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Write short notes 1- Write short notes on ( Endocrines): 1- Mechanism of action of hormone. 2- Hormones essential for life. 3- Normal function of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4). 4- Parathormone. 5- Thyrocalcitonine. 6- Functions of glucocorticoids. 7- Actions of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. 9- Endocrine functions of Pancreas. 10- Hormones of Anterior pituitary and their functions. 11- Hormones of Posterior pituitary and their functions. 2- Write short notes on ( Blood): 1- Functions of the blood. 2- Physical properties of blood. 3- Composition of blood. 4- Composition of plasma. 5- Albumin / Globulin (A/G) ratio. 6- Dynamic state of plasma proteins. 7- General function of plasma proteins. 8- Carrier functions of plasma proteins. 9- Mechanism and steps of Haemostasis. 10- Mechanism and significance of Local vascular spasm. 11- Mechanism and significance of platelet plug Formation. 12- Steps of blood clotting. 13- Normal blood standards. 1

MCQ physiology

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MCQ physiology

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Write short notes

1- Write short notes on ( Endocrines):

1- Mechanism of action of hormone.2- Hormones essential for life.3- Normal function of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4).4- Parathormone.5- Thyrocalcitonine.6- Functions of glucocorticoids.7- Actions of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline.9- Endocrine functions of Pancreas.

10- Hormones of Anterior pituitary and their functions.11- Hormones of Posterior pituitary and their functions.2- Write short notes on ( Blood):

1- Functions of the blood.2- Physical properties of blood.3- Composition of blood.4- Composition of plasma.

5- Albumin / Globulin (A/G) ratio.6- Dynamic state of plasma proteins.7- General function of plasma proteins.8- Carrier functions of plasma proteins.9- Mechanism and steps of Haemostasis.10- Mechanism and significance of Local vascular spasm.

11- Mechanism and significance of platelet plug Formation.

12- Steps of blood clotting.13- Normal blood standards.14- Functions of the red blood cells.15- Fate of red blood cells.

16- Factors affecting erythropoiesis.17- Total and differential Leucocytic count.18- Functions of leucocytes.3- Fill the blank ( Endocrines):1- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases permeability of the tissue cells to glucose, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to H2O, while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases transport of AA into cells.

2- Local hormones act on the same site of their secretion e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3- Hormones essential for life are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- T3 and T4 increase blood glucose level due to stimulation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5- Normally T3 and T4 stimulate protein anabolism through stimulation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess T3 and T4 stimulate protein catabolism through stimulation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6- T3 and T4 increase HR due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ( COP due . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7- Parathormone helps mobilization of calcium and phosphates from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because it stimulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . activity, while thyrocalcitonine helps mobilization of calcium and phosphates from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because it stimulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . activity.

8- Parathormone inhibits reabsorption of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the renal tubules which leads to increase its excretion in urine.9- Adrenal cortex is formed of the following zones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- Adrenal cortex secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11- Aldosterone helps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . retention, in the same time causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . excretion from the kidney.

12- Cortisol increases blood glucose because it increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and decreases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13- On blood Cortisol increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in the same time it decreases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14- Cortisol helps the body to face stress condition because it has the following effects: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15- Cortisol decreases allergic reactions in cases of allergy because it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16- Adrenaline ( blood glucose level because: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17- Adrenalin produces Orbelli phenomenon in skeletal muscles which means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This is because Adrenaline produces V D of skeletal muscle blood vessels which helps in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18- In Pancreas the islet of Langerhans is composed of alpha cells which secrete . . . . . . . . . . . , beta cells which secrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., and delta cells which secrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19- Insulin facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by tissue cells and helps glucose storage as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insulin inhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and facilitates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20- Anterior pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21- Posterior pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22- In female Oxytocin Hormone has the following actions: On the mammary glands: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , On uterus: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4- Fill the blank ( blood):1- Blood regulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- Specific gravity is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for the whole blood, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for blood cells and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for plasma. ( Specific gravity of water: 1000)3- The crystalloid osmotic pressure is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mm Hg and it is mainly due to NaCl in plasma. The colloid osmotic pressure is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm Hg and is due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- Plasma protein concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams %. They are divided into: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams % , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams % , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams %5- Excessive loss of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Decreased synthesis of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Increased catabolism of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6- Plasma is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . times as viscous as water, whereas the whole blood is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . times as viscous as water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is the main plasma protein responsible for plasma viscosity.

7- Haemostasis occurs by the following mechanisms which follow each other: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- The mechanisms responsible for local vascular spasm include: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9- Local vascular spasm is produced by vasoconstrictor substances released from blood platelets e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10- During formation of a platelet plug the platelets adhere to the damaged vessel wall and become activated. After activation platelets contract and release chemical substances e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11- The extrinsic mechanism of prothrombin activator results from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This leads to release of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the injured tissues. The later reacts and activates clotting factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in presence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ions to form prothrombin activator. The extrinsic mechanism is so named because it is initiated by substances released from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12- The intrinsic mechanism of prothrombin activator results from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it is so named because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It begins by activation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when blood comes in contact with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The later reacts and activates clotting factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in presence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ions and platelet phospholipids to form prothrombin activator.

13- Blood clot is followed by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the blood clot to close the hole in the blood vessel permanently or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the clot to reopen the blood vessel after its closure. 14- Fibrinolysis is very important to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and also to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15- The average diameter of Red blood cells is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , the thickness at the center is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or less, and at the edge is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (biconcave).

16- Red blood cell count in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3, adult females: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3 , newly born infants: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3 , children: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3 .17- Haemoglobin content in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , adult females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , newly born infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

18- Haemotocrit value (packed cell volume) in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , adult females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , newly born infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , children: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19- Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a single red blood cell, it equals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of haemoglobin present in a single red blood cell, it equals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the percentage ratio of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell in relation to its volume, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22- Functions of the red blood cells: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23- The great surface area of the cell membrane in relation to the quantity of materials inside has the following significance: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24- The cell membrane keeps haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase enzyme inside the red cells because if these substances are set free in the plasma, they may be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25- Life span of red blood cells: The red blood cells circulate in the blood for only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . days. The short life span of red cells is due to absence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which are important for protein synthesis, cellular growth, repair and division.

26- Inside the phagocytic cells, haemoglobin is broken down into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The globin part is broken down into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which are reutilized for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or used for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron is removed from the haem part of haemoglobin and released into blood, where it is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The remaining part of the haem molecule is converted to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which is secreted in the bile.

27- The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The later stimulates secretion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the kidney which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more R.B.Cs. 28- Proteins of high biological value i.e. contain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , which are present in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are needed in the formation of R.B.Cs. Prolonged protein under nutrition leads to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29- Iron is essential for R.B.Cs formation because it enters in the formation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , the other metal ions needed for normal erythropoiesis are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30- Vitamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are essential for final maturation of red blood cells because they are needed (each in a different way) in the DNA synthesis.

31- Healthy liver is essential for normal erythropoiesis because the liver is the main site for storage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32- The white blood cells act together to provide the body with powerful defenses against invasion by foreign organisms ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) and also against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33- Granular leucocytes are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-granular leucocytes are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , and occasionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 6