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Max Weber 1864-1920. Rationality and Organization. Background. Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber Born in Erfurt, Germany (1864) Well-to-do family Eldest of eight children Sickly child Physical problems Mental problems. Family. His mother (Helene Fallenstein ): Calvinist - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Max Weber1864-1920
Rationality and Organization
Background
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber
Born in Erfurt, Germany (1864)
Well-to-do family
Eldest of eight children
Sickly child Physical problems Mental problems
Family3
His mother (Helene Fallenstein):
Calvinist Very religious Concerned with social issues
His father (Max Weber): Politician Lawyer Self-centered and authoritarian
Mr. and Mrs. Max Weber4
Family
Parents had marriage problems
Different beliefs and values
Max Weber and his brother Alfred became sociologists and economists.
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Max Weber6
WeberPronounced:
“vay-bear”
Max, Alfred, and Karl -> (1879)
Max Weber’s Sociology7
Concerned with individuals, as well as social structure Macro Micro
Max Weber: Sociology8
Comprehensive science of
Social ActionSocial Action
Behavior versus Action Behavior versus Action BehaviorBehavior= Move, react, = Move, react, eat etc.eat etc.
ActionAction=Behavior + =Behavior + MeaningMeaning
Different from Other Theorists
Spencer: Evolution of society as analogous to an organism
Natural laws of society
Durkheim: Society as an organism
Maintaining cohesioncohesion of social structures
Social Solidarity
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Different from Other Theorists
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Marx: Society influenced by economy
Conflict between social classessocial classes
Malinowski: Malinowski: Society functions to Society functions to meet needs of individualsmeet needs of individuals
Holistic approachHolistic approach
Max Weber: Social Action 11
Weber’s primary focus: Subjective meanings that humans attach
to their actions and interactions Within specific social contexts
Behavior without meaning is not sociology
Max Weber: Social Action12
Four Major Types of Social Action
1. Traditional ActionGuided by custom or habit
Action is simply "always done"
Example: Celebrating holidays
Max Weber: Social Action13
2. Emotional or Affective ActionMotivated by emotional state Love, Anger, Happiness, Revenge
Examples: Going to college because your boyfriend
or girlfriend is attending that schoolHitting a person out of anger
Max Weber: Social Action14
3. Value-oriented Rational ActionWorking toward a goal, which may not be
rationalBut is pursued through rational meansValues: Ethical, Religious, Philosophical
Not rationally "chosen“
Example: Going to college because you value learning and knowledge
Max Weber: Social Action
4. Instrumental Rational (Goal-oriented Rational Action)Goals & means are rationally chosen
Example: Earning a college degree in order to get a
good paying job
How to get richhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz81sLCy--c
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3/24 Max Weber: Social Action
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Primarily concerned with modern Western society
Behavior increasingly dominated by goal-oriented rationality
In the past: Motivated by tradition, affect, or value-oriented rationality
Rationalization
Rational calculation, Efficiency, and Control (Ex. Bureaucracy)
Replaces:Affective tiesSpiritualityTradition
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Max Weber: Ideal Types18
An ideal type not meant to refer to “best” or
to a “moral ideal”
e.g., Ideal type brothel or Ideal type chapel
Analytical construct that provides a basic method for comparative study
Max Weber: Ideal Types
Identifies “logically consistent”
features of social institution
Compare “ideal type” to reality
Used to develop research hypotheses
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Ideal Type Bureaucracy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0
Legitimation & Authority21
Legitimation-> Turns coercion into acceptable power
Authority = Legitimate Power
Three types of authority 1. Legal-rational2. Traditional3. Charismatic
Max Weber: Authority
1. Legal-rational authority Based on impersonal rules Rules are legally enacted or
contractually established
Examples: Presidents, judges
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Max Weber: Authority23
2. Traditional authorityBased on belief in traditionPassed down generation to
generation
Examples: Kings, Queens, Parents, Elders
Max Weber: Authority24
3. Charismatic authorityAllegiance to leader Leader’s characteristics Quality of individual's personalitySource of change
Examples: Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi
Max Weber: Bureaucracy25
Formal organization of large-scale enterprises for example:
GovernmentMilitaryEconomyReligionEducationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0
Max Weber: Bureaucracy
Ideal-type Bureaucracy:Clearly defined division of labor
Rationality Attention to implementing goals of organization
Impersonal application of rulesRoutinization of tasks
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Max Weber: Bureaucracy27
Major advantageCalculability of results
Dysfunctions of bureaucracy Depersonalization Difficult to deal with individual casesPersonnel are replaceableInformation flows from top-down http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TypEb0tbFho George Tooker paintings illustrate rationality and modernity
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Method for Studying Social Stratification: Sources of Power
Social Class“…property…and lack of property…”Life chancesSocio-economic category
Lower class Middle class Upper class
Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party
Sources of Power: Class, Status, & Party
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StatusPrestigeHonor Evaluations people make of one
anotherRanking desired behavior & traits
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2009
Max Weber: Party
Association that attempts to influence social action ReligiousPoliticalAge-basedRace/EthnicityLobbyists
Working toward a goal in a planned manner (i.e., rationally)
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
◦Stratification theory (class, status, party)
◦Bureaucracy & large scale organizations
◦Power & Authority
◦Sociology of law
◦Sociology of religion
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Weber’s Contribution to SociologyTheory and Methodology
“Verstehen” helps in understanding why certain behaviors occur
Social Action: Subjective meanings
Values: Role in relationships
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
Multi-causality of Social Phenomena
Complete Objectivity is Impossible◦Values & Value relevance
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Weber’s Contribution to Sociology
Max Weber had more powerful positive impact on a wide range of sociological theories than any other sociological theorist
Created the German Association for Sociology (1909)
Starting Point for Careers: Karl Mannheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert
Merton and C. Wright Mills
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