It is simply a metal or

alloy that contains Iron

(the element ferrous) as

the base (starting) metal

26th element

55.85 Atomic Mass

(1) iron-containing compounds exist in abundant

quantities within the earth’s crust;

(2) metallic iron and steel alloys may be produced using

relatively economical extraction, refining, alloying, and

fabrication techniques;

(3) ferrous alloys are extremely versatile, in that they

may be tailored to have a wide range of mechanical and

physical properties

The true equilibrium

iron–carbon phase

diagram with

graphite instead of

cementite as a stable

phase.

Baja Besi C < 2% C > 2%

Dipukul nyaring Dipukul tidak nyaring

C terikat/larut membentuk

fasa alpha/Fe3C lamel

C bebas sebagai GRAFIT

Temp lebur > 1550oC Temp lebur 1300-1400oC

Ductility tinggi Ductility rendah

Bisa ditempa Tidak bisa ditempa

Geram panjang Geram pendek/putus

Bunga api sedikit Bunga api banyak

iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying

elements

There are thousands of alloys that have

different compositions and/or heat

treatments

The mechanical properties are sensitive to

the content of carbon, which is normally less

than 1.0 wt%.

Different elements are added to steels to

given the steel different properties.

The elements pass on properties such as harden-ability, strength, hardness, toughness,

wear resistance, etc

Boron Improves hardenability without the loss

of (or even with some improvement in)

machinability and formability.

Calcium

Deoxidizes steels, improves toughness, and

may improve formability and

machinability

Carbon

improves hardenability, strength,

hardness, and wear resistance; it reduces

ductility, weldability, and toughness.

.

Chromium

improves toughness, hardenability, wear

and corrosion resistance, and high-

temperature strength; it increases the

depth of the hardness penetration

resulting from heat treatment by

promoting carburization.

Cerium

controls the shape of inclusions and

improves toughness in high-strength low

alloy steels; it deoxidizes steels

Cobalt

improves strength and hardness at elevated

temperatures

Copper

improves resistance to atmospheric

corrosion and, to a lesser extent, increases

strength with little loss in ductility; it

adversely affects the hot-working

characteristics and surface quality. Lead

improves machinability; it causes liquid-

metal embrittlement

Magnesium

has the same effects as cerium

Niobium (columbium) imparts fineness of grain size and improves strength and impact toughness; it lowers transition temperature and may decrease hardenability.

Manganese

improves hardenability, strength, abrasion

resistance, and machinability; it

deoxidizes the molten steel, reduce shot

shortness, and decreases weldability.

.

Molybdenum

improves hardenability, wear resistance,

toughness, elevated-temperature strength,

creep resistance, and hardness; it

minimizes temper embrittlement.

Phosphorus

improves strength, hardenability, corrosion

resistance, and machinability; it severely

reduces ductility and toughness

Selenium improves machinability

Nickel improves strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance; it improves hardenability.

Silicon

improves strength, hardness, corrosion

resistance, and electrical conductivity; it

decreases magnetic-hysteresis loss,

machinability, and cold formability

Sulfur

Improves machinability when combined

with manganese; it lowers impact strength

and ductility and impairs surface quality

and weldability

Titanium improves hardenability; it deoxidizes steels.

Tantalum

has effects similar to those of niobium

Tungsten has the same effects as cobalt.

Vanadium improves strength, toughness, abrasion resistance, and hardness at elevated temperatures; it inhibits grain growth during heat treatment. Tellurium

improves machinability, formability, and toughness Zirconium has the same effects as cerium

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group by their percentage of carbon content per weight. The higher the carbon content the greater the hardness, strength and wear resistance after heat treatment. Contains a 1.5% C max, 1.65 % Mn max, 0.60% Si max, 0.60% Cu max, and 0.05 % S and P max.

The first two digits designate the type

of steel, 10 for plain carbon steels.

The second two digits show the carbon

content in hundredths

of percent.

For example, designation AISI 1045

indicates a plain carbon steel with a

nominal carbon content of 0.45 percent.

16

These are arguably produced in the greatest

quantities than other alloys.

Carbon present in these alloys is limited, and

is not enough to strengthen these materials

by heat treatment; hence these alloys are

strengthened by cold work

Their microstructure consists of ferrite and

pearlite, and these alloys are thus relatively

soft, ductile combined with high toughness

Contains a maximum of 0.25 percent

carbon

It is easily machined, formed, and welded

Applications : structural shapes, tin cans,

automobile body components, buildings,

nails, screws, pipes, panels, sheets, wires

Carbon content between 0.25 % -

0.65%

These are stronger than low carbon

steels

Less ductile than low carbon steels

These alloys can be heat treated to

improve their strength

Medium-carbon steels are the most

versatile of all plain carbon steels and

used for a wide range of applications

Application : railway tracks & wheels,

gears, crankshafts, planet pinion

shafts, struts, and tie rod ends, mining

equipment, cranes, garden tools,

structural steel

These are strongest and hardest of

carbon steels, and of course their

ductility is very limited, brittle

These are heat treatable, and mostly

used in hardened and tempered

conditions

They possess very high wear

resistance, and capable of holding

sharp edges

Contains between 0.60% - 1.0% C

High-carbon steels are more costly to

make and have poor formability and

weldability

Symbol Keterangan

SPCC For General use

SPCD For Deep Drawing Use

SPCE For Extra Deep Drawing Use

Dipasaran dalam bentuk : • Plain Sheet • Coil

Symbol ASTM Class C Si Mn P S UTS ε

0.2%

SPCC ASTM

A366-72 Class 1 0.12 max -

0.50 max

0.040 max

0.045 max

270 min

32 min

SPCD ASTM

A619-82 Class 2 0.10 max -

0.45 max

0.035 max

0.035 max

270 min

34 min

SPCE ASTM

A620-82 Class 3 0.08 max -

0.40 max

0.030 max

0.030 max

270 min

36 min

The name comes from their high resistance to corrosion i.e. they are rust-less (stain-less)

Steels are made highly corrosion resistant by addition of special alloying elements,

especially a minimum of 12% Cr along with Ni and Mo

Chromium forms a surface oxide film that protects the underlying metal from further

corrosion

The addition of nickel to stainless steel improves its corrosion resistance in neutral or

weakly oxidizing media

Nickel in sufficient amounts also improves the ductility and formability by retaining an

austenitic structure at room temperature

Molybdenum improves corrosion resistance of stainless steel in the presence of chlorine

ions

These stainless steels are called ferritic

because their microstructure remains

mostly as ferrite at normal heat

treatment conditions

Ferritic stainless steels are essentially

iron-chromium alloys containing 12 -

30% chromium and a limited amount

of carbon

ferritic stainless steels have low

ductility, are sensitive to surface

damage, and have poor weldability

When a regular steel is cooled

fast enough, such as quenched in

water, it has a martensitic

structure at room temperature

iron-chromium alloys containing

12-17% Cr

Compared with ferritic stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels contain larger amounts

of carbon. This is necessary so that a martensitic structure can be formed after quenching

from high temperature.

Because of the strengthening effect, martensitic stainless steels are used primarily in

applications that require high hardness

They are essentially Fe-Cr-Ni alloys

containing 16-25% Cr and 7-20%Ni

The most common austenitic

stainless steel is type 304. It

contains 18% Cr and 8% Ni and is

referred to as 18-8 stainless steel.

These stainless steels are called

austenitic because their structure

remains austenitic at all normal

heat treatment temperatures

Some of the nickel can be replaced

by manganese and maintain their

austenitic structure

Austenitic stainless steels are popular mainly because of their high corrosion resistance

and formability

Material Fe yang mengandung C > 2,14 % dengan struktur terdiri

dari:

• Partikel karbon bebas (grafit)

• dan matriks perlit dan ferit austenitic, martensitic, bainitic

(austempered).

• Sangat keras dan getas

• Kuat dalam beban tekan

• Cocok untuk aplikasi pengecoran [dapat

dituang pada temperatur relatif rendah]

Engine block, machine parts

Lebih Murah dari Baja (Biaya Produksi lebih rendah dan peralatan lebih sederhana)

Temperatur Lebur Rendah (1140-12000C)

Kemampuan Cor Tinggi (Casting ability)

Mudah Permesinan

Tahan Aus (wear resistance)

“Damping Capacity” Tinggi

Sangat cocok untuk applikasi yang membutuhkan “rigidity and resistance to wear”

1. kelas dari ferrous alloys dengan

kandungan C > 2.14%

2. Terdapat grafit dalam

mikrostrukturnya

3. Jenisnya antara lain : Besi Cor

Kelabu, Besi Cor Putih, Besi

Cor Nodular, Besi Cor Malleable

1. Kandungan Karbon antara 2.5 - 4.0 wt%

2. Kandungan Silikon antara 1.0 - 3.0 wt%,

3. Umumnya karbon berlebih membentuk

grafit yang berbentuk flakes (mirip corn

flakes), dikelilingi matrix ferrite atau

pearlite

4. Karena grafitnya berbentuk flakes maka

patahannya berwarna abu-abu

Grafit

Machine bases, damping plates for pianos, engine

blocks, flywheels, piston rings, brake discs dan drums

Grey iron has a high damping capacity,

excellent sliding properties and thermal

conductivity

1. Didapat dengan cara menambahkan

magnesium dan atau cerium sebelum

dicor untuk mendapatkan kekuatan yang

lebih besar

2. Umumnya karbon berlebih membentuk

grafit yang berbentuk bulat, dikelilingi

matrix ferrite atau pearlite

Grafit Ductile iron has greater strength and ductility than grey iron, good machining qualities

Heavy duty gears, pistons, rolls for rolling mills, gear cases, valves, tubes and door hinges

1. Kandungan Karbon antara 2.5 - 4.0 wt%

2. Kandungan Silikon < 1.0 wt%,

3. Umumnya karbon berlebih berbentuk

cementit

4. Patahannya berwarna putih

Cementit

Pearlite

White cast iron has a high compressive strength and alloyed versions have a good retention of strength and hardness at elevated temperatures

shot-blasting nozzles, rolling mill rolls, crushers, pulve rizers and ball mill liners

1. Didapat dengan cara memanaskan besi

cor putih pada temperature antara 800 -

900oC dalam waktu yang lama dan

atmosfer yang netral (mencegah korosi)

2. Terjadi dekomposisi cementite

membentuk grafit yang berbentuk

rossete, dikelilingi matrix ferrite atau

pearlite

Grafit

Ferrite

Malleable iron is replaced by nodular iron for economical reasons, especially since the fields of application are very similar

Semua Jenis Baja yang dipergunakan sebagai perkakas (tool)

Biasanya dipergunakan untuk

• CUTTING

• SHAPING

• FORMING

Kondisi selama pemakaian:

• Beban yang Tinggi dan Tiba-tiba

(Very high & rapidly loads)

• Temperatur Operasi yang Tinggi

(Very high temperature)

Tool Steel merupakan paduan kompleks

yang mengandung sejumlah besar unsur:

Carbon (C)

Tungsten (W)

Molybden (Mo)

Vanadium (V)

Mangan (Mn)

Chrom (Cr)

Kebanyakan Tool Steel dibuat:

Wrought Product (Rolling)

Precision Casting (Cor Khusus)

Powder Metallurgy (Serbuk)

Tahan terhadap “softening” (pelunakan) material pada Temperatur tinggi (Kemampuan mempertahankan “high red hardness” atau “hot hardness”)

Tahan terhadap wear (keausan), deformation (perubahan bentuk) & perpatahan

Tangguh (toughness) untuk menyerap beban yang besar dan tiba-tiba

Memiliki sifat mampu mesin (Machinability)

Penggunaannya untuk High Speed Cutting

Aplikasi :

Cutting Tools

Bor

Bubut

Baja yang dapat menjaga kekerasan yang tinggi saat digunakan

Jenis :

Group M (Alloy Molybdenum)

Group T (Alloy Tungsten = W)

Dipergunakan untuk kombinasi:

Panas

Tekanan

Abrasi

Temperatur

Tinggi

Cocok Untuk:

- Dies untuk Ekstrusi

- Hot Forging

- Die Casting

- Hot Shears

.

Application Area Specific Application

Hot Forging Tool and Dies : Dies and Insert; Forging machine

Dies for presses and hammer: H20, H21

For severe condition over extended service period : H22-H26

Hot Extrusion and Dies : Extrusion dies and , mandrel; Dummy block; Valve extrusion tool

Extrusion dies dummy block; : H21 - H26

Tool exposed to less heat: H10 - H14, H16

Cold Forming Dies : Bending; Forming; Drawing; Deep Drawing Dies and Punches

Cold-heading die casings : H13

.

Application Area Specific Application

Shearing Tools : Dies for pierching, punching, and triming; Shear blade

For shearing knives : H11, H12

For severe hot shearing application: H21, H25

Dies Casting and Molding Dies :

For Aluminum and lead; : H11, H13

For brass : H21

Structural Part for Sever Service Condition

For air craft components (Landing gear, arrester hook, rocket cases) : H11

Features 1. Finely distributed spherical carbides

2. Excellent quenching nature

3. Excellent softening resistance under high temperature

4. Excellent heat impact and fatigue resistance

5. Excellent erosion resistance to molten

Applications - Al, Zn, die caster mold

- Mold's accessories (Plunger sleeve, chip etc.)

Equivalent JIS DIN AISI ASSAB BOHLER HITACHI NIPPON KOSHUHA

SKD61 1.2344 H13 8407 W302 DAC KDA-1

Composition (%) C Si Mn Cr Mo V

0.32-0.42 0.80-1.20 max 0.50 4.50 - 5.50 1.00 - 1.50 0.80 - 1.20

Heat treatment (oC) Forging Annealing Hardening Tempering

1,100 - 900 820 - 870

(Slow cooling)

1,000 - 1,050

(Air cooling)

550 - 650

(Air cooling)

Hardness Annealed Tempered

229 HB (20.5 HRC) max. 53 HRC max.

Thermal conductivity

(cal/cm.sec.oC)

25 oC 100 oC 200 oC 300 oC 400 oC 500 oC 600 oC 700 oC

0.0569 0.0605 0.0702 0.0707 0.0687 0.0624 0.0712 0.0721

Coefficient of thermal

expansion

(x10-6/oC)

~100 oC ~200 oC ~300 oC ~400 oC ~500 oC ~600 oC ~700 oC

10.5 11.4 12.1 12.8 13.3 13.7 13.6

Tidak Tahan Terhadap

“Softening” pada Temp.

Tinggi

Temp Operasi < 260 oC

Temp Operasi < 260 oC

KELOMPOK A

(Air Hardening)

KELOMPOK D

(High C, High Cr)

KELOMPOK O (Oil

Hardening)

Cr: 4.75 – 5.5 %

C: 0.5 – 1.5 %

Aplikasi : shear knives,

punches, blanking,

trimming dies

Cr : 11 – 13.5 %

C : 1.4 – 2.5 %

Aplikasi : dies for

blanking, forming, deep

drawing, shear & Slitter

knives

Cr : < 0.85 %

C : 0.85 – 1.5%

High Wear Resitant at T rendah

Poor Resistant to Softening pada

T tinggi

Aplikasi: Dies, punches for

blanking, trimming, drawing &

forming

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