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Assessing Progressin Africa towardthe Millennium

Development Goals

MDG Report 2011

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Assessing Progress

in Africa towardthe MillenniumDevelopment Goals

MDG Report 2011

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011 iii

Tale o

Contents

List o Tables iv

List o Figures v

Foreword viii

Acknowledgments x

List o Abbreviations xii

SECTION I: Intodction 1

SECTION II: Tacking Pogess 4Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 4

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 24

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 32

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality 41

Goal 5: Improve maternal health 50Goal 6: Combat HIV, AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases 62

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 73

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership or development 88

SECTION III: Socia potection as an instment to acceeate pogess toadte MDGs in Aica 100

SECTION IV: Concsions and pespectives on te post-2015 MDG agenda 122

Reerences and Web Resources 126

Annex 1: Ocial list o MDG indicators 132

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011iv

List o

Tables

Table 1: Indicators o the working poor in Arica, 19992009 15

Table 2: Share o vulnerable employment in total employment in Arica, 19982009 17

Table 3: Prevalence o underweight under 5-year-olds or selected Arican countries,

19901999 and 20002009 (%) 21

Table 4: Eleven leading and lagging countries on reducing malnutrition, 19902007 23Table 5: HIV/AIDS statistics or Arica (excluding North Arica), 2001 and 2009 62

Table 6: Malaria death rate per 100,000 population o all ages, 2008 70

Table 7: Consumption o ozone-depleting substances in Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

metric tons, 1996 and 2008 77

Table 8: Proportion o terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area,

1990 and 2009 (%) 78

Table 9: Proportion o population using an improved drinking water source, 1990 and

2008 (%) 79

Table 10: Proportion o population using an improved sanitation acility, 1990 and2008 (%) 83

Table 11: Total bilateral aid to all sectors rom DAC countries, 20052010 (US$ million) 91

Table 12: ODA to Arica by sector, 20052009 (as % o total bilateral commitments) 92

Table 13: Classication o Arican countries by HIPC status (as o December 17, 2010) 94

Table 14: Internet users per 100 population, 2000 and 2009 99

Table 15: Potential contributions o various social protection interventions to the MDGs 106

Table 16: Cases o successul social protection interventions in Arica 115

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011vi

Figure 20: Gender Parity Index in tertiary education or selected Arican countries, 1991

and 2008 37

Figure 21: Share o women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 39

Figure 22: Percentage o seats held by women in national parliaments, 1990 and 2010 40

Figure 23: Countries with the highest under-ve mortality rates in Arica in 2009 42

Figure 24: Progress toward reducing the U5MR rate 1990, 2009, and 2015 (target) 43Figure 25: The nine best U5MR-perorming countries, 1990 and 2009 44

Figure 26: Progress in reducing the Inant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births), 19902009 45

Figure 27: The seven best IMR-perorming countries, 1990 and 2009 47

Figure 28: Four worst IMR-perorming countries, 19902009 (reductions o 10% or less) 48

Figure 29: Progress on measles vaccination among Arican countries, 19902009 (%) 49

Figure 30: Maternal Mortality Ratio or selected global regions, 1990 and 2008

(per 100,000 live births) 52

Figure 31: Maternal Mortality Ratio or selected Arican countries, 2008 (per 100,000

live births) 53Figure 32: Proportion o births attended by skilled health personnel by region, 19901999

and 20002009 (%) 54

Figure 33: Proportion o births attended by skilled health personnel or selected Arican

countries, 19901999 and 20002009 (%) 55

Figure 34: Percentage o married women aged 1549 using any contraceptive method,

19901999 and 20002009 57

Figure 35: Dierent types o contraceptive use among married women aged 1549 years,

2000 and 2009 58

Figure 36: Number o births per 1,000 adolescent women aged 1519 years, 19901999and 20002009 59

Figure 37: Number o antenatal care visits by trained healthcare practitioner in 38 Arican

country surveys, 20002009 60

Figure 38: Unmet need or amily planning in 34 Arican country surveys, 20002009 61

Figure 39: Adult HIV prevalence in Arican countries, 2001 and 2009 (%) 64

Figure 40: Adult HIV prevalence by global region, 2009 65

Figure 41: Ratio o school attendance o orphans to non-orphans aged 1014 years in

selected Arican countries, 2008 67

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011 vii

Figure 42: Tuberculosis incidence rate per 100,000 population by Arican subregion,

19902008 72

Figure 43: Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population by Arican subregion,

19902008 72

Figure 44: Tuberculosis death rate per 100,000 population by Arican subregion,

19902008 73Figure 45: Metric tons o CO2 emissions per capita (CDIAC), 1990 and 2007 75

Figure 46: Progress on access to an improved water source rural and urban

(% o total population), 1990 and 2008 80

Figure 47: Progress on urban access to an improved water source (% o urban population),

1990 and 2008 81

Figure 48: Progress on rural access to an improved water source (% o rural population),

1990 and 2008 82

Figure 49: Progress on access to improved sanitation acilities urban and rural

(% o total population), 1990 and 2008 84Figure 50: Progress on rural access to improved sanitation acilities (% o rural population),

1990 and 2008 85

Figure 51: Progress on urban access to improved sanitation acilities (% o urban population),

1990 and 2008 86

Figure 52: Slum population as a percentage o urban population or selected countries,

1990 and 2007 87

Figure 53: Net ODA as a percentage o GNI, 2009 and 2010 90

Figure 54: Telephone lines per 100 population, 2000 and 2009 95

Figure 55: Cellular subscribers per 100 population, 2009 97Figure 56: Correlation between social protection and health outcomes, 2007 114

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011viii

Foreword

This report continues the tradition o excellent

collaboration among the Pan Arican institutions

the Arican Union Commission (AUC), the United

Nations Economic Commission or Arica (ECA),

the Arican Development Bank (ADB), and the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) It

provides the latest update on Aricas progress to-

wards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),ollowing the landmark September 2010 High

Level Panel event This event noted that the global

achievement o the MDGs by 2015 is still possible

through strengthened international partnership,

closer collaboration between national authorities

and development partners, and committed political

will at the national level

The report notes that progress toward the MDGsis continuing, but that the ood, uel, and nancial

crises over the past ew years, coupled with the

instability in North Arica in 2011, may impact on

the pace o advancement This calls or eorts to

be redoubled to preserve gains and ensure success

In particular, declines in labor productivity, increas-

ing youth unemployment, and rising numbers o

working poor are worrisome trends or the conti-nent Indeed, the recent political developments in

North Arica and the Middle East are a wake-up

call both or Arica and other global regions on

the need or a more inclusive and equitable ap-

proach to growth

The rising numbers o the working poor should

also remind us that the essence o job creation is

to provide a decent living wage and not simply a

wage Furthermore, the disproportionate represen-

tation o women among the ranks o the working

poor calls or more concerted eorts to addressthe gender imbalance in the workorce, ocusing

not only on the share o emale employees but

on their distribution across the broad spectrum o

occupational and skills categories

The report underscores that the MDGs are closely

interlinked, hence the need or an integrated ap-

proach to accelerate their achievement To this

end, it is imperative that policymakers prioritizethose interventions that will have the greatest

leverage or cascading eects on a wider range

o indicators For instance, we know that gender

empowerment, education, poverty, and health are

inextricably linked We must thereore exploit these

and other relationships to sharpen the strategic

ocus o our interventions

Monitoring is central to assessing perormance onthe MDGs Eective monitoring requires more sub-

stantial investments in data collection, analysis, and

dissemination than is currently the case in Arica

Improved data coverage and quality, particularly

at subnational levels, are critical or unmasking

intra-country variations on MDGs perormance

and in identiying pockets o vulnerability as a

basis or targeted interventions Indeed, this report

continues to observe considerable variations inMDGs perormance between subregions, within

subregions, and within individual countries

Despite the slow progress recorded on several indi-

cators in Arica, there are a number o documented

best practices and lessons that can be harnessed

in order to accelerate progress It is encouraging

to note that these success stories can be ound

even in countries recovering rom conficts, such

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011 ix

less likely to be met in the current environment

o scal consolidation in response to the global

economic crisis However, it is encouraging to notethat developing countries are beneting rom new

donors that are non-DAC members and rom pri-

vate sector donations rom advanced economies

Nonetheless, aid to Arican countries is expected

to rise by only 1 percent per year between 2011

and 2013, in real terms Beyond advocacy or more

ODA, stepped-up eorts are thereore required on

a number o ronts, namely to seek out alternative

sources o nancing; to be more judicious in the useo existing resources; and to develop credible and

robust systems o domestic resource mobilization

Undoubtedly, aid eectiveness requires close align-

ment o donor assistance with national priorities,

including the MDGs To this end, implementation

o the Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda or Ac-

tion is key to ensuring a sharper ocus by donors

on the objectives o recipient countries towardpoverty reduction and development

We wish to thank all those who have contributed

to the preparation o this report We commend

and encourage the reports commitment to take

into account the views and experiences o lead-

ers, policymakers, and development practitioners

who are actively promoting the achievement o

the MDGs in Arica and especially in meeting theagreed targets

as Liberia and Sierra Leone These countries have

made remarkable progress in inant mortality

(Liberia) and maternal health (Sierra Leone) Theirperormance demonstrates that with the right level

o political will and appropriate external support,

the MDGs can be achieved even under very di-

cult conditions

In this report we underscore the potential or social

protection programs in accelerating progress to-

ward the MDGs Consequently, we urge policymak-

ers to recalibrate their social protection programs,so that they are perceived not as handouts but

rather as measures to strengthen productive assets

These perspectives are pertinent and timely in light

o the impact o the ood, uel, and nancial crises

on the lives o many It is clear that the role o the

state in designing and implementing innovative

and scally sustainable social protection programs

is more vital now than ever beore

Domestic resources must be complemented by

scaled-up development assistance i Arican coun-

tries are to attain the MDGs In this regard, we

call or increased development assistance or the

achievement o the MDGs in Arica and note with

concern that several Ocial Development Assist-

ance (ODA) commitments to Arica, including those

made in Monterrey in 2002, Gleneagles in 2005,

and LAquila in 2009, have yet to be ullled Amore worrisome prospect is that they are even

Jean Ping

Chairperson

Arican UnionCommission

Donald Kaberuka

President

Arican DevelopmentBank Group

Abdoulie Janneh

Executive Secretary

Economic Commissionor Arica

Helen Clark

Administrator

United NationsDevelopment

Programme

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011x

Acknowledgments

Commissioner or Economic Aairs), Mrs Jennier

Kargbo (ECA Deputy Executive Secretary), Proes-

sor Mthuli Ncube (ADB Chie Economist & Vice

President), and Mr Tegegnework Gettu, Director

o UNDP Regional Bureau or Arica (UNDP) The

United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Ex-

ecutive Secretary o ECA, Mr Abdoulie Janneh,

the Chairperson o the AUC, Dr Jean Ping, thePresident o the Arican Development Bank, Dr

Donald Kaberuka, and Helen Clark, Administrator

UNDP, provided general guidance

Many others outside the core team provided

useul comments This includes Dimitri Sanga,

Thokozile Ruzvidzo Adam Elhiraika (ECA) and

Oumou Camara (AUC) In particular, this report

was enriched through contributions by additionalresource persons, namely: Elizabeth Eilor (ECA) on

Goal 3; Mady Biaye and Fredrick Mugisha (UNFPA)

on Goal 5; Warren Naamara (UNAIDS) and Juliet

Nabyonga (WHO) on Goal 6; Andrew Mold (OECD)

on Goal 8; and Andrew Mundalo Allieu (ILO) on

Social Protection Raj Gautam Mitra (ECA) assisted

in enriching the data components o the report

Data used in this report mainly emanate rom the

database o the United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD) However, where UNSD data were not

current, data rom international organizations

such as World Health Organization (WHO), the

Organization or Economic Cooperation and De-

velopment (OECD), International Telecommunica-

tion Union (ITU), United Nations Childrens Fund

(UNICEF), United Nations Educational, Scientic

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the

World Bank were used Some o the background

This report is a joint product o the United Nations

Economic Commission or Arica (ECA), Arican

Union Commission (AUC), Arican Development

Bank (ADB), and the United Nation Development

Programme-Regional Bureau or Arica (UNDP-

RBA) It has been prepared by a core team led by

Bartholomew Armah, Chie o the MDGs/LDCs

Section, Economic Development and NEPAD Divi-sion (EDND) (ECA), Dossina Yeo, Acting Head o

Statistics Division, Economic Aairs Department

(AUC), Beejaye Kokil, Manager o Economic and So-

cial Statistics Division (ADB), and Ayodele Odusola,

MDG Advisor, Strategic Advisory Unit, Regional

Bureau or Arica (UNDP) The team included Adrian

Gauci (ECA), Ndinaye Sekwi Charumbira (AUC),

Maurice Mubila (ADB), Chrystelle Tsaack Temah

(ECA), Julianne Deitch (ECA), Selamawit Mussie(ADB/ECA), Tsega H Belai (ECA), Janet Byaruhanga

(AUC), Leila Ben Ali (AUC), Abdellaziz Ben Hadj

Abdellati (ADB), Alice Nabalamba (ADB), Mulle

Chikoko (ADB), Sebastian Levine (UNDP), Soane

Kouidhi (UNDP), Deniz Kellocioglu (ECA), Meron

Assea Arega (ECA), and Alassane Drabo (ECA)

The work was carried out under the supervision

o Proessor Emmanuel Nnadozie, Director o theEconomic Development and NEPAD Division (ECA),

Dr Ren NGuettia Kouassi, Director o Economic

Aairs Department (AUC), Dr Charles Leyeka

Luumpa, Director, Statistics Department (ADB),

and Pedro Conceio, Chie Economist, Regional

Bureau or Arica (UNDP)

The report was prepared under the general

direction o Dr Maxwell Mkwezalamba (AUC

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011 xiii

IFAD International Fund or Agricultural

Development

IFPRI International Food Policy ResearchInstitute

IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on

Development

IGME Inter-agency Group or Child

Mortality Estimation

ILO International Labor Organization

IMF International Monetary Fund

IMR Inant Mortality Rate

ITNs Insecticide Treated NetsITU International Telecommunication

Union

IUCN International Union or

Conservation o Nature

IUDs Intrauterine devices

LDCs Least Developed Countries

LEAP Livelihood Empowerment Against

Poverty program (Ghana)

LIFDC Low-Income Food-Decit CountryMAF MDG Acceleration Framework

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio

MPS Making Pregnancy Sae Initiative

NEPAD New Partnership or Aricas

Development

ODA Ocial Development Assistance

ODI Overseas Development Institute

(UK)ODP Ozone Depletion Potential

ODS Ozone Depleting Substances

OECD Organization or Economic

Cooperation and Development

OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children

PEPFAR Presidents Emergency Plan For

AIDS Relie (US)

PMTCT Prevention o Mother to Child

Transmission

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

PSNP Productive Saety Net Program

(Ethiopia)RSA Republic o South Arica

SADC Southern Arican Development

Community

SI Social Insurance

SOAP State Old Age Pension

SPF Social Protection Floor

TB Tuberculosis

U5MR Under-Five Mortality Rate

UEMOA Union conomique et montaireouest-aricaine

UN United Nations

UNAIDS Joint United Nations Program on

HIV/AIDS

UNDP United Nations Development

Programme

UNDP-RBA United Nations Development

Programme Regional Bureau or

AricaUNESCO United Nations Educational,

Scientic and Cultural Organization

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund

UNSD United Nations Statistics Division

US$ American Dollars

WFP World Food Program

WHO World Health Organization

WTO World Trade Organization

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 2011 1

SECTION I:

IntroductionIn September 2010, at the UN Millennium Develop-

ment Goals High-Level Summit in New York, the

international community rearmed its commit-

ment to the MDGs,1 acknowledged the progress

made so ar, and noted that the global achieve-

ment o the MDGs by 2015 is still possible throughstrengthened international partnerships, closer

collaboration between national authorities and

development partners, and clear-sighted political

will at the national level

This annual report is based, as in previous edi-

tions, on the database compiled by the United

Nations Statistical Division (UNSD)2 This is the o-

cial data repository or assessing progress towardthe MDGs The UNSD harmonizes data using the

same denitions and standards across national

datasets, allowing or comparability across coun-

tries An obvious drawback o this process is that

it considerably lengthens the time lag between

national data availability and international up-

dates For example, the most recent data used in

this report are rom the year 2009 As in previous

reports, specialized UN agencies such as the WorldHealth Organization (WHO), the United Nations

Childrens Fund (UNICEF), and the International

Fund or Agricultural Development (IFAD) have

served as important data sources or the report

1 A listing o the ocial MDGs, their targets, and indicators is

presented in Annex 1 o this report

2 All UNSD data used in this report are available at http://

mdgsunorg/unsd/mdg/Deaultaspx

In addition, this report utilizes 10 Arican national

MDG3 reports and supplements the analysis based

on UNSD data and other credible international

sources and observations, which document MDG-

relevant policy initiatives and lessons learned

The overall assessment o Aricas progress toward

the MDGs reveals that, while progress has generally

been positive, perormance has been mixed across

indicators and countries, and based on current

trends, the overall pace o progress is insucient

to achieve the MDGs by the target date o 2015

Indeed, the recent progress toward achievement

o the MDGs occurred against the backdrop oglobal ood, uel, and nancial crises Depending

on national capacities to design and implement

eective counter-cyclical measures, the crises in-

variably had adverse eects on a wide range o

MDG indicators Despite positive albeit modest

indications o global recovery, the crises are ar

rom over and have lagged negative eects on

MDG indicators Furthermore, the recovery in

the developed world remains ragile with manyEuropean economies, most recently in Greece,

experiencing scal consolidation Such setbacks

will invariably dampen Aricas growth prospects

by constraining access to ODA Food hikes have

to some extent continued since 2008, with price

levels above pre-crisis gures to the detriment o

3 Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria,

Sierra Leone, South Arica, Togo, and Uganda

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Assessing Progress in Arica toard te Millennim Development Goals, 20112

SECTION I: INTRODuCTION

lower-income groups who have become more

vulnerable in the ace o rapidly declining real

incomes Climate change poses yet another ormi-dable challenge to Aricas agricultural production,

ood security and livelihoods, as demonstrated by

the recent foods in Southern and West Arica,

and the drought in Eastern Arica

Arica will need more predictable and timely re-

sources to respond to the emerging development

challenges However, the prospects or increased

ocial development assistance (ODA) are not veryencouraging, especially when one takes into ac-

count the growing scal imbalances in developed

countries Indeed, development partners ODA

commitments still all ar short o the 07 percent

o GDP target, and there is little indication that the

situation will change signicantly over the short

to medium term

Notwithstanding the crises, Arican countries havein recent years generally been on a steady path

toward achievement o universal primary education

and the empowerment o women This has been

especially evident in the ratio o girls to boys in

primary education Signicant progress has also

been made in the ght against HIV and AIDS, using

methods such as awareness campaigns ocusing

on behavioral change and the promotion and use

o antiretroviral therapy (ART), which have curbedthe numbers o new inections and AIDS-related

deaths However, several targets related to HIV

and AIDS have still not been met, while some

countries have witnessed a retrogression Progress

on health indicators has generally been weak

While a ew countries have made commendable

advances, overall the continent lags behind other

global regions in terms o maternal and child

health Similarly, eorts to eradicate malaria and

tuberculosis have been met with limited success,

partly due to weak primary healthcare inrastruc-

ture, inadequate levels o medical personnel, anda lack o access to aordable drugs

Aggregate trends in Aricas progress toward the

MDGs mask high levels o spatial and group dis-

parities in perormance In particular, progress on

all indicators is skewed in avor o higher-income

groups and urban populations The inequities

in access to public services (such as education,

health, water and sanitation) result in the urthermarginalization o excluded groups This state o

aairs was acknowledged in the 2010 High Level

Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs) Outcome Document, which proposed tack-

ling inequalities as an important way to scale-up

progress or all segments o the population The

document proposes specic interventions, such as

social protection programs to create a level playing

eld or all, to ensure the availability, continuity,and access to public services, and to accelerate

progress toward the MDGs

Recognizing the importance o addressing vul-

nerability and inequality, Section III o this report

adopts a thematic ocus on social protection pro-

grams in Arica Social protection programs in a

selected number o Arican countries are analyzed

in terms o their eectiveness and overall contri-bution toward the MDGs This provides urther

lessons and opportunities or peer learning and

knowledge sharing on such programs, as they

relate to the MDGs

Productive employment remains a key to exit pov-

erty and address inequality Creating economic

growth is a crucial way to increase employment

opportunities in Arica and boost incomes The

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SECTION I: INTRODuCTION

employment-to-population gures remain some-

what static on the continent Besides enlarging

the vulnerable inormal sector, unemploymentcan lead to political instability, as witnessed in

the recent events in Tunisia and Egypt Arican

countries need to translate relatively strong eco-

nomic growth into meaningul employment crea-

tion to reduce absolute poverty and create social

inclusiveness Unlocking entrepreneurship across

regions and sectors and instituting well-designed

and supportive policies and actions is the road-

map to strong, shared, and sustainable growthArica can achieve such growth through structural

transormation guided by a developmental state,

underpinned by a vibrant private sector, produc-

tive entrepreneurship, and a diversied economy

Industrial policy can play an important role in

nurturing the entrepreneurial spirit and removing

obstacles to growth in high-potential sectors and

industries, thereby generating employment across

the continent Success in this area depends on anumber o structural actors, including addressing

the inrastructure gap (eg, improving access to a

reliable electricity supply, reliable road networks

and ICT connectivity, and better access to water

and sanitation) It is also contingent on promot-

ing a strong linkage between the agriculture and

industrial sectors

The evidence gathered in this report suggests that

scaling-up eorts to accelerate progress toward

achieving the MDGs on the continent is indeedpossible A crucial actor is that the much-needed

political will to support the MDGs did not wane

during or ater the nancial crisis Arican coun-

tries and development partners remain ully com-

mitted to the Goals However, one point o concern

is the extent to which governments can maintain

scal stability as they implement stimulus-related

packages to cushion households rom the impact

o the crises O equal concern is the implicationo the crises or concessional resource fows and

global trade In particular, scal consolidation in

developed countries will likely have adverse con-

sequences or both commodity exports and aid

fows to developing countries

This report is organized as ollows Ater this rst

introductory section, Section II assesses progress

on each o the eight Goals Section III takes asits thematic ocus social protection programs as

they relate to the MDGs in a selected number

o Arican countries Section IV concludes with

recommendations on the way orward

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SECTION II:

Tracking Progressthis alls ar short o the target o 29 percent by

2015 (Figure1) Furthermore, due to the cumula-

tive impacts o the ood, uel, and nancial crises

between 2006 and 2008, there has been a reversal

in the hard-won gains made in the past decade

toward reducing absolute poverty6 Notwithstand-ing this setback, rom 1998 to 2008, some Arican

countries such as Cameroon, Ethiopia, The Gambia,

Ghana, Senegal, and Morocco did manage to buck

the trend and make strides in poverty alleviation7

(Figure 2)

nancial crisis For instance, Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin

(2010) argued that poverty is reducing aster than expected

through the distributive impact o rapid economic growth

in the region, which could ast-track the achievement o the

target beore 2015 However, Chen and Ravallion (2008)

concluded that Aricas poverty is not declining ast enough

to oset the regions high population growth rate Wodon

(2007), while appreciating the role o economic growth

in poverty reduction, noted that changes in inequality are

limiting the gains rom growth or the poor in several Aricancountries The World Bank and IMF (2010) also explained that

the initial conditions in Arica made it dicult or growth to

lead to a rapid reduction in poverty; that the pace o progress

is inversely related to initial conditions

6 The projection rom IFAD (2010) puts the proportion o the

population living below the poverty line in Arica (excluding

North Arica) at 525 percent in 2008

7 Many countries reports also indicated they have made

appreciable progress on poverty reduction (in contrast with

international statistics) For instance, ocial statistics rom

Algeria reported a substantial all in poverty rom 141 percent

in 1995 to 5 percent in 2008

GOAl 1: ErADICATE ExTrEME POVErTyAND huNGEr

Taget 1A: have, beteen 1990 and 2015, te

popotion o peope ose income is ess tan

uS$ 1254

a daIn recent years, extreme poverty has been alling

rapidly, even in low-income countries, despite their

growing populations Across developing countries

globally, the proportion o people living on less

than US$ 125 a day ell rom 42 percent o the

population in 1990 to 25 percent in 2005 This is

attributable to the rapid economic growth in most

developing countries and the signicant progress in

poverty reduction on the part o highly populatedcountries such as China, India, and Indonesia I this

trend continues, developing countries are likely to

reach the target o 21 percent o the population

living on less than US$ 125 a day by 2015

Over the past decade, Arica has contributed sig-

nicantly to global economic growth, however,

economic perormance has not translated into a

signicant reduction in poverty among its popu-lations In particular, the proportion o Aricans

(excluding those in North Arica) living on less

than US$ 125 a day marginally decreased rom 58

percent in 1990 to 51 percent in 20055 However,

4 The poverty rate is the proportion o the population living

on less than US$ 125 a day, measured at 2005 international

prices, adjusted or purchasing power parity (PPP)

5 It is important to acknowledge the controversy surrounding

the extent o poverty reduction in Arica prior to the global

An important challenge to monitoring progress

on poverty reduction in Arica is the lack o data

originating rom comprehensive, quality surveys

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SECTION II: TRACkING PROGRESS

Fige 1: Te decining povet tend in Aica (ecding Not Aica) compaed totended taget o 2015 (%)

Source: Compiled rom http://iresearchworldbankorg/PovcalNet/povDuplichtml

Poverty headcount in Africa (excluding North Africa) ($1.25)

1990 1996 2002 2005 2015

MDG trend

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

carried out at regular intervals Even where good-quality surveys are available, delays in reporting

the results continue to hamper the monitoring

o poverty in the continent Gaps are particularly

acute in Arica (excluding North Arica), where close

to hal the countries lack sucient data to make

comparisons over time To ensure evidence-based

decision-making on the continent, governments,

the private sector, and development partners

should pay greater attention to the conduct ohousehold surveys through better resource al-

location and capacity development The need to

bridge the discrepancies between national and

international statistics should also be given serious

consideration

Poverty gap remains high in Arica

The poverty gap measures the shortall in the

incomes o people living below the poverty line

While the international poverty line o US$ 125 aday is set at a level typical o very poor countries,

many people subsist on even less than that amount

Economic growth and improvements in the distri-

bution o income or consumption can reduce the

depth o poverty In North Arica, the poverty gap

ratio remained static at 1 percent between 1990

and 2005, whilst in the rest o Arica the ratio

posted an improvement rom 26 to 21 percent

during the same period The subregional varia-tions in the poverty gap are high (Figure 3) These

data indicate the percentage o people living ar

below the threshold o US$ 125 a day, and hence

the magnitude o vulnerable groups that require

policy interventions Eorts to spur growth and

productivity in sectors where the poor are most

active (eg agriculture and inormal businesses)

will help to improve this ratio

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The global fnancial crisis and its impact on

poverty reduction

In spite o the promising economic growth pro-

jection or the continent, the atermath o the

global nancial crisis is likely to have a signi-

cant impact on progress toward MDG 1, both

up to 2015 and beyond Although much o the

rest o the world is largely on track to meet the

target o halving its income poverty rate, thispresents a major challenge or Arica (excluding

North Arica) Beore the crisis, the region was

projected to reach a poverty rate o 359 percent

by 2015, but this has now been revised to 38

percent The implication is that an additional 20

million people will be let in poverty by 2015

However, i the low-growth scenario comes to

pass,9 this number would more than double to

55 million over the same period10 (Figure4)

Indeed, revised estimates rom the World Bank

suggest that the crisis let an additional 50 mil-

lion people in extreme poverty in 2009 and a

urther 14 million in 2010 Those hardest hit

were principally living in Arica (excluding North

Arica) and in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia

9 The low-growth scenario assumes little or no growth or

about ve years, when it begins to slowly recover (World Bank

and IMF, 2010)

10 Ibid

Fige 4: Poected impact o te economic cisis on povet edction in Aica(ecding Not Aica), 20052020

Source: Compiled rom World Bank and IMF (2010)

200

300

400

500

Pre-crisis

1990

Million people

2005 2015 2020

Post-crisis Low-growth

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Taget 1B: Acieve and podctive

empoment and decent ok o a, incdingomen and ong peope

Indicator 1.4: Growth rate o GDP per person

employed

An important indicator or measuring changes

in the quality o employment is labor produc-

tivity11 Growth in labor productivity is essential

or improving living standards and sustaining

poverty reduction Like many other developingregions, output per worker in Arica, which has

been rising since 2002, witnessed a substantial

decline in 2009 due to the global economic crisis

(Figure 5) While the growth o labor produc-

tivity remained positive in North Arica, it was

curtailed dropping rom 29 percent in 2007 to

16 percent in 2009 There was a much sharper

11 Labor productivity is dened as output per unit o labor

decline in other subregions o Arica, rom 35

percent to -12 percent during the same periodThe slowdown in the rate o capital accumulation

and weak growth in total actor productivity12

could have accounted or the sharp all in labor

productivity Generally, output per worker is very

low in Arica (excluding North Arica), relative to

other global regions For instance, in 2009 it was

estimated to be US$ 5,141 or Arica (excluding

North Arica), compared to US$ 16,236 (North

Arica), US$ 12,383 (East Asia), US$ 22,352 (LatinAmerica and the Caribbean), and US$ 70,946

(developed economies and European Union)

(ILO, 2011)

12 Productivity gains come rom a more ecient use o

capital and labor, as well as rom technological progress

Fige 5: Got o abo podctivit in Aica and ote deveoping egions, 20002009

Source: Compiled rom ILO (2010c)

Africa Asia Latin America and the Caribbean

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20082000 2009

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Fige 6: Pecentage cange in GDP pe capita, 19902009

Source: Compiled rom http://hdrstatsundporg/r/indicateurs/62006html

Note: There were no data or Seychelles and Somalia, while Equatorial Guinea data were excluded because o its impact on the

graph Data rom Eritrea and Libya started rom 2000, while So Tom and Prncipe data started rom 2005

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SudanMozambique

Cape VerdeMauritius

TunisiaBotswana

AngolaEgypt

MaliEthiopiaMoroccoLesotho

GhanaBurkina Faso

ChadNamibiaUganda

NigeriaTanzaniaRwanda

SwazilandMalawiBeninLibya

AlgeriaDjiboutiGuinea

So Tom and PrncipeMauritania

South AfricaSenegalGambiaCongo

Sierra LeoneZambiaKenya

CameroonNigerTogo

ComorosGabon

Madagascar

EritreaCAR

Cte dIvoireGuinea Bissau

BurundiLiberia

ZimbabweDRC

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Subregional averages mask wide variations across

Arican countries on productivity, as measured by

GDP per capita For countries where comparabledata are available between 1990 and 2009, the

average GDP growth per capita was 558 percent

in Arica Thirty-seven countries recorded positive

growth while it was negative in 14 countries dur-

ing the same ten-year period Two oil-producing

countries (Equatorial Guinea and The Sudan) were

the highest-perorming countries, ollowed by

Mozambique, Cape Verde, Mauritius, and Tunisia

The use o revenues rom oshore oil extraction or the

transormation o inrastructure in Equatorial Guinea

accounts or the massive rise in productivity in that

country, while the ecient use o capital, labor, and

technological advances explains better perormance

in other countries The least-perorming countries in

terms o GDP growth per capita over 19902009

were DRC, Zimbabwe, Liberia, Burundi, and Cte

dIvoire (Figure 6) Most countries lagging behind onproductivity are postconfict countries Conficts oten

lead to the total destruction o inrastructure, which

undermines the ecient use o actors o production

(including labor and capital) Resources that could be

used or capital accumulation are instead devoted

to humanitarian support and social cohesion eorts

The resurgence o conficts in some countries and

the spread o political instability in North Arica could

urther aect overall productivity on the continent

Indicator 1.5: Employment-to-population ratio

Employment generation

The employment-to-population ratio,13 which pro-

vides a snapshot o the quantity o employment

13 Employment-to-population ratio is dened as the propor-

tion o a countrys working-age population, aged 15 years

and older, who are in employment

being generated in an economy, grew by about 05

percent between 1991 and 2008 or the continent

as a whole During this period, North Arica re-corded the largest improvement, while West Arica

regressed slightly Relative to all the subregions,

East Arica has the highest ratio o population in

employment, while North Arica has the lowest

(Figure 7) This could be attributed to the low par-

ticipation o women and youth in the workorce

in North Arica and to a high unemployment rate

there14 This potent mix o destabilizing actors

was no doubt a contributory actor behind thesocial and political instability recently witnessed

in the subregion

Turning to West Arica, the large share o capital-

intensive extractive industries in national output

and the prevalence o conficts in many member

countries have contributed to the decline in the

employment-to-population ratio in the subregion

By contrast, East Aricas relative social stabilityand appreciable economic diversication played

a positive part in its sustained good perormance

Unemployment rates are generally higher in North

Arica than in the other subregions, although it

achieved a higher rate o progress over the time

span 19912008 In North Arica, unemployment

declined rom about 14 percent in 2000 to 95

percent in 2008 beore rising marginally to 98percent in 2009, due to the global economic cri-

sis The decline was subdued in the rest o the

continent, alling rom about 90 percent in 1990

to 80 percent in 2007, beore rising by just 02

percent in 2009 (ILO, 2011)

14 See ILO (2010a) or more on the employment situation in

North Arica

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Fige 7: Empoment-to-popation atio b Aican sbegion, 1991 and 2008 (%)

Source: Compiled rom UNSD data (updated in June 2010)

Note: No data or Djibouti, Mauritania, So Tom and Prncipe, and Seychelles

1991

North Africa West Africa Central Africa East Africa Southern Africa

2008

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Employment-to-population ratios at the countrylevel exhibit substantial variations O the 49

countries or which comparable data are avail-

able, 25 countries made progress, with Algeria,

Ethiopia, Lesotho, and Zambia recording more

than a 5 percent improvement Only Cameroon

was stagnant during the period, while 23 coun-

tries regressed Namibia, Rwanda, Swaziland,

Tanzania, and Zimbabwe registered a decline o

more than 5 percent between 1991 and 2008(Figure 8) To remedy the situation, eorts should

be made to diversiy the economy away rom

traditional commodities into the service sector

Countries must also build the capacity to absorb

both skilled and unskilled labor and to better align

educational curricula to labor market realities in

order to enhance the employment opportunities

o young graduates

Tackling youth employmentYoung people are the oundation or building

solid economies and vibrant societies or today

and tomorrow; however, young people have oten

been excluded rom social and productive activities

For instance, employment among youths (1525

years old) globally is on the decline and the all

was steeper during the economic crisis and its

atermath, between 2007 and 2009 Youth un-

employment rose rom 119 percent in 2007 to130 percent in 2009 and was estimated at 131

percent in 2010 (ILO, 2010a) Youth unemploy-

ment is a major issue in Arica, as it has the largest

share o youths to total population worldwide, in

addition to a very high poverty incidence and low

economic diversication

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Fige 8: Pecentage cange in empoment-to-popation atio o seected Aicanconties, 19912008


-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

AlgeriaEthiopiaLesothoZambia

LibyaMadagascar

ChadSouth Africa

SudanBenin

Equatorial GuineaSierra Leone

UgandaEgypt

SomaliaTunisia

Guinea-BissauNiger

MalawiMorocco

Burkina FasoLiberiaGabon

CameroonAngolaEritreaKenya

BurundiComoros

CARGuinea

SenegalCongo Republic

BotswanaGambia

DRCNigeria

Cape VerdeTogo

MozambiqueMauritius

Cte dIvoireMali

GhanaNamibia

SwazilandRwanda

ZimbabweTanzania

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Youth unemployment in Arica has become a

development concern in recent times and is more

precarious in North Arica15 More than 20 percent

o the youth labor orce in North Arica in 2008

was unable to nd jobs Indeed, only 407 percent

o male youths and 159 percent o emale youths

in North Arica were in employment in 2008 This

explains why youth unemployment worsened by32 percentage points between 1998 and 2008 in

North Arica, compared to 17 percentage points

or the rest o the continent (ILO, 2010a) The

dierence in the rate could refect the lack o

social protection, which orces the youths into

low-productivity employment, especially in the

15 Youth unemployment has become a recurring issue in

North Arica and the Middle East, which have the worst rates

o youth unemployment in the world (ILO, 2010c)

inormal sector16 These developments are seen to

have contributed to the increasing wave o protests

in North Arica and the Middle East in recent times

Investing in the youth is an important strategy to

transorm the demographic challenge into eco-

nomic opportunities, social inclusion, and poverty

reduction The need or countries to develop anational action plan or youth employment is more

relevant than ever This action plan should examine

16 Although the inormal sector in Arica provides a good

opportunity to absorb the unemployed youths, yet substantial

challenges still inhibit access to this sector These include lack

o resources to enter the upper-tier inormal sector; barri-

ers in terms o acquiring technical or entrepreneurial skills,

non-conducive operating environments, such as a lack o in-

rastructure (eg, electricity); and wage rigidity in the inormal

wage employment (Chaudhuri and Mukhopadhyay, 2010)

Bo 1: Empoment poic in AgeiaUnemployment has been a serious long-term development challenge in Algeria. Indeed, total and

youth unemployment rates were as high as 30 percent in 2000 and 48 percent in 2001 respectively.To reduce unemployment and tackle poverty in the country, the government decided to implement

a rigorous employment policy. Subsidies were granted to frms as incentives to hire the unemployed,

and a public works program was established or unskilled people. Firms were given the opportunity

to hire the unemployed at no cost or one year, with the government paying the salaries or skilled

youth. Subsidies and fnancing were provided to micro enterprise projects to take on skilled youth

with relevant qualifcations. Tax incentive measures were also provided to employers who were able

to create and saeguard jobs.

These eorts improved perormance in terms o matching labor supply (job seekers) with labor demand

(vacancies). As a result, the annual number o job matching through the National Employment Agency

(ANEM) over the period 20052009 increased by 167 percent. Moreover, emale employment during this

period rose rom 1.2 million to almost 1.5 million; an increase o about 20 percent. Altogether, between

2004 and 2009, Algerias government was able to create 1.3 million new jobs. This development led to a

reduction in the total unemployment rate rom 30 percent in 2000 to 15.3 percent in 2005, alling urther to

10.2 percent in 2009. In particular, youth unemployment ell rom 48 percent in 2001 to 31 percent in 2005.

The governments employment policy has surely contributed to the signifcant reduction o the poverty

rate in the country, which decreased rom 14.1 percent in 1995 to 5 percent in 2008, as measured by

the national poverty line.

Sources: Kpodar (2007) and Algeria MDG Report (2010).

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and address the key barriers to youth employment

at local and national levels and be ready to scale

up interventions that are proving to be innovativein the promotion o youth participation and private

sector involvement Some o the issues requiring

urgent attention in many Arican countries include

addressing technical and nontechnical (numeracy

and literacy) skill mismatches, tackling slow growth

job barriers, dealing with discrimination in the

labor market, and improving access to start-up

capital, among others

Indicator 1.6: Proportion o employed people

living on less than US$ 1.25 (PPP) per day

This is an indicator or measuring extreme poverty

among the working population Globally, the

number o working poor (living on less than US$

125 a day) declined rom 8751 million in 1999

to 6319 million in 2009 In contrast to the global

trend, this indicator rose in Arica rom 158 million

to 185 million during the same period (Table 1)The rigidity o nominal wages accompanied by a

rising cost o living relative to many other regions

o the world contributed to this trend

Although the number o the working poor in Arica

is on the increase, the ratio o the working poor

to the total workorce has been on a declining

trend A marginal reversal was however recorded in

2009 due to the global economic crisis, which ledto the loss o many ormal jobs and an expansion

o vulnerable employment Relative to the global

average o 207 percent in 2009, the share o the

working poor in Arica (excluding North Arica)

was 589 percent A similar trend was observed or

the poverty threshold o US$ 20 per day (Table 1)

Tabe 1: Indicatos o te oking poo in Aica, 19992009

North Africa Africa, excluding North Africa

Year Working poor

(million)

% of total

employment

Working poor

(million)

% of total

employment

Working people living on less than US$ 1.25 per day

1999 10.5 21.4 147.5 66.9

2003 11.1 20.2 156.2 63.0

2008 10.5 16.2 170.2 58.5

2009 10.7 16.1 174.6 58.5

Working people living on less than US$ 2.0 per day

1999 20.7 42.2 189.6 86.1

2003 21.5 39.1 209.3 84.4

2008 20.6 31.7 236.7 81.4

2009 20.7 31.2 243.2 81.5

Source: Compiled rom ILO (2011)

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in 2009, compared to 85 million in South Asia

(ILO, 2011) Vulnerable employment in Arica

(excluding North Arica) in 2009 peaked at 758percent o the labor orce, which is considerably

higher than the global average o 501 percent

in the same year

Precarious jobs are common where the inormal

economy is prevalent Targeted measures should

be taken by governments to enhance the pro-

ductivity and conditions o the service sector

Such measures could include improving accessto product markets (eg promoting subcontract-

ing between ormal and inormal operators),

encouraging venture capital, and improving the

regulatory ramework18

Another characteristic o vulnerable employment

in Arica is the emerging trend o eminization

About six out o ten emale workers in North

Arica is engaged in vulnerable employment, butthis ratio rises to eight out o ten emale workers

in the rest o Arica The gender gap between

the vulnerable employment o women compared

to men in 2009 amounted to 218 and 145 per-

centage points or North Arica and the rest o

Arica respectively (Table 2) It is clear that more

eorts are required to tackle discrimination against

women in ormal employment, both in the private

and public sectors

18 See Obadan et al (1999) or detailed strategies to address

the challenges o precarious employment and inormal sector

Reducing the proportion o the working poor in

Arica will require a comprehensive strategy to

conront the casualization o labor, by promotingwage indexation and encouraging the integra-

tion o the inormal sector into the mainstream

economy across Arican countries

Indicator 1.7: Proportion o own-account

and contributing amily workers in total

employment

Limited progress has been achieved in reducing

the proportion o vulnerable employment17

inArica Globally, the number o vulnerable work-

ers rose rom 138 billion in 1999 to 153 billion

in 2009 an increase o about 110 percent, as

opposed to around 30 percent in Arica The

preponderance o the inormal sector in Arica

(excluding North Arica) accounts or this regional

trend

Although the actual number o such workers ison the increase, the ratio o vulnerable employ-

ment to total employment in Arica is on the

decline Between 1998 and 2008 it ell rom

437 percent to 402 percent in North Arica, and

rom 805 percent to 753 percent in the other

subregions The trend was however reversed in

2009 (Table 2) due to the global nancial crisis

In hard times, people use the inormal sector as a

coping strategy in response to ormal sector jobdisplacements The number o people engaged

in vulnerable employment rose by 74 million

17 Vulnerable employment is the sum o own-account

workers and unpaid amily workers It provides an insight into

the widespread use o inormal work arrangements, where

workers lack adequate social protection and social dialogue

mechanisms Such arrangements are oten associated with

low pay and dicult working conditions (ILO, 2011) Work

vulnerability is an important indicator or measuring the

overall employment quality

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Fige 9: hnge inde o Aica, 1990 and 2010

Note: Data not available or So Tom and Prncipe, Seychelles, Somalia, and Namibia

Source: Compiled rom IFPRI (2010)

DRC

BurundiEritrea

ChadEthiopia

Sierra LeoneComoros

MadagascarCAR

AngolaNiger

ZambiaLiberia

Mozambique

DjiboutiRwanda

Guinea-BissauTogo

Burkina FasoZimbabwe

SudanTanzania

KenyaMali

GambiaMalawiNigeria

CameroonGuineaBenin

SenegalCongo Republic

UgandaCte dIvoire

NamibiaMauritaniaBotswana

LesothoSwaziland

Ghana

South AfricaMauritius

GabonMoroccoTunisia

LibyaEgypt

Algeria

0 10 20 30 40 50

2010 (2003-08)

1990 (1988-92)

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Although the continent is too ar o-track to

achieve the hunger reduction target, there are

wide variations in the perormance o variouscountries Some have made giant strides (Figure

9); Ghana and Tunisia are the only countries to

have already achieved this target Ghana, or

instance, was able to reduce hunger by 57 per-

cent between 1990 and 2008 owing to avora-

ble rainall patterns, stable good governance,

sound macroeconomic policies, and substantial

investments in agriculture Both Malawi and

Mauritania reduced hunger by about 40 percentduring the same period In North Arica, Mo-

rocco had a Global Hunger Index score o 58

in 2010, while others (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and

Algeria) scored less than 5 The alarming level

o hunger in other countries results rom many

actors, including armed confict (eg DRC and

Burundi), natural disasters (eg Chad, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, and Kenya), weak governance, weak

social protection systems (eg The Gambia)and the breakdown o local institutions (eg

Zimbabwe)

Improving the quantity and quality o domestic

investment in agriculture and agricultural pro-

ductivity is central to addressing the challenge o

hunger and ood security in Arica, yet the sector

has not been receiving the attention it deserves

over the past two decades The proportion o totalODA allocated to agriculture has been alling since

the late 1980s it declined rom about 15 percent

in 1990 to about 5 percent in 200820 Between

2005 and 2008, or instance, the share o ODA

allocated to agriculture in countries acing ood

crises was disproportionately low It was less than

2 percent in Chad, Congo Republic, DRC, Liberia,

20 See ONE (2010, p125)

Somalia, and The Sudan; and between 2 and 5

percent in Angola, Burundi, CAR, Eritrea, Guinea,

Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zimbabwe This allsshort o the average o about 6 percent or all

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) On the other

hand, countries like Cte dIvoire, Ethiopia, and

Kenya received between 5 and 8 percent during

the period (FAO and WFP, 2010)

Another actor compounding the problem is the

mismatch between humanitarian support and aid

to agriculture being delivered to Arica A largeproportion o unding or ood security is still de-

livered through ood aid, in both emergency and

non-emergency situations In 2008, or instance,

the G-8 provided US$ 30 billion in ood aid, ar

above the US$ 18 billion provided or agriculture21

The situation in countries with protracted crises is

more serious still Between 2000 and 2008, more

than 60 percent o total ODA was spent on hu-

manitarian support in Somalia and The Sudan andmore than 20 percent in Angola, Burundi, Chad,

Congo, DRC, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe (FAO

and WFP, 2010, p13)

21 Ibid, p 126

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Although international assistance to Arica or

meeting the hunger target has been positive in

recent times,22

the region still needs substantialtechnical and nancial support to ensure ood se-

curity Food aid is necessary to meet urgent ood

and nutritional needs (especially in prolonged

crisis countries), but it should not be provided

at the expense o long-term agricultural invest-

ment that will enable communities to become

sel-sucient and ood secure Food aid is a

short-term solution and will not assist countries

to achieve Target 1C in the long run This is-sue is best addressed through targeted national

programs aimed at providing basic nutrition to

pregnant women rom poor households and

school meals tied to local productive capacity

(eg using locally produced ood)23

Based on the need to promote long-term ag-

ricultural investment in the region, the Arican

22 For instance, the G-8 communiqus rom 2005 to 2007

recognized the importance o supporting increased agricul-

tural productivity in Arica Between 2008 and 2009 there

was a collective commitment to reverse the declining trend o

ODA to agriculture While the 2008 Hokkaido Toyako Summit

committed US$ 100 billion to address the global ood crisis

and support the agricultural sector, the 2009 LAquila Summit

committed to provide US$ 200 billion over three years (since

revised to US$ 220 billion) through the Aquila Food Secu-

rity Initiative This initiative committed to support countries

vetted agricultural plans through predictable, long-term and

well-coordinated unding as well as country-led processes, in-cluding the Comprehensive Arican Agriculture Development

Program (CAADP) The Global Agricultural and Food Security

Program (GAFSP), a multilateral ood security trust und man-

aged by the World Bank, was established during the 2009

Pittsburgh G-20 meeting to complement the Aquila initiative

(see UNDP, 2011)

23 The Home-Grown School Feeding Program, unded by the

World Food Program and DFID-UK to the tune o US$ 25 mil-

lion, is such a scheme It comes under Pillar 3 o CAADP and

is designed to link school eeding to agricultural development

through the purchase and use o locally and domestically

produced ood

Union is spearheading the Comprehensive Arica

Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) This

program pays special attention to enhanced er-tilizer coverage, the use o improved seedlings,

and expanded irrigation programs to substantially

reduce malnutrition in Arica Furthermore, the

joint program on regional value chains or agricul-

tural products will contribute to ood security and

improvements in malnutrition (ECA, 2007) These

initiatives must be supported and expanded by

Arican governments and development partners

in order to achieve rapid agricultural productivityin Arica

Indicator 1.8: Prevalence o underweight

children under fve years o age

Progress on reducing the proportion o children

under ve who are underweight has also been

sluggish and it is unlikely that this target will

be met by 2015 O the 36 countries or which

complete data were available, 28 countries hadreduced the prevalence o underweight chil-

dren, albeit at a slow rate, whilst eight countries

showed a regression Only Algeria had reached

the target as o 2009, while countries like Dji-

bouti, Morocco, and Zimbabwe are now worse

o than they were in 1990 (Table 3) Zimbabwe,

which was once regarded as the breadbasket

o Arica, has been particularly hard-hit on this

indicator, owing to the economic collapse thecountry is grappling with

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Tabe 3: Pevaence o ndeeigt ciden nde fve eas od o seected Aicanconties (19901999 and 20002009) (%)

Ten best-performing countries Ten worst-performing countries

Countries % Change in underweight

children

Countries % Change in underweight

children

Algeria -67.26 Nigeria -2.20

Egypt -37.04 Guinea -1.89

Malawi -36.48 Chad -1.17

Senegal -33.79 Madagascar 3.66

The Gambia -31.90 Burkina Faso 10.98

Ghana -29.56 Comoros 12.11

Botswana -29.14 Lesotho 18.57

Mali -26.96 Zimbabwe 21.74

Rwanda -25.93 Morocco 22.22

Angola -25.68 Djibouti 85.00

Source: Compiled rom WHO (2010b)

Child malnutrition tends to perpetuate a cycle o

regression in other MDGs, especially Goals 4 and

5 For instance, child malnutrition contributes to

more than one-third o the disease burden o

under-ves, while during pregnancy it results in

more than 20 percent o maternal mortalities24

Evidence rom the 2010 GHI reveals that when

poorly nourished girls grow up, they tend to givebirth to underweight babies Indeed, this is one

o the causes or slow progress in the reduction

o child mortality

A comprehensive approach is needed to address

early childhood malnutrition Such interventions

should ocus on improved maternal nutrition

24 See Go et al (2010)

during pregnancy, promotion o lactation and

exclusive breast-eeding, as well as the provision o

essential micronutrients and comprehensive immu-

nization packages targeted at inants aged 024

months Governments and other stakeholders

should also proactively address the undamental

causes o malnutrition, including ood insecurity,

inequitable access to basic health services, unhy-gienic eeding practices, and inadequate nutrition

and education programs To make good progress,

what is needed is a comprehensive development

program where ood security, nutrition, and eq-

uitable access to basic health services are ully

integrated

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Fige 10: Popotion o ndenoised popation in Aica (ecding Not Aica)compaed to ote deveoping conties, 19902010

Source: Compiled rom FAO and WFP (2010)

Note: Figures or 2009 and 2010 are projections rom FAO Statistics 2010

% of population undernourished in Africa (excluding North Africa)

% of population undernourished in developing countries

1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2005-07 2008 2009 2010

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Indicator 1.9: The proportion o population

below the minimum level o dietary energyconsumption

The continuous reduction in the number o un-

dernourished people that had been achieved in

Arica since 1990 was reversed by the increase

in ood prices during 20062008 As a result, in

2009 Arica (excluding North Arica) ound itsel

reverting to its pre-2002 level or this indicator25

The impacts o the ood, uel and nancial crises

on the continent seemed more pronounced thanon other developing regions Ater 1990, the gap

between the proportion o malnourished people

in Arica (excluding North Arica), and in other de-

veloping countries narrowed, but since 2008 it has

25 Although the proportion o malnourished people consist-

ently declined between 1990 and 2008, the actual number o

people o malnourished people rose rom about 175 million in

1990 to about 250 million in 2009 See FAO and WFP (2010,

p 11)

widened (Figure 10) Based on FAOs projection or

2010, Arica (excluding North Arica) accounted or258 percent o the total number o undernourished

people in the developing world ater Asia and the

Pacic, which accounted or 625 percent26

Until the impact o the 20062008 ood crisis be-

came maniest, the number o malnourished people

had been declining in all subregions o the continent

except Central Arica, where the reduction was only

witnessed rom 20002002 O the countries wheredata are available, 31 made progress, 11 regressed,

while one (Guinea-Bissau) stalled in its progress

between 1990 and 2007 As indicated in Table 4,

by 2007 Ghana, Congo, Nigeria, Mali, and Djibouti

had achieved the target while countries such as

Niger, Mauritania, The Sudan, and Namibia, among

others, had moved closer to the target In the DRC

26 See FAO and WFP (2010)

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however, due to the protracted confict, economic

collapse, a massive displacement o people, and a

chronic state o ood insecurity, the proportion omalnourished people rose rom 26 percent in 1990

to 69 percent in 2007 Other countries with wors-

ening trends on this indicator include Swaziland,

Burundi, The Gambia, and Botswana

The slow progress being made toward halving

poverty levels, creating meaningul employment,

and decreasing malnutrition contributes to the slug-

gish perormance recorded or the other goals Adual-track approach o addressing ood insecurity

in both the short and long term is vital Supporting

extremely poor consumers through social protec-

tion interventions combined with eorts to boost

agricultural production (especially or smallholder

armers) and managing ood markets will lead to a

more inclusive economic growth path (Ortiz et al,2011) Such an approach should be underpinned by

a participating, educated, and healthy workorce

Strong economic perormance correlates with

good nutrition For this reason, eorts to improve

pro-poor economic growth need to be strength-

ened, with a particular ocus on agricultural per-

ormance and gender equity Implementation o

the CAADP with special attention on enhancedertilizer coverage, use o improved seedlings, and

expanded irrigation program can help to sub-

stantially reduce malnutrition and promote ood

security in Arica

Tabe 4: Eeven eading and agging Aican conties o edcing mantition, 19902007

Leading countries Lagging countries

Countries % level of improvement Countries % level of retrogression

Ghana -81.5 DRC 165.4

Congo -64.3 Swaziland 50.0

Nigeria -62.5 Burundi 40.9

Mali -55.6 The Gambia 35.7

Djibouti -53.3 Botswana 31.6

Niger -46.0 Zambia 22.9

The Sudan -43.6 Tanzania 21.4

Mauritania -41.7 Comoros 21.1

Namibia -40.6 Madagascar 19.1

Ethiopia -40.6 Uganda 10.5

Benin -40.0 Liberia 10.0


Note: Incomplete data or eight countries: Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, Libya, Morocco, So Tom and Prncipe, South Arica, and Tunisia

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Fige 12: Gap to net enoment taget in pima edcation o seected Aicanconties, 2008

Key: *2007 data **2209 data

Source: Compiled rom UNSD report (updated in August 2010)

Tanzania

Tunisia

BurundiMadagascar*

So Tom and Prncipe**

Uganda

Zambia

Rwanda

Algeria

Egypt*

Mauritius**

Togo**

South Africa*

Benin

Malawi

Namibia

Morocco

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Swaziland*

Kenya

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Ghana

Mali**

Mauritania**

Senegal

Lesotho*

Guinea

Gambia

CAR**Burkina Faso**

Nigeria*

Niger**

Djibouti

Eritrea

0 20 40 60 80 100

2008 Gap to target

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Fige 13: Pima edcation ependite as % o tota edcationa ependite

Source: Compiled rom UNESCO (2010)

Botswana (2007)

Congo (2005)

Mauritius (2006)

Angola (2006)

Ghana (2005)

Cameroon (2008)

Tunisia (2005)

Lesotho (2008)

Mali (2008)

Eritrea (2006)Cape Verde (2008)

South Africa (2009)

Togo (2007)

Mauritania (2008)

Rwanda (2007)

Morocco (2005)

Senegal (2005)

Chad (2005)

CAR (2007)

Burundi (2008)

Ethiopia (2007)

Madagascar (2008)

Kenya (2006)

Mozambique (2006)

Benin (2007)

Zambia (2005)

Uganda (2009)

Comoros (2008)

Burkina Faso (2006)

Niger (2008)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

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Fige 16:(a) liteac ate bot sees, 2008 (%)

Libya

Seychelles

Zimbabwe

Cape Verde

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Tunisia

South Africa

Mauritius

o Tom and Prncipe

Botswana

SwazilandNamibia

Kenya

Lesotho

Eritrea

Uganda

Cameroon

Malawi

Sudan

Comoros

Togo

Ghana

TanzaniaRwanda

Morocco

Burundi

Zambia

Liberia

Angola

Nigeria

Madagascar

Mozambique

Guinea-Bissau

Mauritania

Cte dIvoire

DRCCAR

Gambia

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Benin

Ethiopia

Chad

0 20 40 60 80 100

Female

Men

0 20 40 60 80 100

Libya

Zimbabwe

Seychelles

Cape Verde

Equatorial Guinea

Lesotho

South Africa

Mauritius

Gabon

Botswana

Tunisia

So Tom and Prncipe

Namibia

Kenya

Uganda

Malawi

Eritrea

Comoros

Cameroon

Sudan

Togo

Liberia

Ghana

RwandaTanzania

Burundi

Morocco

Madagascar

Zambia

Angola

Nigeria

Mauritania

Mozambique

DRC

Guinea-Bissau

Cte dIvoireGambia

CAR

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Benin

Ethiopia

Chad

(b) liteac ate disaggegated b se,2008 (%)


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Taget 3A: Eiminate gende dispait in

pima and seconda edcation peeab b

2005, and at a eves o edcation no ate

tan 2015

Indicator 3.1: Ratio o girls to boys inprimary, secondary, and tertiary education

Primary education

Although recent initiatives have promoted girls

enrollment, especially at the primary school level,

the data show that by 2008, parity between boys

and girls had not yet been achieved in Arica (ex-

cluding North Arica) Overall, there were 91 girls

enrolled in primary school or every 100 boys, and

only 84 girls enrolled in junior secondary school

or every 100 boys Despite scaled-up policies

and unding or girls education, major challenges

remain, such as gendered poverty and traditional

and cultural practices that tend to avor boys32

In Arica, school ees represent a major constraint to

girls enrollment in schools In countries where state

education is ree, the number o girls in schools

tends to be higher33 Where boys may already be

avored to go to school, school ees pose an ad-

ditional constraint to girls access to education

32 UNICEF and UNESCO (2011)

33 UN (2010)

Fige 17: Gende Pait Inde in pima eve enoment in seected Aicanconties, 1991 and 2008

Source: Compiled rom UNSD data (updated in July 2010)

Key: * data or 2009

1991

Mauritania*

Gambia

Malawi

Senegal

Rwanda

SoTomandPrncipe*

Uganda

Mauritius*

Ghana

Namibia

Seychelles

Tanzania

Kenya

Tunisia

Zambia

Madagascar

Burundi

Algeria

CapeVerde

Congo

Togo*

Comoros

Morocco

Liberia

Sudan*

BurkinaFaso*

Ethiopia

Djibouti

Mozambique

Benin

Cameroon

Guinea

Mali*

DRC

Eritrea

Angola

Niger*

Cted'Ivoire

CAR*

Chad

2008

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

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Fige 18: Gende Pait Inde in pima edcation b Aican sbegion, 19912008

Source: Compiled rom UNSD data (updated in July 2010)

1991 2000 2008

0

North Africa West Africa Central Africa East Africa Southern Africa

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

O the 37 countries with available data, analysis othe Gender Parity Index (GPI) at primary education

level between 1991 and 2008 shows that most

Arican countries will achieve gender parity at

the primary education level by 2015 Seventeen

countries34 are approaching parity with a score

o 90 and above in the year 2008 (Figure 17) In

act, Malawi, Mauritania, So Tom and Prncipe,

Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda scored a GPI

o slightly more than 10, indicating a higher enroll-ment o girls than boys in primary school in these

countries Thus the emerging policy challenge in

such countries is to increase boys enrollment in

primary education to ensure true gender equality

Benin, The Gambia, and Guinea reduced gender

disparity in primary education the most between

34 Algeria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Comoros, Congo Republic,

Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Sey-

chelles, The Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Zambia

19912008, by more than 035 points At theother end o the spectrum, the gender gap in

primary school increased in Angola and Eritrea

over the same timerame No changes were re-

corded or Cameroon and Cape Verde between

1991 and 2009 or this indicator But overall,

given current trends, achieving gender parity in

primary education is still possible or most Arican

countries by 2015

Figure 18 summarizes the perormance o Aricas

subregions toward gender parity in primary level

enrollment Overall, the Arican subregions have

been showing positive growth in GPI in primary

education West Arica registered the most pro-

gress, ollowed by North Arica and East Arica

during the period 19912008 However, progress

was slower in Central and Southern Arica

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Tertiary education

Progress towards gender parity in tertiary educa-

tion is also slow O the 19 countries or whichdata are available or 2008/2009, Cape Verde

(124), Mauritius (117), Namibia (132), and Tuni-

sia (149) surpassed gender parity, having more

girls than boys enrolled in tertiary education

The present challenge or these countries is to

increase the ratio o boys enrollment, so as to

achieve true gender parity in tertiary education

As with primary school enrollment, which has

shown similar trends, it is necessary or govern-ments to be aware o this emerging issue and

where necessary to implement corrective policy

actions

O the 14 countries or which data were available

or both 1991 and 2008, Cameroon, Mauritius,

Tunisia, and Uganda recorded noticeable progress

in reducing gender disparity in tertiary education

(Figure 20) Eight35 countries registered a GPI oless than 050 in tertiary education in 2008 With

the majority o Arican countries ailing to reach

a GPI o 090 in 2008, and many still struggling

to reach a level o 050, it is highly unlikely that

Arican countries will attain this target by 2015 i

current trends continue

Indicator 3.2: Share o women in wage

employment in the non-agricultural sectorTracking progress or this indicator is problematic

due to a lack o data Consequently, the analysis

has been based on the most recent data avail-

able or each country (Figure 21) Surveys that

measure the share o women in wage employ-

ment in the non-agricultural sector are rarely

35 Burkina Faso, CAR, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali,

and Niger

conducted In act, most countries only have

data on this indicator or a single year, which

makes it impossible to track an individual coun-trys progress Furthermore, since countries most

recent data cover dierent years (ranging rom

2000 to 2008), there is a lack o comparability

which makes it impossible to monitor dierent

countries progress

Nevertheless, it can be said that Aricas overall

perormance on this indicator has been disap-

pointing For the continent as a whole, less than50 percent o wage employment in the non-

agricultural sector is undertaken by women

Ethiopia reported the highest share (473 percent)

in 2006 and is thus considered to be the best

perormer or this indicator This might be due

to the Ethiopian governments special ocus on

small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) as an

eective means o creating job opportunities

or women

It is likely that the nancial crisis o 2007/08 also

contributed to a surge in inormal employment, as

a result o job losses in the ormal sector In some

developing countries, over 80 percent o workers

have inormal jobs as owners o inormal-sector

businesses or as contributing amily workers or

employees Such jobs are highly vulnerable, lack-

ing written contracts or social security benets(this applies also to subcontracted workers op-

erating rom home and domestic services work-

ers) In most Arican countries, women are over-

represented in inormal employment (See also

Section III o this report on social protection as

a means to address the vulnerability o inormal

employment)

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Fige 22: Pecentage o seats ed b omen in nationa paiaments, 1990 and 2010


Egypt

Comoros

Somalia

So Tom and Prncipe

Congo Republic

Gambia

Algeria

Botswana

DRC

Cte d'Ivoire

CAR

Niger

Kenya

Guinea-Bissau

Equatorial Guinea

Morocco

Benin

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