verify compls not includhe rise of thesults than
ample dilutiobtained on . However, fluents and when biolo
example, bent on BOD5
d Total Org
water, conse of these s, respectivemand (COrticulate orlysis considr, not receivquantifyingnates from ts environmfor bacteria
the test bewaste from
rization stused in conjuhat the oxide action of mns and pyriD. As with is to the
gical treatmevalues of
raction becofect on the
r in the contems. After n new react
the prioritythese caseiance with
de COD. It ahe gas bubbin COD one
ons in BODthe same dit should bthat, for th
ogical. Thuse in the ord,20.
anic Carbo
sists of a vacarbon com
vely providOD). There arganic carbders the bioving interferonly the caliving matte
mental impoa and algae
eing done inindustries.
udies of saunction with dation powmicroorgandine. There BOD, onlCOD, the ents to efflthis relatio
omes smallmicroorgan
trol of anaethe grow
tor models y use of COes the BODlegislation appears thables produces.
D analysis. Sday of collebe noted thae same effs, a raw effder of 10/1
n (TOC)
ariety of ormpounds caing biocheare two typ
bon - POCodegradablerence from arbon preseer and is aortance is de, in additi
n less
nitary BOD
wer of nisms, efore, y the more uents nship l, and nisms
erobic wth in
were OD to D was
since at the ced or
Since ction, at the fluent, fluent after
rganic an be emical pes of C and e and other ent in also a due to on to
29
formhigh orgabody
c
Phosqualiamoucharaprocein sathe n
PhosFecamaingeneexcecan a
As abodie
Phosform for excatiophosof wortho
Orthophosphosabso
With diverorganitrogcontrsome
ing complexconcentratnic carbon
y.
) Nutrient
sphorus andity of fresh unts by thacterizationesses. Alth
anitary sewenatural wate
sphorus appal organic mn source. Seral, cannedessive amoualso cause
n example,es, accordin
• 0.030• 0.050• 0.1 m
sphorus canin which p
xample. Thons formingsphates, ortwater qualophosphate
ophosphatesphate and sphates areorption until
regard to rse. Sanitarnic nitrogegen, by thribute to dise chemical,
x metals. Tions, becomin water is
ts (Nitroge
d nitrogen awater. Both
he cells. Thn of industriough it is aers and inders.
pears in namatter and Some indusd foods, slaunts of phosthe presenc
in Brazil, tng to CONA
0 mg. L -1 fo0 mg. L -1 fo
mg. L -1 for lo
n occur in phosphorus e orthophos inorganic
thophosphality contros in natural
es are bioacondensed
e released inthey are hy
nitrogen, ry sewage n into the
he hydrolysscharges of, petrochem
The part formme toxic, in
also a use
n Forms an
are the mah are calledhus, they ial effluents
a nutrient fodustrial efflu
atural waterwashing po
strial effluenaughterhousphorus. Dce of an exc
he limit conAMA No. 35
or lentic wator intermediotic environ
water in thcomposes
sphates aresalts in the
ate polymersl because waters.
available an phosphatento the watydrolyzed by
the naturalis, in genewaters due
sis of ureaf organic an
mical, steel,
med by theaddition to
eful indicato
nd Phosph
in nutrientsd macro nut
are essens that are mor biologicaluents leads
rs, mainly dowder detents, such a
uses, refrigerainage wacessive am
ncentrations57, are:
ter bodies,ates and
nments.
hree differe organic me representee water an
rs. This third it under
nd, once ases. After theter. Howevey bacteria in
l sources oeral, the mae to the pa in the wnd ammoni, pharmace
e excreta of causing ae
or of the lev
horus Form
s to be constrients, sinctial parame
meant to be processes to process
due to dischergents useas fertilizerserators andaters from aount of pho
s for total p
nt ways. Oolecules, sed by the ra
nd the polyd form is norgoes hydr
ssimilated, e death of aer, they arento orthoph
of this nutrain anthropresence of
water. Somacal nitroge
eutical, cann
f algae cyanesthetic provel of pollut
ms)
sidered as e they are reters in pre treated th, the excesses of the e
harges of sd on a largs, pesticide dairy prodgricultural a
osphorus in
hosphorus
Organic phouch as thatadicals, whiphosphatesot very improlysis, rap
are convern organism
e not availabosphates.
rient in natpogenic sou
proteins ae industriaen into the ned food, s
nophytes caoblems. Thetion in the w
indicators orequired in rograms fohrough bioloss of phospeutrophicati
sanitary sewge scale ares, chemicaducts all prand urban anatural wat
in Class 2 w
osphates art of a deterich combines, or condeportant in stpidly beco
rted into orm, the conde
ble for biolo
tural watersurce, introdand ammonal effluents
waters, sucslaughterho
an, in e total water
of the large
or the ogical horus ion of
wage. re the als in rovide areas ters.
water
re the rgent, e with ensed tudies oming
rganic ensed ogical
s are ucing niacal
also ch as uses,
30
slaugmechbodiepreseon thwateorgathrouAlso sanit
As senitriteway,relatiriversdeconotedanalyof thaway
UndenaturlimitsFurthoxygFor tfor thquali
Nitra(nitrablue maxi
Whenitrogeutronutrieusesoccu
The compcontrTher
ghterhouseshanisms sues, which inence of orghe presenceer, since thenic nitrogen
ugh fertilizein urban a
tation, is a d
een, nitrogee and nitrat the degraionship bets, the prese
omposition zd (Figure 10yses show e pollution y.
er current fral waters as fish life, ahermore, asgen in naturthese reasohe classificaity indices.
ates are toxate is reduc
blood). Thimum value
n discharggen, presenophic. Eutroents, espec
s of the waurs from the
control ofpromised brol, such arefore, it is p
s and tanneuch as biofixncorporate ganic nitroge of light, ae rain transn to the wa
ed soils alsoreas, rainwdiffuse sour
en can be fote. The first adation statween the ence of orgazone, nitrite0). That is, a predominis nearby.
federal legisand the stanand many s previouslral waters uons, the conation of nat
xic and causced to nitriteherefore, ne permitted b
ged into nnt in the waophication ccially algae.aters, serio
death and
f eutrophicby the pluraas the fixapreferable to
eries. The axation perfothe atmospen in the walso provoksports theseater bodieso contribute
water drainarce of difficu
ound in wattwo are red
ages of orgnitrogen foanic nitroge
e in the recoif a sample
nance of theIf nitrite and
slation, amndard for sespecies cay seen, am
upon gettingncentration otural waters
se childhooe in the blooitrate is a by Ordinanc
atural wateastewater, can facilitate These largusly damagdecomposi
cation, throality of soution of atmo control ph
atmosphereormed by bapheric nitrogwaters; chemkes the prese substance. In agricules to the p
age, associault characte
ters in the fduced formganic polluorms. In theen in the deovery zone of water ise reduced fd nitrate pre
mmoniacal newage emisannot withstmmonia prog biologicalof ammonias and is us
od methemoodstream, c
standard ce No. 2914
ers, the ncause the e a more inge concentrging the pution of thes
ough the rurces, manmospheric hosphorus s
e is an impoacteria andgen in their mical fixatiosence of ames, as well tural areas
presence ofated with thrization.
forms of orgms and the la
tion can be areas of
egradation zand nitrate collected fforms then edominate,
nitrogen is assions. Ammtand conceovokes the ly oxidized,acal nitrogeually used
oglobinemiacompeting wof potability4/2011 of th
nutrients, ethe environ
ntense growrations of aublic supply
se organism
reduction ony of whichnitrogen, bsources.
ortant sourc algae prestissues, co
on, a reactiommonia anas the par
, the drainaf several fohe deficienc
ganic nitrogeast two are
be associatnatural se
zone, ammoin the cleanrom a polluthat meanssewage dis
a classificamonia is a tentrations a
consumpti called secn is an impoin the cons
a, which is fwith free oxy, with 10 he Ministry o
specially pnment to flowth of livinglgae can imy or causins.
of the nitroh are extreby some ge
ce due to sesent in the wontributing ton that dep
nd nitrates irticles contaage of rainw
orms of nitrocies of the p
en, ammon oxidized. Ited through
elf purificationia in the an water zonted river an
s that the soscharges fu
ation standatoxin that g
above 5 mgion of diss
cond-stage ortant paramstitution of w
fatal for chxygen, creat
mg. L-1 aof Health.
phosphorusourish, makg things thampede the vng pollution
rogen suppemely difficenera of a
everal water to the pends in the aining water ogen. public
niacal, n this h the on in active ne are nd the ource urther
ard of reatly g. L-1. olved BOD. meter water
ildren ting a s the
and king it at use varied n that
ply is ult to
algae.
31
It shoin Brrelea
In bimustwitho
In theto adinduscompthesegranphos
d
PH reneutrthe dorgasewamain
The
•
•
•
ould also berazil do not ase high con
ological reat show up out nutrition
e treatmentdd them arstrial efflueposed of cae nutrients ulated urea
sphorus, am
d) pH
epresents trality or alkdissolution onic matter aage and indn tributary of
variable’s
• pH variaon the ptoxic menutrientsclasses
• pH is foconditionto the ebetweenform, NH
• In Brazilwater shwaters h
e remembenormally in
ncentrations
actors at sin the pro
nal limitation
t of sanitaryrtificially, onents, such arbohydratehave to be
a, rich in nitmong other c
the concentkalinity of thof rocks, thand photos
dustrial effluf the Amazo
importanc
ations on aqphysiology oetals, for exas. Thereforeof natural w
ound to be n, ammoniaequilibrium, n 11 and 1H3.
, accordinghould vary frhave an incr
red that thenclude the rs of these in
ewage treaoportions thns.
y sewage, tn the contra
as those es and contaadded in orrogen and commercial
tration of hyhe water. Ce absorptioynthesis, orents. Riverson River, th
e:
quatic ecosyof the speciample. Othee, in Brazil, water use, a
elevated ina is largely
NH3+H+ ↔2, Ammoni
to Ordinanrom 6.0 to 9rusting effec
e sewage treremoval of nnto the wate
atment planhat are ade
these nutrieary, the profrom pape
ain almost nrder to achiammoniuml products.
ydrogen H+ hanges in p
on of gases r anthropogs may natu
he Rio Negr
ystems mayies, or indirer condition the range
according to
n eutrophicpresent in N↔NH+4, raum ion con
nce No. 2919.0, since act (Figure 1
eatment pronutrients aner bodies.
nts, carbonequate eno
ents are fouoblem regaer and pulpno nitrogen eve the rec phosphate
ions, givingpH can havfrom the at
genic, such rally have ao,
y be direct drect, contribns may exeof 6 to 9 h
o CONAMA
c bodies ofNH3 free foising the pnverts almo
14/11, the reacidic waters3).
ocesses curnd the final
, nitrogen augh to ena
und in excesards how top industriesand phosp
commendede that conta
an indicative a naturatmosphere,as the rele
a low pH, as
due to the ebuting to thert effects on
has been esResolution
f water (Figorm, toxic toH of the wost entirely
ecommendes are corros
rrently emptreated effl
and phospable cell g
ss, with no o remove. Ss, are bas
phorus. Thud ratios, by ains nitrogen
on of the acal origin, suc, the oxidatease of doms occurs wit
effects they e precipitatin the solubistablished f No. 357.
gure 12). Ino fish: Accowater to a
to the gas
ed pH of tresive and alk
loyed uents
horus rowth
need Some sically s, the using n and
cidity, ch as ion of
mestic th the
have ion of lity of for all
n this ording value
seous
eated kaline
32
•
Fig
<h
• PH alsoliquid effdischarg
Bridge
gure 12- Exam
Fhttp://inspecao
o constitutefluents, and
ge into recei
e at the entranPhoto
mple of a eutro(Arquives o
Figure 13- Incoequipto.blogs
Ac
s the standd the pH raiving bodies
nce of the cityo: C. L. Midagl
ophicated wateof the Banco In
crustation of a spot.com.br/20ccessed in Aug
dard for thnge of 5 tos of water, a
of Sabino, Sãia (2007)
er structure, wnteráguas-CE
water pipe (A013/08/inscrusgust of 2016)
e emissiono 9 has beeaccording to
ão Paulo.
with excessive TESB).
Available at: stacao-em-cald
n of sewagen establisho CONAMA
algae growth
deiras.html>
ge and induhed for the A No. 430/20
ustrial direct 011.
33
e
Alum
Alummanu
In waand concmg. mattedissoas A
In drthe ashow1.3 m
The the intoxicTherOrdin1 as a
Iron
Iron dioxi
In sucarria Indusactivknow The
o
o
e) Metals:
minium
minum and ufacturing c
ater, metal presence
centrations L-1, but incer. In highlolved alumilCl3, may pr
rinking watealuminum-bwn that alummg. treatme
principal fongestion of
city, despitere is also nance No. 2an accepta
appears mde of the w
urface wateage, and th
strial effluevities to remwn as picklin
variable’s
o Iron canstains onstandardcause an
o In the trpresencecontainin
its salts arecans, tiles, p
can occur of fluorid
of dissolvedcrease to 0y acidic wanum may brovoke toxic
er, the levelased coaguminum con
ent, with an
orm of non-food and w
e its widesno indicat
2914/11 estnce standa
mainly in growater, accord
ers, the leve occurrenc
ents also pmove the ong, which is
importanc
n cause then dishes and. It should n elevation
reatment ofe of iron cng waters a
e used as paper, alum
in differentdes, sulfated aluminum0.5-1 mg. Laters, affec
be higher thacity in fish a
s of this meulants that acentrations average co
-occupationwater. Therepread occution of cartablishes a rd for huma
oundwater ding to the r
Fe + CO
el of iron ice erosion p
play a rolexidized lay
s usually do
e:
e water supnd fabrics. T
be emphain concentr
f water for can influencare characte
coagulantsminium; and
t forms andes, organi
m in neutralL-1 in watercted by minan 90 mg.
and other aq
etal vary acare used in in coagula
oncentration
nal exposure are no indurrence in rcinogenicitmaximum p
an consump
due to thereaction:
O2 + ½ O2 →
ncreases dprocesses a
e, since myer (rust) ofone by pass
pply to havTherefore,
asized that rations.
public supce the coagerized by h
s to treat win the phar
d is influencc matterl pH watersrs that morning discharL-1. Some aquatic organ
ccording to the water
ant-treated n of 0.16 mg
e to alumindications thfood, drink
ty for alumpermitted alption (BRAZ
dissolution
→ FeCO3
during rainyalong the m
many metalf parts befoing the piec
e a taste, the limit is the use of
pply it is wgulation an
high color a
ater; as a frmaceutical
ced by the pand other
s range fromre acidic orrges, the caluminum conisms.
the sourcetreatment. Uwater rang
g. treatment
num for humat aluminumking water minum. Minluminum va
ZIL, 2011).
n of the ore
y seasons dmargins.
lurgical indore use thrce through a
odor and c0.3 mg. L-1
iron-based
orth rememd flocculatind low turb
food additivindustry et
pH, temperr binders. m 0.001 tor rich in or
concentratioompounds,
e of water aUS studies
ged from 0.t.
mans is thrm has acuteand medic
nistry of Halue of 0.2 m
e by the ca
due to sed
dustries derough a proan acid bath
color, as we1 in the pota coagulants
mbering thaion phase.
bidity. The f
ve; in c.
rature The
o 0.05 rganic ons of
such
and to have 01 to
rough e oral cines.
Health mg. L-
arbon
iment
velop ocess h.
ell as ability s can
at the Iron-
flakes
34
o
o
o
o
Mang
Mangactivwatebattesupp
Rareand a
The
o
o
Toxi
Toxicgreatadve
The originminin
The Chro
formed amany waduring wchlorine,
o In the treformatio
o Ferrous levels of
o The efflu430/201
o In the bigranules
ganese
ganese occvities are alsers. Manganeries, glassplements, am
e concentratare normall
variable’s
o Like Iroestablish
o The efflu430/201
c Metals
c metals cater than 22
erse effects
main contrn: industriang and agric
most releomium, Cop
are generallater treatm
what is calle, the flakes
eated watern, causing t
carbonate f iron conce
uent emissi1 is 15 mg/
ological tres, flakes and
curs naturalso responsinese and itses, oxidizimong other
tions of may present in
importanc
n, it can cahed in the puent emiss1 is 1.0 mg
an be define, that have on human
ribution of al effluents culture.
evant toxic pper, Cobalt
ly small, caent plants, d the pre-chbecome lar
r distributionthe biologic
is soluble ntration.
ion standarL.
atment of sd biofilms.
ly in both sible for the ts compouning agentsr uses.
anganese ren concentra
e:
use taste, opotability stasion standa. L-1.
ed as thosethe propert
health.
toxic meta(electropla
metals at, Lead, Mer
lled "punctuthis proble
hlorination srger and ea
n network, cal contamin
and often
rd for disso
sewage, iro
surface and increase in
nds are uses for clean
each more tations of 0.2
odor and coandard is 0.ard for Man
e chemical rty of being
als to aquaating, chem
are the folrcury, Silve
ual", with veem is only sstage. Throsier to remo
there may bnation of the
found in w
olved iron in
on is an imp
groundwatn manganesed in the s
ning, fertiliz
than 1.0 mg2 mg/L or les
olor in the w1 mg. L-1.
nganese in
elements thprecipitated
atic environmical, smelt
lowing: Arr, Nickel, Se
ery low settlsolved by aough the oxiove.
be fouling ae water in th
well water
n CONAMA
portant nutri
er, howevese concentrsteel industzers, varnis
g/L in naturss.
water supply
CONAMA
hat have and by sulfide
ments is oing, tanning
rsenic, Barelenium and
ling velocitieapplying chidation of ir
and iron-bahe network
containing
A Resolution
rient, a build
er, anthroporations in natry, metal ashes, vete
ral surface w
y. Thus, the
Resolution
n atomic nues and that
of anthropog, etc.), m
rium, Cadmd Zinc.
es. At lorine on by
cteria itself.
high
n No.
der of
genic atural
alloys, rinary
water
e limit
n No.
umber have
genic ining,
mium,
35
The
o
o
<ht
o
The Appe(CET
f)
Chlothrou(Figu
general im
o The toxiusers atreatmen
o Many to
ttp://scienceblo
o The effeon the lucarcinog
specific impendix D of TESB, 2016
) Chloride
ride is the ugh soil andure 15), wat
mportance o
icity of theand for thent plants
oxic metals
Figura 14ogs.com.br/ra
ects on humung membr
genic effects
portance ofthe Surface
6).
e
Cl- anion fd rocks. In ter with high
of toxic me
metals hae micro-org
have a bioa
--Bioaccumulaastrodecarbono
man health mrane or in ts or even le
f each of the Water Qu
found in grocoastal reg
h levels of c
etals:
appens withganisms re
accumulatio
ation caused bo/2013/01/ras
may range the intestin
ead to death
e toxic metuality Repo
roundwater,gions, throuchloride is fo
hin the aquesponsible
on effect (Fi
by Mercury (Astro-de-mercur
from local al tract to m
h.
tals mentionort for the S
arising frough the so-ound.
uatic commfor treatm
gure 14).
Available at: rio/> Accessed
manifestatimutagenic,
ned above State of São
om the perc-called salt
munity, for wment in se
d August of 20
ions on theteratogenic
may be fouo Paulo in
colation of wwedge intr
water wage
016)
skin, c and
und in 2015
water rusion
36
Figur
des
Fres
In suwherrepresweaconc
Therthe p
In trelevel
The
o
o
o
o
re 15- Salt Weambiente/25
sabastecimen
sh water/sa
urface watere each pesenting abat (WHO, centrations t
re are also petroleum in
eated wates resulting f
variable’s
o Chloridethe meta
o The chlostandardHowevecalcium L -1.
o O Chlorioutfall sepolyethy
o Inhibition
edge Intrusion 50-mil-a-beira-nto-em-maceio
alt water/oc
ers, the maperson elimbout 90-95%
2014). Tthat exceed
several indndustry and
rs, the addfrom the ch
importanc
e does not pabolism of s
oride ion prod (Ordinancr, the taste chloride, th
ne causes ewer systemylene (HDPE
n in anaerob
(B) (Available-do-colapso-co/?cHash=ff51
cean
ain sourcesminates aro% of humahese quan
d 15 mg . L-1
ustrial efflu some phar
ition of purlorine disso
e
present toxicsodium chlo
ovokes a sace No. 291perception e flavor is o
corrosion inms, which hE)
bic effluent
e at: <http://wrise-hidrica-av354ca59fe0f7
2016).
s of chloridound 4g on excretionntities cau1.
ents with hrmaceutical
re chlorine ociation rea
city to humaoride, for exa
alty taste to14/11) limitdepends o
only percep
n hydraulic have therefo
treatment p
www.tnh1.comvanca-degrada719d2a7d1e68
de are domof chloridens. The resuse the s
igh concen, chemical a
or in solutictions in the
ans, exceptample in co
o the waterts its conc
on the assocptible at con
structures, ore been co
processes.
.br/noticias/noa-reservas-e-c8a894f> Acces
mestic sewa per day t is expelleewage to
trations of cand tannery
on leads toe water.
t in the caseongestive he
supply. Thucentration tociated catiocentrations
such as subonstructed w
oticias-detalhecria-ilhas-de-ssed in Augus
age dischathrough
ed by feceshave ch
chloride suy industries
o higher ch
e of deficieneart failure.
us, the potao 250 mg
on. In the cas above 100
bmarine ocwith high de
e/meio-
st of
arges, urine, s and loride
ch as .
loride
ncy in
ability L -1.
ase of 00 mg
ceanic ensity
37
o
o
o
g
The neutrbicarreact
The carbosilicaalso are n
Bicarwatecarbothis r
The and respireach
The efflue
The
1ta
2ac
o Interferereduced not prese
o Can be Today, function.
o Chlorideecosystemicroorg
g) Total Al
total alkalinralize acidsrbonates ant with a stro
main componates, and
ates, phospraise the a
not represen
rbonates aner due to theonic gas ofreaction:
carbonatesin a perio
iration is grhing 10 unit
main sourcents, where
variable’s
. High conaste.
2. The distria thin layer oconcentratio
es with the by the add
ent reliable
used as ahowever, t.
e also hasems, sinceganism cells
kalinity
nity of a sas (ability to wnd hydroxidong acid up
ponents of ad hydroxide
phates, or olkalinity in wntative.
nd, to a leseir passagef the water
C
s and hydrood of intenreat and thets.
ce of alkaline strong bas
importanc
ncentrations
ibution of slof carbonat
ons, it can c
determinadition of meresults, so
an indicatorhe thermot
an influee they cas.
ample of wwithstand chdes. Analytito a defined
alkalinity ares. Other sorganic acidwater, but th
sser extent, through thesolubilizes
CO2 + CaCO
xides can ase sunlighe withdrawa
ity of hydroses such as
e:
s of alkalini
lightly alkale, which pro
cause foulin
ation of COercury sulfaa TOC ana
r of the pretolerant co
ence on thause chan
water is a mhanges in pically, it is d pH value.
re the salts salts of weds, such asheir effects
, carbonatee soil. Whe it, transfor
O3 + H2O ↔
appear in wt the balaal of carbo
oxides in nas caustic sod
ty in the p
ine treated rotects the ng in water s
OD, and altate, the COalysis should
esence of liform test
he charactenges in t
measure of pH) due to tdefined as .
of carboniceak inorgans salts of h
are usually
es, which anever the srming it into
↔ Ca (HCO3
waters wherence of phon dioxide c
atural watersda and hyd
ublic water
water is denet against supply syste
though thisD analysesd therefore
sewage in is more a
eristics of he osmoti
the ability he presencthe ability
c acid, ie bic acids, sumic acid, y disregarde
re less solusoil is rich ino bicarbona
3)2
e algae blootosynthesi
causes pH t
s is the relerated lime a
supply can
esirable for corrosion. Hems.
s interferens of seawatbe used.
natural waaccurate fo
natural aqic pressur
of the watce of carbon
to quantita
bicarbonatessuch as bor
acetic acided because
uble, disson calcareouate, as show
ooms (eutros in relatioto rise to v
ease of induare used.
n cause a
the formatiHowever, a
nce is ter do
aters. r this
quatic re of
ter to nates, atively
s and rates,
d etc., e they
lve in s, the wn in
phic), on to
values
ustrial
bitter
ion of t high
38
3re
h
Sulfaof susulfid(pulpcoag
The
o
o
o
o
o
i)
Thermagn The calca
In thin supreseSout
3. An importesistance to
h) Sulfate
ate is one oulfate occude. Anthropp and papegulants at w
variable’s
o Sulfate
conditionwhere oprovokinconcrete
o o In public
establish
o Can cau(collectiointo the n
o During acompetit
) Hardnes
re are fournesium bica
main causareous rock
is way, it’s urface waterent soils witheast, but
tant determo a decreas
of the most rs through
pogenic souer, chemica
water treatm
importanc
causes prons). In a sewrganic matt
ng the relee sewage co
c water suphed by Ordi
use corrosion and treanetwork.
anaerobic trtion through
ss
r main comarbonate, ca
e of hardnek by the carb
more commr. The geoloth hardnessthe problem
ination for wse in pH).
abundant iothe dissolu
urces of sulfal etc.), theent stations
e:
oblems duwage netwoter accumul
ease of sulollectors an
pply, sulfide nance No. 2
ion, toxicitytment). Thu
reatment, it h the substr
mpounds thalcium sulfa
ess in watebonic gas in
H2CO3 +
H2CO3 +
mon to find ogical map s characterm is much
water treatm
ons found iution of sofate are doe drainage s.
e to its reork where tlates, the slfhydric gad produces
may cause2914/11 is
y and bad us, the limit
causes theratium (vola
hat give wate and mag
er is its pan the water)
+ CaCO3 →
+ MgCO3 →
a high leveof Brazil allristics such more serio
ment and se
n nature. Inoil and rockmestic sewof agricultu
eduction ofhere are ar
sulfate can bs, which r
s an odor, in
e laxative ef250 mg. L-1
smells in for sulfate
e inhibition otile acids).
water hardngnesium su
ssage thro), according
→ Ca (HCO3
→ Mg (HCO3
el of hardneows for theas in the N
ous in the
ewage treat
n natural waks and by age and indural areas
f sulfide (ureas with a be transformesults in c
n addition to
ffects. Thus.
sanitary sis 1,000 mg
of methano
ness: calciulfate.
ugh soil (dg to the reac
)2
)2
ss in groun observatio
Northeast, CUnited Stat
tment (buffe
aters, the sothe oxidatidustrial effland the u
under anaepoor slope med into sucorrosion oo being toxic
s, the sulfate
sewage sysg. L-1 for re
obacteria an
um bicarbo
issolution octions:
ndwater thaon of regionCentral-westes and Eu
ering,
ource on of uents se of
erobic and ,
ulfide, of the c.
e limit
stems lease
nd the
onate,
of the
n it is s that
st and urope,
39
whercomp
The hard proce
Hardaddithydromore
The
o
o
o
j)
Fluornevefluorireprefluoroavailcondpreseare urich marinconc Somindus
re many reposition of t
hardness owaters, so
ess is exha
dness in wation to othogen, etc., e soluble) a
variable’s
o The trealittle highwith alurelativelythe uses
o High conand havreduce f
o Surface hardnessfactories
) Fluoride
rine is the mer found in ide. Fluorinesentation oapatite (F1
ability of fditions and ent. Fluoridusually assminerals, sne origin,
centration of
e industriastries and e
egions are the soil ther
of a water caoaps becomusted.
ater is definher cationsassociated nd sulfate, A
importanc
ated waters her than thaminum suly small relas of the trea
ncentrationsve a laxativfoam format
water pollus, although
s.
e
most electronature in
ne is the 17of 0.06 to 10(PO4)6) anfree fluoridother min
de traces arociated with
such as neaconcentratif fluoride in
al effluents electricity-co
subjected re.
an be perceme insolubl
ned by the s such as
with carboAs well as o
e:
in conventiat of raw wafate to fortive to the leted water.
s in the puve effect. It tion.
ution due th the com
onegative oits elemen
7th most ab0.9% and
nd cryolite (de, for exaerals or otre normally h undergroar high moons of up natural wat
also releaonducting w
to very hi
eived by its le complex
presence oiron, man
onate anionsother anion
ional stationater due to rm calcium evels of har
blic water st can also
to industriampounds th
of all chemital form, m
bundant eleoccurring
(Na3AlF6). Hample biolother chemifound in n
und sourceuntains or to 10 mg
ters is 2,800
ase fluoridewires.
igh degree
capacity toes, not pro
of calcium nganese, ss (more pros such as n
ns generallythe use of sulfate. H
rdness that
supply can cause fouli
l activity isat produce
cal elemenmostly foundment foundmostly in tHowever, inogically avcal compoatural wate
es. In placeareas with . L-1or mor0 mg. L-1, in
e into natu
s of hardn
o precipitateoducing any
and magnestrontium, zoperly bicarnitrate, silica
y have a hahydrated li
However, thwould prov
cause an ung in hot w
s insignificae it are no
ts. It is so rd in its comd in the earthe form ofn order for tailable fluonents and
ers and highs where thgeological
re are foun Kenya.
ral waters,
ness due to
e soap, thaty foam unt
esium, maizinc, alumrbonate, whate and chlo
ardness thaime. Lime rhe amountsvoke proble
unpleasant water pipes
ant in relatiormally use
reactive thambined forrth's crust wf fluorite (Cthere to exoride, idea
water mush concentraere are fluodeposits w
nd. The hi
such as
o the
t is, in til the
nly in inum,
hich is oride.
at is a reacts s are ms in
taste s and
on to ed in
at it is rm as with a CaF2), ist an l soil st be ations oride-with a ghest
glass
40
OtheFluorwherdistripart elimitheir
Fluorin teemorethe ofluoriand netwfluori2914L-1 in
k
Oils subsfoundsewapubligreas
Oils subsdoessolubwaxesolub
The wastprobpreseadhebetwoxyg
In thelevalegisbodie
er sources ride ingestereas the fluibuted throuis retainednation depedegree of e
ride is addeeth. Fluoride resistant torganic proidation of wimplement
work. Accoride above
4/11 of the n drinking w
k) Óils and
and greasestances are d in naturaage, effluenic roads. Inses in wate
and greasestances thats not volatilble in n-hexes, mineral ble in hexan
low solubilitte treatmenlems in watence of fatt
eres to the gween the sugen from the
eir decompation of DBlation recomes.
of fluoride ed through uoride in foough the humd in the teends on a exposure to
ed to the pude reduceso the action
otein substawater must ing effectivrding to stu1.5 mg. L-1
Ministry of water.
d Greases
es are organusually hy
l waters, usnts from mendustrial diser bodies, am
es, accordit can be exlize during xane, comp
oils etc. Tne.
ty of oils annt plants uter treatmenty material gills. It alsourface of te atmosphe
position procBO5,20 and mmends th
are toothpwater is a
od is not fuman body, eeth. Fluorinumber of
o this substa
ublic water ss the solubiln of bacteriaance and th
be done uve fluoride udies carrie1 increase tHealth esta
nic substandrocarbonssually comiechanical w
sposals are mong them
ng to the axtracted fromevaporation
prise fatty aThis parame
nd greases using biolont when prein the watecauses ae
he water are to the wa
cess, oils aCOD, causat oils and
pastes, chelmost compully absorbemuch of it de can befactors suc
ance.
supply in orlity of the ma and inhibihe calcifyinsing strict cresidual co
ed out in the incidenablishes a m
nces of mines, fats and eing from inworkshops, the ones trefineries,
analytical pm the sampn of the socids, animaeter is usua
is a negativogical proceesent in water bodies caesthetic proband the atmater.
and greasessing damag
greases b
ewing gumspletely absoed. Once ais retained
e excreted ch as the p
rder to offemineralized ting enzymag material control, usiontrol progthe United ce of dentamaximum v
eral, vegetaesters, amodustrial wagas statio
that most crefrigerator
procedure uple by usingolvent at 10al fats, soapally also id
ve factor regesses and ter sources an cause ablems and rmosphere,
s reduce disge to the aqe absent fr
s, vitamins orbed by th
absorbed, flin the bonethrough therson’s sta
r protectionpart of the atic processof the toothng good do
grams in thStates, co
al fluorosisvalue for flu
able or animong others. ste and disns, and the
contribute tors, soaperie
used, consg a certain 00 ° C. Theps, greasesentified by
garding theoils and
used for puasphyxia in reduces thepreventing
ssolved oxyquatic ecosrom class 1
and mediche human uoride is ra
es, while a he urine anate of health
n against ca tooth, makses that dish. Howeveosing equiphe water soncentratio. Ordinance
uoride of 1.5
mal origin. T They are r
sposal, dome drainage o an increa
es, etc.
ist of the ssolvent andese substas, vegetable
MSH - ma
eir degradatgreases c
ublic supplythe fish, si
e area of co the transf
ygen, due tsystem. Bra1, 2 and 3 w
cines. body, apidly small
nd its h and
avities king it ssolve r, the
pment upply ns of e No. 5 mg.
These rarely
mestic from
ase of
set of d that nces,
e oils, aterial
ion in cause y. The nce it ontact fer of
to the azilian water
41
l)
Phenefflueimpre Phenof se Resoeffluecompwate Wheusedand o
m
Analydeterundeblue chain
The haveeffluethosefunct
The
The aesthcasestatePauloexistthe rcity, soil a
) Phenoli
nols and thents from egnating re
nols are toxewage treatm
olution No. ents dischapounds are
er bodies, fo
n present ind in the treaodor in the
m) Detergen
ytically, mrgents or s
er certain sactive sub
n alkyl benz
source of te 3 to 6 mgents with ae processintion.
variable’s
indiscriminhetic impac
es of foam fe of São Pao Metropolitence of rapriver bed thbiologically
and other m
c Compou
heir derivaindustries
sins, electri
xic to humanment and in
430/11 of Carged into we quite restor example.
n the naturaatment for pwater.
ts (Surfactan
meaning acurfactants a
specified cobstances" (Mzene sulfona
the detergeg . L-1 of deabout 2000 ng metal p
importanc
nate dischacts due to tformation oaulo. Locatetan Region
pids leads tat have at
y contaminamaterials, ma
nds
tives appeworking w
ical (plastic
ns, aquatic ndustrial eff
CONAMA swater bodierictive, from
al waters ofpublic supp
nts or Tensio
ccording toare definedonditions. TMBAS) andate (LAS),
nts found netergents, a
mg. L-1 ofparts, empl
e:
arge of dethe formatio
occurs in thed on the b, it receivesto the relealeast 50 cmated as theaking them
ar in natuwith rubber) and steel
organisms fluent treatm
stipulates aes. In naturm 0.003 mg
f a spring, tply forming
oactive subst
o the rec as compo
These compd their concwhich is us
natural wateand the detf the activeloy special
tergents inon of foamshe municipabanks of thes the city’s sase of foamm. Then duee foam impr
oily.
ral waters r processincomponent
and the miment system
limit of 0.5 ral waters, g L-1 of tot
he phenolschlorophen
ances that re
commendedunds which
pounds are centrations sed as the s
ers is mosttergent indue principle.
detergents
nto natural s (Figure 16ality of Pirae Tietê Rivsewage, lar
ms that conte to winds, regnates its
through thng, glues ts.
cro-organisms.
mg L-1 forthe standatal phenols
react with nols that ca
eact with Me
d analyticah react with
referred toare relative
standard in a
ly domesticustry, whichOther indu
s that hav
waters lea6). One of pora do Boer, downstr
rgely withouinuously fothe foam s
self onto th
he dischargand adhes
sms that are
r total phenards for phes in class 1
the free chause a foul
ethylene Blu
al methodoh methyleneo as "methe to the stranalysis.
c sewage, wh releases ustries, inclve a degre
ads to negthe most c
om Jesus, iream of theut treatmentrm layers a
spreads ovee surface o
ge of sives,
e part
ols in enolic or 2
lorine taste
e)
ology, e blue ylene raight
which liquid uding asing
gative critical in the e São t. The above er the of the
42
Additlineaalkyl subsbiodeToxicbe m
Detecommalso
n
PestSincepestichlor
Chloeffecfats.
Figure 1
tionally, dear alkyl ben
benzene sstitution ocegradabilitycity tests w
more widely
ergents havemercial detknown to e
n) Chlorina
icides can e these pesicides classrophosphor
rinated pesct. Most com
Organochl
16- Photo of fo
etergents cazene sulfon
sulfonates (Accurred at y tests havewith aquatic
used in pol
e also beenergents emxert a toxic
ated and O
consist of sticides aresified as cous and ca
sticides sucmpounds arorine pestic
oam forming o(C.L
an exert toxnates (LAS)ABS) becau
the begine been deve
organisms lution contr
n blamed fomployed hav
effect on zo
Organochlo
inorganic se highly toxichlorinated rbamates.
ch as DDTe hydrophocides have
on the São PedL. Midaglia, 20
xic effects ) has progruse it is conning of eloped, this
have beenrol programs
or the acceve phosphoooplankton
orinated Pe
ubstances, ic, they havor organo
T, HCH, Alobic but hav
a low acut
dro Hydroelec015).
on aquaticressively rensidered bithe 1980s effect is no
n improved s.
eleration of orus in their, a natural p
sticides
such as sve been repchlorinated
drin and Lve a high sote toxicity,
ctric Power Pla
c ecosystemeplaced the iodegradabs and althot yet knowand there
eutrophicatr formulatiopredator of
ulfur, mercuplaced by s, pyrethrins
indane havlubility in hybut present
ant, in Itu.
ms. The strbranched
le. In Brazihough stan
wn in a safeis a tenden
tion. Most oons and thealgae.
ury, fluorinesynthetic ors, phospho
ve long resydrocarbont chronic to
raight chain l, this ndard way.
ncy to
of the ey are
e etc. rganic orous,
sidual s and
oxicity
43
probtissu
CurredegraOrgaas bchemecos
The collo
Contrespidistuother
o
Polycformehydroby thTheythe ebenzperylinden
The depepersinaphincreone in thsincemore
PAHthe elife, atumospecmuta
CONas it
lems due toes.
ently, the uadation rate
anic Pollutaeing highly
mical, biologsystems eve
affinity of ids is impor
tamination iratory expo
urbances in rs. In cases
o) PAH (Po
cyclic aromed by lineaogen in thehe United y have beenenvironmenzo(a) fluoralene, chrysne (1,2,3-cd
behavior, end on theiistent in the
hthalene, whease in the of the moste environme they tende susceptibl
s can causentire populamphibiansor formationcies. The maagenic and g
NAMA Resoalso does f
o their capa
se of organe in the envnts, such a
y toxic to livgical and pen in small c
pesticides rtant for und
by organoosure, whicbalance, b
s of inhalatio
olycyclic arom
matic hydroarly or anguir structure.States Envn carefully snt: acenaphanthene, bene, dibenzd) pyrene, n
transport ar physicoche environmehich is relatnumber of t important
ment. The md to have ale to biodeg
se toxicologlation of pla
s, reptiles, bn, acute toxiain researcgenotoxic p
olution No. 3for indene (
acity for acc
nochlorines vironment. Mas Aldrin anving organiphotolytic (lconcentratio
for adsorpderstanding
ochlorine pch can attaehavioral con, cough, h
matic hydroca
carbons arularly conne Of the poly
vironmental studied due hthene, acebenzo(a) pzo (a, h) annaphthalene
and destinahemical andent and havtively solublring and wiproperties
more water a low adsorgradation du
gical effectsants and anbirds and mcity, bioacch themes o
properties.
357/2005 es1, 2, 3-cd) p
cumulation
is prohibiteMany of thend DDT. Thsms and blight) degraons.
ption in susg their mobi
pesticides ck the cen
changes andhoarseness
arbons)
re a class ected benzeycyclic arom
Protectionto their tox
enaphthylenpyrene, bennthracene, e and pyren
ation of thd biochemive a low sole. In most cith the moleregarding tsoluble co
rption in thue to their s
s on the gronimals (micrmammals). Tcumulation aof these com
stablishes lipyrene, of 0
along the f
ed or restrice pesticides his group ofbioaccumulaadation and
spended mlity in water
occurs thrtral nervoud involuntars and hyper
of semi-voene rings, cmatic hydrocn Agency axicity, persisne, anthracnzo(k) fluophenanthre
ne.
hese compocal charactolubility in wcases, this ecular weighthe transpormpounds ae soil parti
simpler struc
owth, metaroorganismThese effecand the skin
mpounds ha
imits for sev0.05 μg/L.
food chain a
cted becausare on the
f pollutants ative. They d affect hum
mineral matr bodies.
rough the s system, cry musculartension may
olatile orgacontaining ocarbons, six
as being prstence and pene, benzo
oranthene, ene, fluoran
ounds in teristics. Us
water, with solubility deht of the cortation of th
are more eacles. Additicture.
bolism ands, terrestriacts may be n damage oave been the
veral PAHs
and in biolo
se due to itlist of 12 Pis characteare resista
man health
tter and or
skin, oral causing ser activity, ay occur.
anic compoonly carbonxteen are nriority pollupredominano(a) anthra
benzo(g, nthene, fluo
the environsually PAH'the excepti
ecreases wompound. These compoasily transpionally, the
d reproductial plants, aq associatedof various aeir carcinog
in water bo
ogical
ts low riority erized ant to h and
rganic
and nsory mong
unds, n and ames tants. nce in cene, h, i)
orene,
nment s are ion of ith an
This is ounds ported y are
ion of quatic d with nimal genic,
odies,
44
MinisPAH(BRA
p
The well Statioand thermThesqualialso proce
Concso-caevalu
The THMsourcconcOrdintrihalcons
q
Bipheresula casubswhicare c BPCcapaformthe p BPCvolatcapaand f
stry of Heas in drinkin
AZIL, 2011)
p) Trihalom
use of nonas the wateons. The tuoperational
motolerant se non-specity charactebe very u
esses.
cerning the alled trihalouate the sou
use of the M precursor
ces with centrations nance No. 2lomethanes
sumption.
q) Biphen
enyl-polychlt from the ratalyst. Thestitutions mah may vary
called BPC
s were useacitors and ulation of p
product was
s may entetilization of acitors, irregfrom the dis
alth Ordinanng water, b, a value al
methames
n-specific vaer quality of urbidity paral monitoringcoliforms acific variableristics in wseful for q
formation oomethanes,urce regard
trihalomethmeasuremepotential fof THMs in2914/11 of s of 0.1 m
yl-polych
hlorates genreaction of ey are alsay take pla
y from 1 to 1congeners.
ed worldwidto a less
plasticizers. s always imp
er the envif componengular storagsposal of ind
nce No. 29but adopts so recomm
Formation
ariables to a particula
ameter, for g of particuare other vles can be
water sourceuickly verif
of light orga during theing the amo
hane formaent can be for supply
n treated wathe Ministry
mg. L-1 as
lorates (B
nerically refea biphenyl o part of ce in BPC 10. Up to 20.
de and on aer extent iIn Brazil, th
ported from
ironment bynts contamge, smoke fdustrial efflu
914/11 doesthe standa
ended by th
Potential (
evaluate thr spring is aexample, i
ulate matervariables of
a valuablees that arefying chang
anochlorinee chlorinatioount of prec
ation potentused to co
y with theater during ry of Healththe accept
PCs)
fer to the clagroup with the Prioritmolecules
09 different
a large scain heat trahere are no
m the United
y accident minated by
from the inuents into r
s not estabard of 0.7 he WHO.
(THMFP)
he efficiencya common ps widely usial removalf this type
e tool for an intended f
ges in wate
compoundon processcursors of th
ial as a nompare the q
e possibilitytreatment
establishestance stand
ass of orgaanhydrous
ty Organic regarding tstructures
ale mainly iansfer fluidso records ofd States and
or loss duBPCs, lea
cineration oivers and la
blish a maxμg/L for be
y of a treatpractice in Wsed in WTS. The colorthat are c
n initial evafor public ser quality d
ds (such as , it becomehese compo
n-specific pquality of sey of prodand distribus a maximudard for w
nochlorine chlorine in Pollutants
the numbermay be obt
n transforms and as af the BPC pd Germany.
uring handliakage in trof BPC-conakes.
ximum valuenzo [a] py
tment systeWater Treat
Ss for the cor and denscommonly aluation of upply. Theyduring treat
chloroformes necessaounds.
parameter oeveral raw wducing eleution proceum value of
water for hu
compounds the presen
(POPs). r chlorine atained and
mers and eladditives in
production,
ing, througransformersntaining pro
ue for yrene
em as tment ontrol
sity of used. water y can tment
m), the ary to
of the water vated
esses. f total uman
s that nce of Many toms, these
ectric n the since
h the s and ducts
45
The whicBPCrepre
Toxicalteramatualongto syand CON
r)
Emeto de
Somstudiconcstudineurosemeactio
Thes
•
••
•
Sincecontaenvirlegis
aquatic envh get incos are usualesent a dete
cological sations in th
uration and g the trophiymptoms sugallbladder
NAMA Reso
) Emerging
rging polluteregulate th
e of theseies indicate
clusive cauies indicateological alen quality a
on.
se pollutants
• Pesticid(pentac
• Natural • Drugs:
hormon• Industria
brominaperfluor
e the effeaminants aronmental olation.
vironment irporated thlly adsorbedermining fac
studies havhe reproduc
teratogenicc chain thro
uch as chlor cancer m
olution No. 3
g Pollutants
tants have be body.
e compounde they mse-and-effe
e the possiterations,
and cancers
s can be div
des: Atrazinhlorophenosteroids: AFluoxetine, es al chemicated flamroctanesulfo
cts of thesare not nor health qu
is an imporhrough the d into the octor in the m
ve shown ctive functioc effects. Inough bioaccracne, hype
mortality rate357/2005 fo
been report
ds affect bay also in
ect relationbility that dimmunolog
s are related
vided into th
ne, lindane,ol), rifuralin;ndrogens, etamoxifan,
cals: Alkyme retaonates - PF
se pollutannormally inuality contro
rtant envirodischarge
organic mattmobilization
that contaons of organn the envircumulation.erpigmentaes. The ma
or water bod
ted as endo
biota by canduce canships havedisorders s
gical deficied to emergi
he following
, triclosan,
estrogens, p fluvastatin
ylphenols, rdants (OS)•
nts are stincluded inol bodies n
onment for of industri
ter, and sor of BPCs in
amination fnisms, causonment, the. Human ex
ation, eye paximum vadies is 0.001
ocrine disrup
ausing reprncers. Rege not yet such as birency, acceng pollutan
g groups:
DBCP (dib
phytoestrog, medetomi
phthalates(PBDEs),
ll not comn routine nor are they
the accumual effluentsrption-desornto the wate
from BPCssing disturbese effects
xposure to Broblems, anlue for BP1 mg L -1.
ptors or hav
roductive darding humbeen estab
rth defects, elerated puts with endo
bromochloro
gens; dine, propr
s, bisphensurfactan
mpletely undmonitoring
y included i
ulation of Bs. In sedimrption proce
er column.
s may probances in ss may propaBPCs mightnd elevatedCs stipulat
ving the pot
dysfunctionsmans, althblished, se behaviorauberty, redocrine disru
opropane),
ranolol, syn
nol-A, stynts (incl
derstood, plans of
in regulatio
BPCs, ments, esses
ovoke exual agate t lead
d liver ted in
tential
s and hough everal l and
duced upting
PCP
thetic
yrene, uding
these f the
ons or
46
Cha
I.
Undepropeefflueintereposs
II.
Accochemaqua
In thinvolsuchalwachan
The from ResoConsthe d
pter 3
Types analysistandar
erstanding terly interpreent sampleest parame
sible to carry
Emerge
ording to Cmical accideatic environm
Fig
e State of ve fish mor
h as reducedys possible
nges. In 201
graph in Fi2010 to 2
ources - servation). drought obs
of diagnos, impacds
the importaet the results. Such uneters, whicy out adequ
ncy Care
CETESB's ents were rement got aff
gure 17 – Gratre
São Paulortalities. Sud concentra
e to identify 15, there we
gure 18 sh2015, accor
UGRHI (The higheserved in tha
osis: emect assess
ance of all thts obtained
nderstandingh indicate
uate diagnos
Chemical egistered in fected, and
ph of the envieated by the C
, CETESB ch cases mations of disthe causes
ere 148 cas
ows the evrding to the(Agriculture/st number oat year.
ergency csment, an
he water quduring the
g allows ussignificant ses in differ
Emergenc 2015, and its quality w
ronments affeCETESB in 20
is also themostly derivssolved oxys or the souses of fish m
volution in te vocation /farming, of cases re
are, monnalysis of
uality indicaanalysis of
s to correctchanges i
rent situatio
cy Informatin approximwas altered
ected by chem15 (SIEQ, 201
e institution e from alteygen or redurces of con
mortality or o
he number of the UnitIn industrgistered in
itoring accomplian
ators is esseraw water,
tly define an water qu
ons.
tion Systemately 16% (Figure 17
mical emergenc17).
that deals rations in thuced pH. Hntaminationother aquati
of cases ot of Managrialization, 2014 can
ctivities, tnce with
ential in ord treated wa
and evaluatuality, mak
m (CEIS), of the case
7)
cies
with caseshe water qu
However, it n provoking ic organism
of fish mortagement of W
Industrial be explaine
trend legal
der to ater or te the king it
365 es the
s that uality, is not such
ms.
alities Water
and ed by
47
Nu
The and contapoten
umber of combetween
causes of fwere due
aminants sntially toxic
Figur
Main caInclusi
0
50
100
150
200
250
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure 18
mplaints of fisn 2010 and 20
fish mortalie to a lowuch as domalgae or cy
re 19 – Propor
auses of fish ve and/or oth
2010 20
Número de acordo
2010
Prinatendida
Inconclu
– Evolution infrom 2010 t
sh mortalities015. Agricultu
ties registew concentrmestic sewyanobacteria
rtion between dealt with by
mortality attehers/algae blo
011 2012
de Reclamao com a Voc
Paulo,
2011
ncipais causas pela CET
usiva e/ou outras
the registeredto 2015 (CET
s according ture/In industr
ered in 2015ration of d
wage and toa (Figure 19
the causes ofCETESB (CE
ended to by tooming/cyan
2013 201
ações de Mocação das 2, entre 2010
2012
sas das morTESB no per
Flora
d cases of fishESB, 2016).
to the 22 UGRrialization/Ind
5 were idendissolved oxic substa9).
f fish mortalityETESB, 2016).
he CETESB fobacteria/co
14 2015
ortandades d2 UGRHs d e 2015
2013 20
rtandades dríodo de 201
ação de Algas/Cia
h mortalities
RH in the statdustrial/Cons
ntified in 76oxygen, thnces, and
y from 2010 to .
from 2010 to 2ntamination/
de peixes do est. São
Agropecuá
EmindustrializIndustrial
014 201
e peixes 10 a 2015 (%
nobactérias
CETESB, RAS
te of Sao Pauservation
6% of the che presencthe bloomi
o 2015,
2015 (%) low DO
ária
zação
15
%)
S, 2016
ulo,
cases, ce of ng of
48
Whedisch357 oof the
III.
The of thethe vdrain
AdeqimpobecarainwPlantsysteone (Figu
S
ther or not harge of effof 2005) mue alteration
Monitor
main monite conformitverification
nage networ
quate routinortant in orause, in Brwater in indts, but to sems. Howevin which ra
ure 20).
Figu
eparator sys
a fish is kifluents outsust be addrs provoked
ring Activit
oring activitty of the eff
of the dirrks.
ng of efflueder to protrazil, a seependent dsurface waver, there ainwater is s
ure 20 - Sepa
tem/sewage
illed, any eside the staressed as qin the wate
ies
ties regardinluents relearecting of e
ents and ratect water parator sys
drainage linater bodies.are countriesent along w
rated and com
network/rain rainw
emergency andards estquickly as poer and take
ng the qualased accordeffluents a
ainwater wibodies andstem has es. These a. Only efflues that adowith the sew
mbined sewag
water netwowater network
(accidental tablished byossible in othe approp
ity of the wading to the cnd rainwat
thin an indd effluent tbeen adopare not direuents are dopt the comwage to the
ge systems (Vo
ork/W.T.P./com W.T.P
spillage of y CONAMA
order to idenriate contro
ater bodies current legaer toward
dustry or ottreatment spted, whichected to Sewdirected towbined syste
e Sewage T
on Sperling 20
mbined syste
f products oA Resolutiontify the inte
ol measures
are the anaal standardsthe approp
ther businesystems. Thh separateswage Treatwards treatem, which iTreatment P
005).
em/sewage an
or the n No. ensity s.
alysis s and priate
ess is his is s the tment tment is the
Plants
nd
49
Thusgettinindusdraincontathat conc
Regaresoland indusqualieffluebodyalso the mis demodeeffluebetwbalanConcstandinten
s, the moning properlystrial effluenage netwoaminants suis connec
cessionary.
arding the lutions No. the condit
stry, or othity standardent and waty, samples sbe diffuse
mixing zoneefined as thels accepteent release
ween the phnce betweecentrations dards for th
nded uses o
Figure 21
Point po
itoring of iny routed, meent then therk. If rainwauch as oils acted to a
analysis of357 of 2005ions and ser business
d according ter body sashould be c(Figure 21)
e. Accordinge region of ed by the
e point andhysical anden the effluof substan
he recipient of the water
– Point and d
ollution/conce
ndustries oreaning that e rainwaterater flows tand greasetreatment
f complianc5 and 430 ostandards fs that manto its class
amples muscollected up, and downg to CONAMthe receivicompetent is delimite chemical ent and recces that arbody may body.
iffuse pollution(adapted f
entrated dischdisch
r other bust if it does nr should bethrough indes then it shsystem, th
ce of the eof 2011, addfor effluent
nages liquidsification anst be collectpstream fronstream of tMA Resolung body, wt environmeed by the sparametersceiving bodre not in acbe allowed
n sources andfrom Von Sper
harge/watercharge/waterc
sinesses mnot come ine adequateustrial areaould be dire
he industry
effluents thadress the clt release ind effluents, d the emissted during tm the sourthem, takingtion No. 43
which is estiental agensurface in ws is achievedy, being spccordance w provided th
d examples of rling 2005).
course/diffuseourse
ust verify tnto contact ely routed tas, coming iected to the
itself or
at are relealassificationn Brazil, remust meet
sion standathe monitorces of pollug into accou
30 of 2011, mated basecy, that exwhich a baed, as wellpecific for ewith the esthey do not
points for wat
e pollution/di
that rainwawith any tyto the rainwinto contac
e sewage sythe respon
ased, CONn of water bespectively.t both the wrd. For exa
ring. In the wution, whichunt the extethe mixing
ed on theorxtends fromalance of ml as a bioloeach paramtablished qcompromis
ter samples
istributed
ater is ype of water t with ystem nsible
NAMA odies . The water mple, water
h may ent of zone
retical m the mixing ogical meter. quality se the
50
IV.
Fresallowanalyof wa
For preseCleafor thBODfor thmakishow(dete
Fig
F
Trend A
hwater quaw for the cysis of a waater quality
example, ented a stun-up Projeche spatial e
D5,20, ammonhe temporaing it possibws the varierioration), y
ure 22 – Aver
Figure 23 – Av
Analysis
ality evaluatonfiguration
ater body mchange.
the 2007 dy that alloct, which haevaluation niacal nitrogl evaluationble to calcuable’s tendyellow (unc
rage of BOD5,3
verage of amm
tion is compn of trendsakes it poss
CETESB Iwed for theas been in took into cgen, total pn the annuaulate the tredency alonghanged) an
30 (2007) and
moniacal nitrog(C
plemented s regardingsible to iden
Inland Wate evaluationoperation s
consideratiophosphorus,al averagesend by Lineg the last nd gray (unc
the tendency
gen (2007) anCETESB, 200
by tempora analyzed ntify the mo
ter Quality n of the effesince 1992.on the mea, nickel and
s of the prevar Regressten years:
calculated)
over the prev
nd the tendenc8).
al and spatiparameters
ost critical st
Report (Cctiveness o The metho
ans of the qd zinc, relatvious ten y
sion Analysigreen (im
(Figure 23-2
ious 10 years
cy over the pre
ial analysess. The temtretches in t
CETESB, 2of the Tietê odology adoquality varitive to 2007years were is. The bar provement)27).
(CETESB, 20
evious 10 yea
s that mporal
terms
2008) River opted ables
7, and used, color
), red
008).
ars
51
Figur2008)
F
The Ta Clestab
re 24 – Averag).
Figure 25
Figure 26 – Z
Tietê Riverlass 4 wablished max
ge of total pho
- Nickel (2007
Zinc average (2
, along moster body bximum limits
osphorus (200
7) and the ten
2007) and the
st of its passby State Ds for the an
07) and the te
ndency over th
e tendency ove
sage througDecree Noalyzed varia
endency over
he previous 10
er the previous
gh the Alto . 10.755/77ables. How
the previous
0 years (CETE
s 10 years (CE
Tietê Basin7 and, theever, chang
10 years (CE
ESB, 2008).
ETESB, 2008
n, is stipulaterefore, hages in the v
TESB,
).
ed as as no values
52
of thebodie
V.
The typesespe
In a for ein suopera
Folloenviridentassevariadata.envirconsvalue
ese variablees in relatio
Impact A
change in ws of actionecially in the
matrix for tlectrical sub
urface wateration stage
owing the ronmental dtify and pre
essing the ation, both fo. In Figureronmental sider the see of T2 as a
Figure
es in spaceon to environ
Assessmen
water qualits, such as
e constructio
the identificbstations, itr quality durs.
activities odiagnosis, iedict the imwater qualor the prepae 28, hypparameter
easonal varian impact ca
e 27 - Hypothe
Environmen
e and time mnmental san
nt
ty is a nega industrieson and ope
cation of pot is possiblering the pre
of an enviit is possibmpacts of ity of a rivaration of a othetical, oover time.
iation, the van be overv
etical example(SA
ntal indicator
made it posnitation acti
ative enviro, roads, laration stage
otential impae to considee-constructio
ronmental ble to gathe
an enterprver, one sh sampling pone can o. If the bavalue of T1valued..
e a quality parANCHEZ, 200
r or paramete
ssible to evaons.
onmental imndfills, sewes of any of
acts for traner the potenon, construc
impact stuer the inforrise for its hould take plan and forobserve theaseline stu can be us
rameter’s varia06).
er/Project imp
aluate the b
mpact resultwage treatmf these proje
nsmission lntial impactction, post-c
udy, basic mation neesubsequeninto accou
r the collectie natural dy’s elaborsed as a re
ation througho
plementation
behavior of w
ting from sement plantsects.
ine projectst as the chaconstruction
studies, oeded in ordnt evaluatiount its seaion of secobehavior oration does
eference an
out time
water
everal , and
s and anges n and
or an der to on. In sonal ndary of an s not
nd the
53
VI.
In adiscrhavesalin
With No. 3beingand foresestabaccounde
For mainassequalibiochmetareleaReso
Combodiestandeffluethe e
In adalwaparawhicCON
Analysis
accordance riminates the salinity bee waters, w
respect to357: Speciag the one tpreservatio
sees less noblishment o
ording to inerstand the
each of thntained for essed basedity parametehemical oxyals. CONAMase of effluolution No.4
mpliance wites. When rdards of thent meets tenvironment
ddition to Cys be consmeters, suh establish
NAMA Reso
s of compl
with the he waters oelow 0.05%which presen
o freshwateral Class, Clthat presupon of the naoble uses. Tof the watertended useobjectives o
he classes,each wate
d on compler, from theygen demaMA Resoluuents, whic430 of 2011
th quality steleasing an
he receivinghe release tal agency s
ONAMA reulted, as thch as the es limits fo
olution.
iance with
intended uof the nation, brackish wnt salinity g
r, there areass 1, Clasposes noblatural balanThe classifir quality goes. In this of water bod
there is aer body thaliance with e conventioand, to toxtion No. 3ch was th.
tandards an effluent ing body mustandards bshould esta
solutions Nhey may est
COPAM/Cor Total Sus
legal stan
uses, CONnal territorywaters, withreater than
e 5 classesss 2, Class er uses, sunce of aquaication of woal to be revideo proddy classifica
an establisat guarante
the limits enal ones, s
xic contami57 of 2005en comple
nd release nto a body ust be met but not the ablish more
No. 357 andtablish moreERH-MG Jspended So
dards
NAMA Resy in fresh wh salinity be
3%.
s establishe3 and Clas
uch as suppatic commu
watercourseseached or muced by Aations.
shed qualityes the inteestablisheduch as dissnants ones5 also esta
emented an
standards of water, thaccording
receiving wrestrictive l
d 430, state e restrictiveJoint Normaolids, a par
solution Noaters, whic
etween 0.05
ed by CONAss 4, with thply for humunities, ands can be unmaintained
ANA it is po
y level to ended uses
by the ressolved oxygs, such asablishes stand modified
aims at tohe launching
to its claswater quality
imits for the
and munice limits or coative Rulingrameter not
o. 357 of ch are those5% and 3%
AMA Resohe Special C
man consumd Class 4, wnderstood ain a water
ossible to b
be achieves. The quasolution for gen, turbiditys pesticidestandards fod by CON
o preserve wg standards
ssification. y standardse effluent.
cipal laws sontain addig of May 2t included i
2005 e that
%, and
lution Class
mption which as the
body better
ed or lity is each
y and s and or the NAMA
water s and If the , then
hould tional 2008, n the
54
Ques
1c
2e
3B
4o
5v
6thsw
7e
stions:
) In your classification
2) What arexpressed in
3) With regaBOD. In you
4) Are thereof color and
5) In your cvalues in rel
6) In your che water tre
such as thewater, is the
7) With regaestablished
country, isns of water
re the minn mg L or %
ard to organur country, is
e cases in yoturbidity? W
ountry, areation to the
ountry is theatment proe evaluationere a limit to
ard to total that take in
s there anybodies? Ho
imum limit% of saturati
nic matter, Bs there also
our countryWhat are the
there also e range esta
here a concocesses for n of the triho these com
phosphorusto account
y law, resoow many an
ts establishion?
Brazilian lego a limit for
y of bodies oe causes of
water bodablished by
cern with thr public suphalomethan
mpounds?
s, in your cthe type of
olution or nd what are
hed for dis
gislation estCOD, TOC
of water thaf these occu
ies that natlegislation?
he formationply? Is ther
ne formation
country's legaquatic env
regulation the classes
ssolved oxy
tablishes a or DOC?
at have natuurrences?
turally have?
n of trihalome any contrn potential?
gislation, arvironment: l
that establs?
ygen? Are
limit only fo
urally high l
e high or lo
methanes drol in the so? And in tre
re different lotic or lenti
lishes
they
or the
levels
w pH
during ource, eated
limits ic?
55
8a
9
1c
8) What arealso used in
9) Regarding
0) Specify country. Che
e the variab your count
g seasonali
an occurreeck what ac
bles that matry?
ity, how is th
ence of fisctions were
ake up the
he rainfall r
h mortality taken and w
WQI used
regime in yo
that has twhether the
by CETES
our country?
ook place e cause was
SB? Is this
?
recently ins identified.
index
your
56
Bibli
BRAIndusCET BRAde 20o seude <http2014 ____sobreconsFedeSeçãhttp:/jsp?j CET[recu CET[recu CHApp. DER GOVConjclassbem outrahttp:/COP PIVEÁgua SANOfici
iographic r
AILE, P. M.striais. São ESB, 1993.
ASIL. Ministé005. Dispõeu enquadra
efluentep://www.mm4.
_. Ministérioe os proce
sumo humaerativa do Bão //pesquisa.iornal=1&pa
ESB (São urso eletrôn
ESB (São Purso eletrôn
APMAN, D. W
RISIO, J. C.,
VERNO DOunta COPAsificação do
como estaas //www.mma
PAM-CERHn
ELI, R. P. Cas. São Pau
CHEZ, L. Hna de Texto
references
; CAVALCAPaulo:
.
ério do Meie sobre a camento, bemes, e ma.gov.br/po
o da Saúdeedimentos ano e seu pBrasil, Pod1, in.gov.br/imagina=39&d
Paulo). Quaico] / CETE
Paulo). Quaico] / CETE
Water Qua
Introdução
O ESTADOAM/CERH-os corpos dabelece as
providêa.gov.br/porno01-2008.
Curso Signifulo: CETES
H. Avaliaçãos, 2006.
ANTI, J. E
io Ambientelassificaçãom como est
dá oort/conama/
e. Portaria de controlepadrão de er Executivp.
mprensa/jsp/data=14/12/
alidade dasESB. - - São
alidade das ESB. - - São
lity Assess
Ao Control
O DE MINAMG N.º 1
de água e d condiçõesncias. rt/conama/ppdf>. Acess
icado AmbiSB, 2007.
ão de Impac
. Manual d
e. CONAMAo dos corpotabelece asoutras /legiabre.cf
nº 2914, de e de vigpotabilidadvo, Brasília39-46. /visualiza/in/2011>. Ace
s águas inteo Paulo : CE
águas supo Paulo : CE
sments.2nd
e De Poluiç
AS GERA, de 05 d
diretrizes ams e padrõe
Disprocessos/Eso em jan.
iental e San
cto Ambien
de Tratame
A. Resoluçãs de água es condiçõesprovidência
fm?codlegi=
de 12 de dgilância da
de. Diário Oa, DF, v. 1
Disponndex. esso em: ab
eriores no ETESB, 200
perficiais no ETESB, 201
Ed., Londo
ção Ambien
IS. COPAMde Maio dmbientais ps de lança
sponível EFABF603/D2017.
nitário das V
ntal: conceit
nto de Águ
ão nº 357, e diretrizes s e padrõesas. Dis=459>. Ace
dezembro d qualidade
Oficial da U48, n. 239
nível
br. 2014.
estado de S08.
estado de 16.
on, E&FN Sp
ntal. CETES
M. Deliberade 2008. Dpara o seu amento de
emDeliberaNo
Variáveis de
tos e métod
uas Residu
de 17 de mambientais
s de lançamsponível esso em:
de 2011. De da água União: Repú, 14 dez. 2
em:
São Paulo
São Paulo
pon, 1996.6
SB, 1992.
ação NormDispõe sobenquadramefluentes,
m: rmativaCon
e Qualidade
dos. São P
uárias
março s para mento
em: abr.
ispõe para
ública 2011.
<
2007
2015
626
mativa bre a
mento, e dá
< njunta
e das
Paulo:
57
SÃOo Ree <httpEst_8 SODcontaPollu Von EsgoUnive Von Belo Fede WHOhttp:/mar.2 REIScomo
O PAULO (Eegulamento
o Controp://www.cete8468.pdf>.
DRÉ, F.F., aminants inution, n. 206
Sperling, otos. 3a ed.ersidade Fe
Sperling, MHorizonte
eral de Mina
O.Chemical //www.who.2014.
S FILHO, Ro Desregula
Estado). Deda Lei nº 9
ole da esb.sp.gov.Acessoem:
LOCATEn Brazilian 6, p. 57-67,
Marcos. In. Belo Horizederal de M
Marcos. Est: Departamas Gerais, 2
hazar.int/water_
R. W., LUVIZadores End
creto Estad997, de 31 d
Poluição .br/licenciam: abr. 2007.
ELLI, M.A.drinking wa2010.
ntrodução àzonte: Depa
Minas Gerais
udos de Momento de E2007.
ds in sanitation
ZOTTO-SAócrinos. J.
dual nº 8.46de maio de
do Mmentoo/legi
F., JARDIaters: a sew
à Qualidadartamento s, 2005.
odelagem dEngenharia
drinkingn_health/dw
ANTOS, R., Braz. Soc.
68, de 8 de e 1976, queeio Ambislacao/esta
IM, W.F. wage-to-tap
de das Ágde Engenh
da QualidadSanitária e
g-water.201wq/chemical
VIEIRA, E.Ecotoxicol.
setembro de dispõe sobbiente. Dadual/decre
Ocurrencep issue. Wa
uas e ao aria Sanitá
de da Águae Ambienta
4. Diss/en/. Ace
. M. Poluen, v. 2, n. 3, 2
de 1976. Apbre a Preve
Disponível etos/1976_D
e of emeater Air and
Tratamentária e Ambi
a de Rios. 1al: Univers
ponível esso em:
ntes Emerg2007, 283-2
prova enção
em: Dec_
erging d Soil
to de ental:
1a ed. idade
em: : 31
entes 288
58
instituições organizadoras
instituições Colaboradoras