Master of Science in Agriculture - Semantic Scholar€¦ · Yadav to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirement

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)

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MAHENDRA KUMAR YADAV

Thesis

Master of Science in Agriculture (Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science)

2015

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND SOIL SCIENCE

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313001 (RAJ.)

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR - 313001 (RAJ.)

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE - I

Dated -------------

This is to certify that Mr Mahendra Kumar Yadav has successfully

completed the Comprehensive Examination held on……………… as required under

the regulation for Post-Graduate Studies.

(Dr. H. S. Purohit)

Professor and Head Department of Agricultural

Chemistry & Soil Science



CERTIFICATE - II

Dated ------

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management

on Maize (Zea mays L.)” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in

Agriculture in the subject of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science embodies

bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Mahendra Kumar Yadav under my

guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any

other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have

been fully acknowledged. The draft of this thesis was also approved by the advisory

committee on…………..

(Dr. H.S. Purohit) (Dr. H.S. Purohit) Professor and Head Major Advisor Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science

(Dr. S.R. Maloo) Dean

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur



CERTIFICATE - III Dated……

…

This to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” submitted by Mr. Mahendra Kumar Yadav to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture in the subject of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the following members of the advisory committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.

(Dr. H.S. Purohit) (Dr. S.C. Meena) Major Advisor Advisor

(Dr. H.K. Jain) (Dr. S.L. Mundra) Advisor DRI Nominee

(Dr. H.S. Purohit) Professor and Head

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science

Approved

(Dr. G.S. Chouhan) Director Resident Instructions

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur



CERTIFICATE - IV

Dated ..........

This to certify that Mr. Mahendra Kumar Yadav, student of M.Sc. (Ag.),

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Rajasthan College of

Agriculture, Udaipur has made all the corrections / modifications in the thesis entitled

“Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” which were

suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral

examination held on ……… The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected

were submitted on ……… are enclosed herewith for approval.

(Dr. H.S. Purohit) Major Advisor

(Dr. H.S. Purohit) (Dr. S. R. Maloo) Professor and Head Dean Department of Agricultural Chemistry Rajasthan College of Agriculture and Soil Science Udaipur

CONTENTS

Chapter Particulars Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3 MATERIAL AND METHODS

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

5 DISCUSSION

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

*** LITERATURE CITED

*** ABSTRACT (IN ENGLISH)

*** ABSTRACT (IN HINDI)

*** APPENDICES

1. INTRODUCTION

One of the most important challenges facing humanity today is to

conserve/sustain natural resources, including soil and water, for increasing food

production while protecting the environment. As the world population grows, stress

on natural resources increases, making it difficult to maintain food security. Long

term food security requires a balance between increasing crop production,

maintaining soil health and environmental sustainability. In India, effective nutrient

management has played a major role in accomplishing the enormous increase in food

grain production from 52 million tonnes in 1951-52 to 264.38 million tonnes during

2014. However, application of imbalanced and excessive nutrients led to declining

nutrient-use efficiency making fertilizer consumption uneconomical and producing

adverse effects on atmosphere (Aulakh and Adhya, 2005) and ground water quality

(Aulakh et al., 2009) causing health hazards and climate change.

On the other hand, nutrient mining has occurred in many soils due to lack of

affordable fertilizer sources and where fewer or no organic residues are returned to

the soils. Arid and semiarid subtropical soils of Rajasthan, developed under harsh

climate, are inherently poor in organic matter, fertility and water-holding capacity. In

these soils, N, P and S deficiencies are principal yield-limiting factors for crop

production. Integrated nutrient management (INM), which entails the

maintenance/adjustment of soil fertility to an optimum level for crop productivity to

obtain the maximum benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients organics as

well as inorganic in an integrated manner (Aulakh and Grant, 2008), is an essential

step to address the twin concerns of nutrient excess and nutrient depletion. Integrated

nutrient management is also important for marginal farmers who cannot afford to

supply crop nutrients through costly chemical fertilizers.

Farm yard manure is one of the common manure used by the farmers in

growing crops because of its easy availability and presence of all the nutrients

required by the plants. Farm yard manure refers to the decomposed mixture of dung

and urine of farm animals along with their litter and left over material from roughages

or fodder fed to the cattle. FYM is one of the components of INM as it a cheap and

easily available source of organic nutrients. Integrating FYM with inorganic fertilizer,

scientists are getting very good response of the crop. Application of this source of

organic improves physical, chemical and biological condition of the soils. FYM can

supply all the nutrients required by the plant, however with low quantity.

Vermicompost is a nutrient rich compost which helps better plant growth and

crop yield, improves physical structure of soil, enriches soil with micro-organisms,

attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil which indirectly

improves fertility of soil, increase water holding capacity of soil, enhances

germination, plant growth, and crop yield, improves root growth of plants, enriches

soil with plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid. It is helpful in

elimination of biowastes.

Nitrogen is most important nutrient for plant growth and development. It is an

integral part of chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis. Nitrogen is an

important constituent of protoplasm and chlorophyll and is associated with the

activity of every living cell. Phosphorus nutrition plays key role in plant metabolism.

Being involve in various biochemical processes, it ensures transfer and storage of

energy as ADP and ATP, permits conversion and transmission of genetic characters

as it is a constituent of DNA and RNA. Potassium play important role in the

maintenance of cellular organization by regulating of cell membrane and keeping the

protoplasm in a proper degree of hydration. It activates the enzyme in protein and

carbohydrate metabolism and translocation of carbohydrates and imparts resistance to

plants against fungal and bacterial diseases.

In Udaipur region, the most acceptable recommendation for nitrogen,

phosphorus fertilizer for maize is 90 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1. Existing fertilizer

recommendation often consist of one predeterment rate of nitrogen (N) phosphorus

(P) and potassium (K) for vast area of maize production, such recommendation

assume that the need of maize crop for nutrient is constant over time and over large

areas but the growth and need of a maize crop for supplement nutrients can vary

greatly among fields, seasons and years as a result of differences in crop growing

condition, soil management and climate. Hence the management of nutrients for

maize requires a new approach which enables adjustment in applying N, P and K to

accommodate the field specific need of the maize crop for supplementing nutrients.

In recent years the deterioration in soil health associate with global

predicament of energy along with escalation in the prices of chemical fertilizers

compel use to emphasize on supplementation of chemical fertilizer with low price

nutrient sources such as organic and bio sources (Kumar and Dhar, 2010). Although

increased level of production can be achieved by increased use of chemical fertilizer

alone but it may add to pollution problem and deterioration in soil characteristics and

fertility and this can be maintained at sustainable level by application of farmyard

manure and organic sources.

The food grain requirement in 2025 is estimated to be around 300 mt which

has to be elevated from the current production of 264.38mt (Government of India,

2014a). To achieve this future target, food grain production must increase at an annual

rate of 5.46 mt per year in coming years.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop of India and plays a pivotal

role in agricultural economy as staple food for larger section of population, raw

material for industries and feed for animals. Though, it is consumed all over country

but it is staple food of people in the hilly and sub mountain tracts of Northern India.

Maize occupies a pride place among cereal crops in India. It has emerged as third

most important food crop after rice and wheat as it represents 24 per cent of total

cereal production.The maize processing industries may encourage the farmers to place

more land under maize in order to sell their surplus maize as a cash crop. Starch is the

main product of maize for which dextrin, liquid glucose, solid glucose, powder

glucose and crystalline dextrose are prepared. Maize is an exhaustive crop having

higher potential than other cereals and absorbs large quantity of nutrients from the soil

during different growth stages.

Maize is grown in world approximately 140 m ha under diverse climatic

conditions. In India, it covers an area of 9.40 m ha with production of 24.19 million

tonnes and productivity status of 2540 kg ha-1contributing nearly 9 per cent in the

national food basket (Govt. of India, 2014b).In the state of Rajasthan, maize covers an

area of 1.05 m ha with production and productivity of 1.95 million tones and 1860 kg

ha-1, respectively (Government of Rajasthan, 2014). The important maize growing

districts of state are Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Banswara, Jhalawar, Ajmer,

Dungarpur and Pratapgarh. The productivity of this crop in the country as well as the

state of Rajasthan appears meager in front of world average (4200 kg ha1).

Keeping the above consideration, an experiment entitled “Effect of integrated

nutrient management on maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during kharif, 2014

at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur with the following

objectives.

1) To study the effect of Integrated nutrient management on productivity of

maize

2) To evaluate nutrient content and uptake pattern by maize

3) To study the fertility and physical properties of the soil

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review pertaining to research findings on “Effect of Integrated Nutrient

Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” in the past is presented in this chapter. Since

sufficient information on some of the aspects of continuous application of plant

nutrients in maize is not available, work done on related crops has also been reviewed,

wherever deemed necessary.

2.1 YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD

2.1.1 Effect of chemical fertilizer

In the field experiment at Ranchi (Jharkhand), Pathak et al. (2002) observed

significant increase in cobs per plant, cob length, cob girth, grain cob-1, 1000-grain

weight and grain yield of maize with application of 100 per cent NPK dose based on

soil test recommendation over control. The magnitude of increase were 115.5, 80.2,

37.8, 155.5, 44.9 and 521.3 per cent, respectively. Shivay et al. (2002) reported that

cob number, cob length, cob diameter, grains cob-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield

and stover yields of maize increased significantly with increasing doses of nitrogen.

At New Delhi experiment conducted on sandy soil showed that the yield of

maize increased significantly with 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (120,

60, 40 and 5 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O and Zn, respectively) over the control (Ahlawat

et al., 2005).

Field experiment carried out at Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana revealed that

with the application of 275 kg ha-1 N gave maximum cob length (16.9 cm), cob girth

(16.8 cm), 1000-seed weight (297 g), shelling per cent (83.8) and grain yield (9.85 t

ha-1) of maize which were statistically at par with 250 kg ha-1 N as 16.7 cm, 16.6 cm,

285.5 g, 82.5 per cent and 9.79 t ha-1, respectively but significantly higher over

control (Mehta et al., 2005)

Kar et al. (2006) conducted an experiment on loamy sand soil of

Bhubaneshwar (Orissa) and reported that application of 80 kg N ha-1 to maize crop

produced significantly higher number of prime cobs, green-cob yield, length and girth

of cobs and green forage yield of sweet corn over control. Experiment conducted on

sandy loam soil of Amritsar (Punjab) revealed that application of 80, 100, 120, and

140 kg N ha-1 to maize crop gave 36, 41.08, 43.36 and 44.36 q ha-1 of grain yieldas

compared to control, respectively (Singh et al., 2006).

Experiment conducted on sandy loam soil of Ludhiana (Punjab) revealed that

application of 150 kg N ha-1resulted in maximum green fodder (81.9 t ha-1) and dry

fodder yield (13.3 t ha-1) of maize which were 147.4 & 29.6 per cent and 82.3 & 10.3

per cent more than that obtained with the application of 90 and 120 kg N ha-1,

respectively (Choudhary et al., 2007). Field experiment was conducted at New Delhi

by Kumar (2008) and reported that maximum cob length (13.8 cm), cob girth

(19.5cm), grains ear-1 (318) and grain yield (3.48 t ha-1) with 120 kg N ha-1 over 80

and 40 kg N ha-1.

Application of 125 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizers (150 kg N,

26.4 kg P and 33.3 kg K2O ha-1) tended to give significantly higher baby corn yield

over recommended dose of fertilizers (Paradkar et al., 2010).

Singh et al. (2010) conducted an experiment on sandy loam soil at Varanasi to

evaluate fertility level and N sources for baby corn and found that significant increase

in baby cob weight, corn weight, cobs per plant, corn girth, cob yield, corn and green

fodder yield were observed with application of 180+38.7+74.7 kg N, P, and K per

ha-1.

A field experiment was conducted at Wadura (J & K) to study the effect of

crop geometry and nitrogen level and it was reported that application of 120 kg N ha-1

found at par with 150 kg N ha-1but significantly improve the yield and yield attributes

over control. (Singh et al., 2012)

Pagani et al.(2012) studied the effects of nitrogen on grain yield and harvest

index in maize and they reported that nitrogen fertilization increased grain yield and

dry matter.

Kumawat et al.( 2014) studied the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

fertilization on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by sweet corn varieties at Udaipur

and they found that application of 90 kg N + 40 k P2O5ha-1 recorded significantly

higher green cob (9.85 t ha-1) and green fodder yield (19.94 t ha-1), quality parameters

viz., protein, moisture content, N and P uptake over 70 kg N+30 kg P2O5ha-1 and

higher to this level remained at par with each other.

2.1.2 Effect of organic manure

Khan (1966) reported that plant height of maize on loamy soil was better in

plots supplied with vermicompost than plots received FYM.

The increase in plant height and dry matter production of maize was observed

with addition of FYM in the range of 12-15 tonnes per ha than control at different

locations. Application of FYM at 25 t per ha to maize increased the dry matter per

plant and plant height over control (Sahota et al., 1984). Similarly, increase in dry

matter accumulation with increasing level of FYM application (10 t/ha) was recorded

in maize under calcareous soils (Mallesham et al., 1992).

The application of farm yard manure at the rate of 10 t per ha increased the

number of grain per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain and stover

yield by 3.9 and 10.9 quintal per ha, respectively over 5 tonnes per ha of rabi

sorghum on medium black soils of Dharwad (Gaudreddy et al. 1989). Similar result

was reported by Negi et al. (1988), Verma (1991) and Srinivasan (1992) reported that

FYM application @10 t per ha increased the grain yield and growth attributes of

maize over control.

Barsukar (1991) noticed that the application of vermicompost increased the

average fresh forage yield and average grain yield of maize over control.

Weight of paddy grain seeds increased significantly with the application of

vermicompost over other treatments (Kale et al., 1992).

Stolyarenko et al. (1992) reported that the application of vermicompost

stimulated root and shoot growth in maize. Hapse (1993) observed increased cane

yield by 12.7 per cent with the application of vermicompost @ 5.0 t per ha to

sugarcane (cv. CO7219) compared to application of chemical fertilizers.

Stephens et al. (1994) observed increased shoot and dry weight of wheat

plants in presence of earth worms. Significantly higher dry matter production was

recorded with the application of vermicompost @ 2.0 to 4.0 t per ha and was at par

with FYM @ 10 t per ha. This might be attributed to the increased uptake of available

nutrients which caused increased photosynthetic rate resulted in higher dry matter

production (Mehta et al., 1994 and Patil, 1995).

The application of FYM @ 30 t per ha significantly increased the growth of

maize in acid Alfisol (Lungu et al., 1993). Application of 23 t FYM per ha resulted in

significantly higher biomass yield of maize over control (Brinton and Seekins, 1994).

The three years of field experiment in maize showed that application of 15 t FYM per

ha improved root growth in sandy loam soils (Gajri et al., 1994).

Sekhon and Agarwal (1994) observed improvement in leaf growth and

development with FYM application in black soil. Maize grain yield was positively

correlated with LAI (r=0.89).

Pattanashetti et al. (2002) conducted a field experiment at the Main

Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on

maize and reported that the application of FYM recorded significantly higher grain

and stover yield as compared to vermicompost and control and it was at par with

poultry manure.

Prasad et al. (2003) reported that application of organic manure mainly

vermicompost @ 5 t per ha was found beneficial and significantly increased the dry

matter yield of maize. Dry matter production per plant, LAI and silking were

significantly higher with the application of vermicompost @ 5 t per ha along with

poultry manure @ 14 tonnes and 10 tonnes FYM per ha.

The field trials conducted at Kanpur and Udaipur on maize showed that grain

yield and stover yield were significantly higher under 10 to 20 t FYM per ha and also

had significant and positive effect on green cob yield than control (Verma et al., 2003;

Mahala and Shaktawat, 2004 and Khan et al., 2008).

Jayaprakash et al. (2004) and Jayaprakash et al. (2005) studied the growth

parameters of maize with application of organic manures. Application of

vermicompost @ 2 t per ha recorded significantly higher leaf area and LAI as

compared to no organics and was at par with that of application of FYM @ 10 t per

ha. Significantly higher AGR, CGR and NAR were recorded due to application of

vermicompost @ 2 t per ha and FYM @ 10 t per ha over no organics treatments and

were at par with each other (Srinivasan et al., 1993).

The results of field experiments conducted at the main research station,

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Kanpur and Udaipur on maize showed

that the application of 5 to 10 t FYM per ha produced significantly higher yield

attributes in maize mainly cob length, number of grain row per cob, number of grains

per rows, grain weight per plant and 100 grain weight as compared to vermicompost

and control and it was at par with poultry manure (Pattanashetti et al., 2002; Verma et

al., 2003 and Mahala and Shaktawat, 2004).

Panwar (2008) reported significant increase in cob length, grains cob-1 and

grain yield of maize with the application of FYM over no organic manuring.

Application of organic manures, FYM, poultry manure, green leaf manure and

panchagavya spray resulted in significant increase in growth and yield attributes of

sweet corn such as cob length, cob diameter and number of grains per cob (Yadhav

and Lourduraj).

At Udaipur (Rajasthan), Singh and Nepalia (2009) reported significantly

increased yield and yield attributes of QPM with an application of 10 t ha-1 farm yard

manure and 5 t ha-1vermicompost over no manure control.

A two year field experiment conducted at Agronomic Research Area,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during Autumn 2008 and 2009 and

found that grain yield of maize in both years was significantly increased by

application of nitrogen as Urea (50%) + Farm Yard Manure (50%) over control

(Waseem et al., 2012).

Nasab et. al. (2015) conducted a field experiment taking four levels of

vermicompost (0, 4, 8, and 12 t/ ha) and two varieties of maize and found that both

the factor affect biological yield, seed yield, harvest index and protein content

significantly. They further reported that treatment included level of vermicompost (0,

4, 8, and 12 t/ ha) as main plot and variety (700 & 704) as sub plot. Analysis of

variance showed that the effect of vermicompost and variety on all characteristics

(Biological yield, Seed yield, Harvest index, Protein %) was significant.

2.1.3 Effect of integrated nutrient management

Swarup and Wanjari (2000) reported that the effect of combined application

FYM 10 t ha-1 with NPK treatment was most conspicuous on maize at Palampur and

Ludhiana. At Ranchi, Pathak et al. (2002) recorded maximum cobs plant-1, cob

length, cob girth, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of maize with an application of

75 per cent NPK + 25 per cent N through FYM application which were significantly

higher by 125.4, 87.6, 44.8, 53.0 and 68.09 per cent, respectively over control.

Similarly, an application 10 t FYM ha-1 in addition to recommended fertilizer dose

increased the yield of maize by 14.0 per cent (Kumar and Puri, 2002).

Experiment conducted on clay loam soil of Kangra (H.P.) showed that with

the increase in fertility by applying recommended fertilizer as 120 kg N, 22.5 kg P2O5

and 117 kg K2O ha-1 in combination with 10 t ha-1 farm yard manure and 150 per cent

recommended dose of fertilizer, the yield of maize increased by 5.0 per cent and 8.0

per cent, respectively over the recommended dose of fertilizer (Kumar and Thakur,

2004).

Jamwal (2005) from Jammu, reported highest maize yield with combined use

of FYM 10 tonnes ha-1 + 40 kg N ha-1. Experiment conducted on sandy loam soil of

IARI, New Delhi revealed that an application of 100 per cent NPK (120 kg N + 26.2

kg P + 33.2 kg K ha-1) with 10 tonnes ha-1 farm yard manure resulted in maximum

grain yield (5.32 t ha-1) of maize (Kumar et al., 2005). Verma et al. (2006) on sandy

clay loam soil of Udaipur (Rajasthan) observed highest maize grain and stover yields

by applying 150 per cent NPK, though the results were at par with those obtained with

100 per cent NPK + FYM 10 tonnes ha-1.

At Udaipur, with application of 125 per cent of recommended dose of

nutrients through urea, single super phosphate or diammonium phosphate along with

10 t farm yard manure ha-1 or 5 t vermicompost ha-1 significantly improved the soil

properties, yield and economics of quality protein maize (Singh and Nepalia, 2009).

On the basis of long term experiment conducted on maize - wheat cropping

system at IARI, New Delhi on Typic Haplustept soil, Behera et al. (2009) reported

that the highest grain (2.43 t ha-1) and stover (2.48 t ha-1) yield of maize were obtained

under integrated use of optimal NPK and farm yard manure (100 per cent NPK +

FYM) followed by 100 per cent NPK + Zn. Field experiment conducted at Udaipur

(Rajasthan) on clay loam soils with baby corn, showed that highest dehusked cob

(baby corn) and green fodder yield were obtained by applying 75 per cent NPK + 2.25

t ha-1 vermicompost + biofertilizers followed by 62.5 per cent NPK + 1.875 t

vermicompost ha-1 + bio fertilizer over 50 per cent NPK + 1.50 t vermicompost ha-1 +

biofertilizer and 62.5 per cent NPK + 1.75 t vermicompost ha-1 + biofertilizer

(Dadarwal et al., 2009).

While summarizing the results of field experiment at Udaipur, Balai et al.

(2011) reported 56.7 to 162.8 per cent increase in grain yield and 57.7 to 160.0 per

cent increase in stover yield of maize by applying various INM treatments to fortify

soil over no nutrient application. Application of 100% NPK (120: 60: 30) + FYM 10 t

ha-1 resulted in highest grain (3722 kg ha-1) and Stover (544 kg ha-1) yield. The same

treatment also registered highest shelling percentage (77.6%).

A field study was carried out at Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture,

Manakkadavu, Kannan et al. (2013)observed that application of vermicompost and

recommended dose of NPK showed its best results with respect to leaf area and plant

height as compared to other treatments. INM practice including vermicompost and

recommended dose of NPK showed its best results with respect to yield

parameterslike number of grains per cob, 100 seed weight and yield (4112 kg ha-1).

Zafar et al. (2013) studied that inorganic P sources with poultry manure

significantly increased plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content. Average values

showed that combined application of inorganic P with poultry manure increased grain

yield by 19 and 41 per cent over inorganic P and PM alone, respectively.

Pandey and Awasthi (2014) at experimental field of Narendra Dev University

of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad during Rabi season on alluvial,

clay soil under irrigated agro-ecosystem of Faizabad district of UP reported that the

grain yield was higher in T4 (29.29 q ha-1) followed by T3 (28.59 q ha-1). However,

straw yield was higher in T3 followed by T4. The result revealed that ratio of grain and

straw yield was good and highest in T4 followed by T2. Recommendation of the result

was RDF along with FYM is suitable combination of grain yield as well as straw

(fodder) for maize crop.

At Udaipur (Rajasthan) results of the investigation reflected that the growth

of maize crop in terms of plant at harvest, LAI at 45 and 60 DAS was maximum by

applying 100% NPK+FYM 10 t/ha, while chlorophyll content at 45 and 60 DAS was

under the influence of 150% NPK. The study also revealed an increase in dry matter

accumulation of 180.16, 149.84 and 54.85% at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively, over

control. The crop attained highest CGR (21.74 and 25.42 g/m2/day, respectively)

between 30-45 and 45-60 DAS and RGR (0.067 and 0.037 g/g/day), respectively,

between 30-45 and 45-60 DAS when fertilized with 100% NPK+FYM 10 t/ha which

was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. (Swati et al., 2014).

2.2 NUTRIENT CONTENT AND UPTAKE


Tak (2000) at Udaipur (Rajasthan) found significant increase in N, P, K, Zn,

Fe, Cu and Mn concentration in maize plant at various crop growth stages which

increased significantly with increasing fertility levels with maximum at 100 per cent

STR based on nutrient application. An application of Zn at 10 kg ha-1 showed

significant positive effect on N, P, K, and Zn content and uptake as compared to

control. Totawat et al. (2001) while working at Udaipur found that application of N

solely through chemical fertilizer up to 100 per cent of the recommended dose,

improved the major ( N, P, K ) and micro nutrient ( Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) in grain and

stover content of maize crop.

Goyal (2002) reported that NPK application at increasing level from 50 to 100

per cent significantly increased N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe content in grain and stover

and uptake of these nutrients by maize crop.

Meena et al. (2006) revealed that N, P uptake by maize significantly

increased up to 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer to maize which were 18.0

& 19.5% 23.7 & 25.2 per cent higher under 75 and 100 per cent recommended dose

of fertilizer, respectively over 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer to maize.

However, K uptake significantly increased up to 75 per cent recommended dose of

fertilizer.

Research results from New Delhi revealed that application of 40, 80 and 120

kg N ha-1 tended to increase nitrogen uptake by pop corn 46.5, 78 and 99 per cent,

respectively (Kumar, 2008).

Ramesh et al. (2008) reported that by the application of chemical fertilizers

the total nitrogen uptake was highest as 332.2 kg ha-1 in maize – linseed cropping

system compared to other sources of manure application. The phosphorous uptake

was highest by applying poultry manure which was at par with the chemical fertilizer

treatment. The potassium uptake was highest in chemical fertilizer treatment (343.6

kg ha-1) which was at par with the poultry manure application.

Field experiment at Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadam, Nigeria showed

that application of 70 kg N and 13 kg P2O5 ha-1 through fertilizers resulted in

significantly higher NPK uptake by maize crop in comparison to sole application of

organics composted waste + stake cow dung (1:1) 10 t ha-1 or conjoint application of

fertilizers and organics at half the sole dose (Makinde and Ayoola, 2010).

Singh et al. (2010) found that the uptake of N,P,K and by baby corn plant

increase significantly with successive increase in level which maximum NPK at

180+38.7+74.7 kg N+P+K ha-1.

Chandrapala et al. (2010) reported that among the nutrient management

practices NPK+Zn+S recorded higher nutrient content and uptake.

Paramasivan et al. (2011) from Coimbatore reported that uptake of N,P and K

by plant increase significantly with successive increase in fertility level, which lead to

maximum N, P, K content and uptake the treatment with 250:60:25: NPK ha-1.

Highest N (280.61 kg ha-1) and highest P (77.41 kg ha-1) under 200:75:25 and K

uptake (219.5 kg ha-1) was noticed for treatment with 200:60:31 NPK.

At Varanasi (UP) Singh et al. (2010) found that the uptake of N,P,K and by

baby corn plant increase significantly with successive increase in level which

maximum NPK at 180+38.7+74.7 kg N+P+K ha-1.

In the field experiment of Jhalawar (Rajasthan), Tetarwal et al. (2011) found

that application of RDF (40 kg N+15kg P2O5+0 kg K2O ha-1) recorded higher uptake

of N, P and Zn (30.0, 12.11 kg ha-1 and 10.9 g ha-1) respectively, compared to control.

Kumawat et al. (2014) studied the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

fertilization on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by sweet corn varieties at Udaipur

and found that application of 90 kg N + 40 kg P2O5ha-1 recorded significantly higher

green cob yield (9.85 t ha-1) and green fodder yield (19.94 t ha-1), quality parameters

viz., protein, moisture content, N and P uptake over 70 kg N+30 kg P2O5ha-1 and

higher to this level remained at par with each other.

At Ranchi (Jharkhand), an experiment was conducted to assess the nutrient

requirement of maize genotypes. The highest uptake of N (183.6 kg ha-1), P (30.0 kg

ha-1) and K (170.1 kg ha-1) were recorded under application of SSNM, which was

significantly higher over RDF (150 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O ha-1) and farmer’s

practice (100 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 ha-1) (DMR, 2014a).

At Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), an experiment of nutrient management for

maize genotypes was conducted and recorded highest uptake of N (168.5 kg ha-1), P

(30.8 kg ha-1) and K (156.6 kg ha-1) were recorded under application of SSNM, which

was significantly higher over RDF (150 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O ha-1) and

farmer’s practice (120kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O ha-1) (DMR, 2014).


Patidar and Mali (2002) found that application of 10 t ha-1 farm yard manure

increased N, P, and K content by 4.6, 4.6 and 3.1 per cent in grain and 4.0, 2.1 and 6.7

per cent in stover over no farm yard manure, respectively.

At Udaipur, Mehta et al. (2005) found that application of farm yard manure 10

t ha-1 increased N and P uptake by maize crop over no farm yard manure application.

Begum et al. (2007) reported that application of FYM @ 5 t ha with inorganic

N maintain the level of all form of soil N up to maize harvest. Inorganic P showed an

inverse relationship with the organic P content at all growth stage of the wheat-mung

bean-maize crops.

Sujata et al. (2008) reported that among the organic manures, cattle dung

application resulted in the lowest uptake of N, P and K on deep vertisols of Bhopal.

Compared to RDF (100 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O ha-1), an application of FYM

4.9 t ha-1 with 75 per cent or 100 per cent N tended to significantly enhance NPK

uptake by maize crop when cowpea and sunhemp were raised between crop rows and

incorporated in the soil 45 days after sowing, respectively.


An application of farm yard manure 10 t ha-1 significantly improved N, P and

K content in plants at 60 DAS and in grain and stover at harvest, while the Mn content

significantly improved at all growth stages. The N, P and K uptake increased

significantly with farm yard manure and reached highest with the application of FYM

10 t ha-1 (Tak, 2000).

The study on judicious nutrient management strategy concluded that an

application of recommended dose of fertilizer (100 - 50 - 25 kg ha-1 of NPK), 25 per

cent and 50 per cent dose substituted by FYM resulted in maximum uptake of NPK as

105.0, 14.4, 81.4 kg ha-1 and 110.1, 14.5, 84.5 kg ha-1, respectively over the control

and farmer’s practice (Pathak et al., 2005).

A field experiment conducted for two years under auspices of AICRP - LTFE,

Udaipur showed that application of FYM 10 t ha-1 along with 100 per cent NPK

increased NPK uptake by maize crop to the extent of 14.4, 27.2 and 13.0 per cent,

respectively over sole NPK (Verma et al., 2006). The study conducted on the effect of

integrated nutrient management practices on nutrient uptake and revealed that the

nutrient removal by maize under combined application of FYM, inorganic fertilizer

and bio fertilizer as Azospirillum registered higher NPK uptake over (150 + 60 + 40

kg ha-1 NPK) recommended dose of fertilizer (Thavaprakash and Velayudham,2007).

Ramesh et al. (2008) reported that by the application of chemical fertilizers

the total nitrogen uptake was highest as 332.2 kg ha-1 in maize – linseed cropping

system compared to other sources of manure application. The phosphorous uptake

was highest by applying poultry manure which was at par with the chemical fertilizer

treatment. The potassium uptake was highest in chemical fertilizer treatment (343.6

kg ha-1) which was at par with the poultry manure application. Sujata et al. (2008)

among the organic manures, cattle dung application resulted in the lowest uptake of

N, P and K on deep vertisols of Bhopal compared to RDF (100 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 +

25 kg K2O ha-1), an application of FYM 4.9 t ha-1 with 75 per cent or 100 per cent N

tended to significantly enhance NPK uptake by maize crop when cowpea and sun

hemp were raised between crop rows and incorporated in the soil 45 days after

sowing, respectively.

Das et al. (2010) reported significantly improved uptake of available NPK of

194.8, 11.63, 249.7 kg ha-1, respectively with application of Azolla compost 5 t ha-1

and FYM 5 t ha-1 to maize crop which was 12.3, 36.8 and 9.3 per cent higher than the

control.

Sharma and Banik (2012) conduct experiment and concluded that the nutrient-

use efficiency and soil nutrient balance of integrated nutrient management, five

combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Both partial factor

productivity and agronomic-use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was

recorded maximum in F3 (70% RD of NPK through inorganic fertilizers+30% N

through FYM), F2 (70% RD of NPK through inorganic fertilizers+30% N through

vermicompost) and F1 (recommended dose (RD) of NPK (150:26:33) through

fertilizers.

Biradar and Jayadeva (2013) concluded that SSNM through fertilizers for

targeted yield of 10 t ha-1 recorded higher dry matter production (501.4 g), cob length

(20.3 cm), number of grain rows cob-1 (20.5), number of grains row-1 (41.3), number

of grains plant-1 (891.2) test weight (32.9 g) and significantly higher grain yield (9.77

t ha-1) as compared to other treatments and higher nutrient uptake (504.8, 103.1 and

212.3 N, P and K kg ha-1) was also recorded inSSNM through fertilizers for targeted

yield of 10 t ha-1 over 100 per cent RDF (219.4, 32.2 and 73; N, P and K kg ha-1) and

economics.

2.3 SOIL PROPERTIES


Hile et al. (2007) conducted a field experiment at Nasik district of

Maharashtra was conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons to study the effect of

fertilizer levels on the yield and uptake of nutrients in a maize (cv. 'Super 900

M')+wheat (cv. 'NIAW-301') cropping sequence and observed a significant increase in

the grain yield of the maize-wheat cropping sequence with increase in N level from 0

to 120 kg/ha. The highest net monetary return was recorded with N+P+K and

adequate supply of irrigation water.

On sandy loam soil of Varanasi, a significant variation in available N, P and K

in the soil was observed with each successive increase in fertility level and being

highest with application of 180+38.7+74.7 kg ha-1 (Singh et al., 2010).

Meena et al. (2012) reported that application of 125% RDN gave higher

nitrogen status in soil (297.30 kg ha-1) by 6.3 and 1.9 per cent over 75% RDN and

100% RDN, respectively.

Shankar et al. (2014) found that application of NPK+ZnSO4 @ 12.5 kg

ha-1 + borax @ 10 kg ha-1 maintaining maximum soil fertility of nutrients under semi-

arid Alfisols.


Goyal (2002) reported that application of farm yard manure (equivalent to 34

kg ha-1 P2O5) left significantly higher amount of available nutrients (N, P, K, Cu, Zn,

Mn, Fe) in soil after harvest of maize crop at Udaipur.

In a long term field experiment with different manurial treatments, decline in

soil pH and EC was observed in maize - Indian mustard cropping system. Maximum

reduction was recorded in the plot receiving 100 per cent recommended N through

FYM in rainy season (maize) and 100 per cent recommended N, P2O5 through

fertilizer in winter season (mustard) which may be ascribed to the formation of acid

during decomposition of organic matter (Kumpawat, 2004).

In another study at Udaipur, farm yard manure 10 t ha-1 improved the available

N by 6.2 per cent and 7.9 per cent and available P by 11.9 per cent and 13.4 per cent

compared with application of FYM during two respective years of study (Mahala et

al., 2006).

A study was conducted by Rassol et al. (2007) to evaluate the effect of FYM

on saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil in rice-wheat and maize-wheat cropping

systems in a long term experiment conducted in Panjab, they observed that the

saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly higher in FYM plots (34 percent)

than in the control plots in rice-wheat, whereas in maize-wheat, it was higher by 70

per cent.

Gopinath et al. (2008) reported a significant decrease in soil bulk density and a

significant increase in soil pH and total organic carbon after application of

vermicompost in two consective growing seasons, at a rate to 60 kg ha 1of N. these

changes in soil properties improve the availability of air and water, thus encouraging

seedling emergence and root growth.

Jat et al. (2012) reported that application of FYM @10 t ha-1 increased the

available N, S, Zn and Fe content of soil to the extent of 11.2, 51.7, 12.7 and 7.4 per

cent respectively as compared to control. The significant increase in available nutrient

content of the soil after harvest of the crop may ascribe to the beneficial role of FYM

in mineralization of native as well as applied nutrients which enhanced the available

nutrient pool of the soil


Tiwari et al. (2002) reported that status of soil nutrients, their depletion and

build up and crop productivity after twenty eight years of intensive cropping under

various fertilizer and manurial treatment on long term fertilizer experiment at JNKV,

Jabalpur in Typic Haplusterts. The result showed significant increase in available N,

P, K and organic carbon content with 100% NPK + FYM.

A study was conducted by Rassol et al. (2008) to evaluate the increased

organic matter with both FYM and NPK (100:50:50) increased the total soil porosity

and decreased soil bulk density from that in control plots.

On the basis of experiment conducted at Udaipur (Raj), Dadarwal et al. (2009)

reported significantly increased available NPK status of soil after harvest of baby corn

over other treatments with application of 75 per cent NPK along with 2.25 t ha-1

vermicompost and bio fertilizer.

Yadav and Kumar (2009) conducted a long term experiment and found that

the application of 100% NPK through chemical fertilizer of their combined use with

organic N source showed 10-27 kg ha-1 increase in available N and 10.4 to 14.4 kg

ha-1. In available P status of the soil but 67 and 139 kg ha-1 decrease in available K

over the reparative initial value in 20 years of cob rice-wheat cropping practice among

the different organic source of N applying to rice FYM and sesbania green manuring

registered more increase in available N and P content of the soil 100% NPK through

fertilizers alone.

Chandrapala et al. (2010) reported that at Hyderabad application of N, P,

K+FYM to rice crop recorded highest quantity of available soil N, P and K content

after crop harvest. Singh et al. (2010b) reported significantly higher soil fertility status

with integrated nutrient application as 50% N through fertilizers and 50 % N as FYM.

Tetarwal et al. (2011) reported that integrated use of inorganic and organic

sources of nutrient to maize crop influenced physic-chemical properties of soil under

rainfed condition. Application of RDF (40-15-0 Kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1) + FYM 10tha-1

registered maximum values of available N and P, per cent increase was 1.28 for N and

14.89 for P over initial soil fertility.

Ahmad et al. 2013 from Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar

was conducted to investigate effect of integrated use of organic and inorganic

fertilizers in a low fertility soil. The soil analysis after crop harvest revealed that soil

organic matter, total N, extractable P and K, EC and total soluble salts were all

greatest for treatment receiving organic sources with 50% of recommended NPK

fertilizers. Soil pH on the other hand was lowest in the corresponding treatments. The

results showed that combining organic sources with 50% of recommended NPK

fertilizers produced the highest grain and biological yields of maize over the 50%

NPK treatment and were statistically at par with those receiving 100% NPK

fertilizers.

A field study was carried out at Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture,

Manakkadavu, Kannan et al, (2013) observed that Bulk density and pore space was

recorded maximum in INM practice including vermicompost and recommended dose

of NPK. Particle density was recorded maximum in FYM treatments. Organic carbon

was recorded maximum in INM treatment including vermicompost and recommended

dose of NPK.

Maitra et al. (2014) reported that the available nutrient status increased

significantly in post-flax soil after three years of cultivation with the applied S, Zn

and organic manure but significant reduction in available P was recorded with the

applied Zn.

Manzeke et al. (2014) concluded that combined organic resource and Zn

fertilization also resulted in a significant build up of plant available soil P and Zn.

Concentrations of 7.4 mg P kg-1 and 5.5 mg Zn kg-1 were measured after application

of organics, compared with initial values of 5.2 mg kg-1 and 1.15 mg kg-1,

respectively.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on

Maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during kharif 2014 at Rajasthan College of

Agriculture, Udaipur. The details of experimental techniques, materials used and

criteria adopted for treatment evaluation during the course of investigation are

presented in this chapter.

3.1 Experimental Site:

The experiment was conducted at the field block B2 of Instructional Farm,

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The site is situated in south-eastern part of

Rajasthan at an altitude of 579.5 m above mean sea level, at 24o35’ N latitude and

74o42’ E longitude. The region falls under agro-climatic zone IV a (Sub- Humid

Southern Plain and Arawali Hills) of Rajasthan.

3.1.1 Climate and weather conditions:

This zone possesses typical sub-tropical climatic conditions characterized by

mild winters and moderate summers associated with high relative humidity during the

months of July to September. The mean annual rainfall of the region is 637 mm, most

of which is contributed by south west mansoon from July to September.

The mean weekly meteorological parameters recorded at Agromet

observatory, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during cropping period are

presented in Table 3.1 and depicted in Fig. 3.1. These observations reveal that

maximum and minimum temperatures ranged between 28.7 to 34.4 ºC and 19.5 to

24.8 ºC, respectively during kharif, 2014. Total amount of rainfall received during

maize crop growth in 2014 was 648 mm and this was well distributed in crop growth

period.

3.1.2 Physico-chemical properties of experimental soils:

The experiment was conducted at the field Instructional Farm, Rajasthan

College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The soil characteristics determined, through standard

methods are presented in Table 3.2.

Table 3.1 Mean weekly meteorological data for crop period (Kharif, 2014)

SMW* No.

Date Temperature (°C) Mean R.H. (%)

Evaporation (mm/day)

Bright sunshine (hrs)

Rainfall (mm)

From To Maxi. Min.

30 18.07.2014 24.07.2014 31.1 24.8 70.57 5.0 2.8 7.8

31 25.07.2014 31.07.2014 29.6 23.7 83.21 2.7 1.0 16.1

32 01.08.2014 07.08.2014 29.3 23.9 84.71 3.1 1.7 10.6

33 08.08.2014 14.08.2014 28.7 23.7 79.21 3.3 1.5 1.0

34 15.08.2014 21.08.2014 30.7 23.2 68.78 4.0 4.7 0.02

35 22.08.2014 28.08.2014 32.0 23.2 79.35 4.0 5.6 8.7

36 29.08.2014 04.09.2014 30.7 23.0 81.64 3.4 5.0 12.4

37 05.09.2014 11.09.2014 29.0 22.7 84.07 3.7 3.0 17.4

38 12.09.2014 18.09.2014 30.0 20.7 80.21 2.8 5.0 8.8

39 19.09.2014 25.09.2014 32.3 19.5 67.93 4.8 9.3 0

40 26.09.2014 02.10.2014 32.2 19.6 63.00 3.5 8.0 0

41 03.10.2014 09.10.2014 34.4 19.8 56.43 4.3 8.5 0

* Standard meteorological week

Table 3.2 Physico-chemical properties of experimental soil

Characteristics Soil Content

A. Mechanical

Sand (%) 35.98

Silt (%) 27.04

Clay (%) 35.98

Textural class clay loam

B. Physical

Bulk density (Mg m-3)

Particle density (Mg m-3)

Porosity (%)

Field capacity (%)

1.45

2.63

52.10

7.92

C. Chemical

pH (1:2) 8.14

EC (1:2) (dS m-1 at 25ºC) 0.66

Organic carbon (g kg-1) 6.80

Available Nitrogen ( kg ha-1) 265

Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) 17

Available potassium (kg ha-1) 356

Available Zn (mg kg-1) 1.55

Available Cu (mg kg-1) 2.3

Available Mn (mg kg-1) 2.0

Available Fe (mg kg-1) 2.8

3.2 Cropping History:

On the experimental site, maize-wheat rotation was followed in three previous

years before the present experimentation. During the course of investigation, maize crop

was grown in kharif 2014.

3.3 Treatment Details and Experimental Design:

3.3.1 Treatments:

T1 : Control

T2 : 50% RDF

T3 : 75% RDF

T4 : 100% RDF

T5 : Vermicompost@ 8 t ha-1

T6 : FYM @ 20 t ha-1

T7 : 50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1



T10 : 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1

T11 : 75% RDF + FYM @10 t ha-1

T12 : 100 % RDF + FYM @10t ha-1

3.3.2 Experimental details:

1. Treatment combinations : 12

2. Design : RBD

3. Replications : 3

4. Crop geometry : Row to row distance 60 cm

Plant to plant distance 25 cm

5. Plot size

Gross size : 5 x 3.25m

Net size : 3 x 2.4m

6. Nutrient application : As per treatments

7. Test crop / Variety : Maize cultivar Pratap Makka-5

8. Irrigation : Life saving irrigation

9. Date of sowing : 16/7 /2014

3.3.3 Sources of nutrients:

The sources used for applying N, P and K were urea, di-ammonium phosphate

(adjusted for its N content) and muriate of potash, respectively. FYM and Vermicompost

is used as a source of organic fertilizer.

3.3.4 Doses of nutrients:

The dose of the NPK for maize was worked out from IPNS equations developed

for maize crop for 2.5 t/ha yield target. The NPK dose in kg ha-1 worked out was 90: 40:

40 for maize crop. The doses for farm yard manure and vermicompost is 10 t ha-1 and 8 t

ha-1, respectively. The FYM and Vermicompost were applied before sowing of the maize

crop (content of FYM and Vermicompost given below Table 3.3).

Table 3.3 Composition of FYM and Vermicompost

Nutrient FYM (%) Vermicompost (%) N 0.48 2.94 P2O5 0.18 0.96 K2O 0.45 1.42

3.4 Details of Crop Raising:

Details of field operations carried out for maize are given in Table 3.4

Table 3.4 Schedule of operations during crop period

S.No. Operations Date 1. Field preparation 18.06.2014 2. Layout and bunding 25.06.2014 3. Opening of furrows and fertilizer placement 16.07.2014 4. Sowing 16.07.2014 5. Atrazine spray 18.07.2014 6. Thinning 03.08.2014 7. Plant protection spray 11.08.2014 8. Inter culture or Hoeing and weeding (30 DAS) 15.08.2014 9. Top dressing of urea

(a) 30 DAS (b) 50 DAS

16.08.2014 02.09.2014

10. Life saving irrigation (a) First (b) Second

04.08.2014 02.09.2014

11. Harvesting 15.10.2014 12. Threshing 08.11.2014

3.4.1 Field preparation:

After receiving pre-mansoon showers, the experimental field was prepared by

cross cultivation followed by planking. The crop stubbles, weeds and grasses were

removed from the field. The field was demarcated into different plots as per details given

in Fig. 3.2.

3.4.2 Treatment application:

Fertilizer application was made as per the treatment. Full dose of phosphorus and

potash and half dose of nitrogen were applied at sowing by drilling in crop rows. The

remaining dose of nitrogen was top dressed in two split doses at 30 DAS and 50 DAS.

3.4.3 Seed and sowing:

Maize variety Pratap Makka-5 was sown at the seed rate of 20 kg ha-1 at inter row

of 60 and plant to plant spacing of 25 cm. Furrows were opened through bullock drawn

desi plough and seeds were sown manually at the depth of 5 cm. Before sowing seeds

were treated with Captan 2.0 g kg-1 seed to protect it from fungal diseases and

Chloropyriphos 4 ml kg-1 seed to protect the seed from termites just before sowing.

3.4.4 Weed management:

Atrazine at 0.5 kg ha-1 was applied next day of sowing through foot sprayer, using

600 L ha-1 of water with flat fan nozzle. One manual hoeing and weeding was performed

30 DAS.

3.4.5 Irrigation:

Irrigation in maize was applied as life saving measure. The details of which have

been mentioned in Table 3.4.

3.4.6 Thinning:

In order to maintain plant to plant distance of 25 cm, thinning was done 25 days

after sowing.

3.4.7 Plant protection:

One prophylactic spray of Endosulfan 35 EC (0.07 per cent) was performed

against stem borer at 35 DAS.

3.4.8 Harvesting:

The crop was harvested along with cobs when plant turned golden yellow with the

help of sickle. The net plot crop was harvested close to ground and plants were tied in

bundles and kept for sun drying on threshing floor for few days.

3.4.9 Threshing:

After sun drying of harvested plants of net plot area, cobs were separated from

individual plant. After separation of the cobs from plants, these were dehusked and

shelled through cob sheller and produce of each plot was winnowed and weighed.

3.5 Yield :

a) Grain yield: Cobs of harvested plants of net plot area after proper sun drying

were separated from plants, dehusked and shelled with the help of cob sheller. The

produce was cleaned, weighed and expressed in terms of grains kg ha-1.

b) Stover yield: Stover yield was obtained by subtracting the grain yield per plot

from the respectively biological yield per plot and finally expressed in terms of

stover yield kg ha-1.

3.6 Plant Analysis:

3.6.1 Nutrient content:

The maize plant samples collected at harvesting stage (grain and stover) from each

plot were oven dried. The dried samples were finely ground and used for determination of

N, P, K, and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn) content as per method furnished in Table

3.2.

3.6.2 Nutrient uptake:

Uptake of macro (N, P, K,) and micronutrient (Fe,Mn,Cu&Zn) at harvest were

computed from the data of N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe and content and grain and stover

yield using the following formulae

% nutrient content in plant material x Yield or dry mater (kg ha-1) Macro nutrient uptake = __________________________________________________________________________________

(kg ha-1) 100 Nutrient content (mg kg-1 or ppm) x Yield or dry matter (kg ha -1) Micro nutrient uptake = ___________________________________________________________________________________

(g ha-1) 1000 3.7 Methods Followed for Chemical and Phyical Analysis of Samples

3.7.1 Soil analysis:

Composite soil samples 0-15 cm depth from each plot were drawn before sowing

and at harvest of crop and analyzed for following as per procedure referred in table 3.2

Chemical analysis:

pH, EC Available N, P and K and DTPA extractable Zn, Fe,Mn, Cu, before

sowing and after harvest of maize

Physical analysis:

Aggregates, Bulk density, Porosity, Hydraulic conductivity

3.7.2 Plant analysis:

Plant material was digested in triacid mixture using HNO3:H2SO4:HClO4 (10:1:4)

(Richards, 1954) for analysis of P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe. The plant samples were also

digested with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the analysis of

nitrogen (Jackson, 1973). The standard methods were followed for analysis as given in

below table.

Table- 3.5 : Methods for determination of physico-chemical properties of soil

S. No. Properties Procedure Reference 1. pH (1:2 soil water

suspension) Potentiometeric method using pH meter Richards (1954)

2. EC (1:2 soil water suspension)

Using solubridge method (Conductivity meter)

Richards (1954)

3. Available N By alkaline KMnO4 method Subbiah and Asija (1956)

4. Available P Olsen’s P, 0.5M NaHCO3 method, pH 8.5

Olsen et al.(1954)

5. Available K Neutral normal ammonium acetate extraction and Flame photometry

Richards (1954)

6. Available Zn, Fe, Cu & Mn (mg kg-1)

Extraction by 0.005M DTPA + 0.001M CaCl2 + 0.1M triethanolamine at pH 7.3

Lindsay and Norvell (1978)

7. Bulk Density Core sampler method Piper (1950) 8. Aggregates Wet sieving Yodders

Apparatus 9. Hydraulic

conductivity Constant head method Empirical

approach 10. Porosity Pycnometer Piper(1950) Plant Analysis

S.No Type of analysis Standard Procedure Reference

1. Digestion of plant sample

Wet digestion of plant samples with H2SO4 and H2O2 will be carried out for determination of nitrogen content

Jackson (1973)

2. Nitrogen Colorimetric method using spectrophotometer after development of colour with Nesseler’s reagent

Snell and Snell (1959)


Digestion with di-acid mixture HNO3 HClO4 (10:4)

Johnson and Ulrich (1959)

4. Phosphorus Vandomolybdo phosphoric acid yellow colour method

Jackson (1973)

5. Potassium Flame Photometer method Jackson(1973)


Digestion with tri-acid mixture of HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 (10:4:1)

Jackson (1973)

7. Zinc, Iron, Manganese & Copper

Estimation on AAS Lindsay and Norvell (1978)

3.8 Economics of Treatments:

The economics of different treatments was estimated in terms of net profit ha-1.

The cost of cultivation for each treatment was subtracted from gross return and net profit

was worked out. Further, to ascertain profitability on per rupee investment, cost: benefit

ratio was also calculated.

3.9 Statistical Analysis:

In order to test the significance of variation in experimental data obtained for

various treatment effects, data were statistically analysed as described by Panse and

Sukhatme (1989). The critical difference was calculated to assess the significance of

treatment mean wherever the ‘F’ test was found significant at 5 per cent level. The

analysis for all the characters was carried out after find out the test of homogeneity

between error mean sum of square as per methodology given by Gomez and Gomez

(1984).

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The results of the field experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient

Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” conducted in kharif, 2014 at Instructional Farm,

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur are presented in this chapter. The data

pertaining to the effect of different treatments on yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties

of maize were statistically analysed for test of significance of the results. The results of

individual effects for different characters are given the Appendices I to XIII at the end.

4.1 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMMENT ON YIELD

AND HARVEST INDEX OF MAIZE

4.1.1 Grain yield

An examination of data (Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1) reveal that variation in grain yield

of maize varied from 1475.56 to 2766.13 kg ha-1. Significant enhancement in grain yield

of maize was recorded by applying various treatments to supply nutrients. The highest

grain yield (2766.13 kg ha-1) was recorded by application of 100 % RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which

represents 88 and 79 per cent increase yield over control.

4.1.2 Stover yield

Based on measured data (Table 4.1) it can be inferred that stover yield was

significantly increased by enriching the soil with various treatments over no fertilization.

The increase in yield varied from 4127.81 to 7796.69 kg ha-1. The application of 100%

RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 produced highest stover yield (7796.69 kg ha-1) and which

was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 89 and 82 per cent

increase yield over control.

4.1.3 Biological yield

A perusal of data presented in Table 4.1 show that biological yield varied from

5603.37 to 10562.82 kg ha-1 during study by applying various treatments to supply

nutrients. An application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 recorded significantly

highest yield (10562.82 kg ha-1) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1

which represents 89 and 81 per cent increase yield over control.

4.1.4 Harvest index

It is explicit from the data (Table 4.1) that irrespective of application of plant

nutrients in form of chemical or organic or their integrated state did not significantly

influence harvest index of maize crop.

4.2 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMMENT ON

NUTRIENT CONTENT OF MAIZE

4.2.1 Nitrogen content in stover

A cursory look of the data (Table 4.2) reveal that in comparison to control, all the

nutrient application treatments gave significantly higher N content in stover of maize

plants at harvest. The soil enriching with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 tended to

give maximum N content (0.724%) than all other treatments and which was followed by

100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 34 and 30 per cent increase N content over

control.

4.2.2 Nitrogen content in grain

An examination of data (Table 4.2) reveal that application of plant nutrients

significantly increased N content in grain at harvest. Maximum N content (1.919%) was

recorded by use of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 application and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 45 and 38 per cent increase N

content over control.

4.2.3 Phosphorus content in stover

The data (Table 4.3) explicate that application of balanced and integrated nutrient

supply tended to increase the P content over control. Application of integrated use of

100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in maximum P content (0.164%) and which


increase P content over control.

4.2.4 Phosphorus content in grain

In comparison to control, enrichment of soil by various combinations and sources

of plant nutrients resulted in significantly higher P content in grain. The maximum P

content (0.380%) was accounted in soil fortification with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t

ha-1 (Table 4.3) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents

26 and 21 per cent increase P content over control.

4.2.5 Potassium content in stover

A reference to data (Table 4.4) reveal that application of plant nutrients

significantly improved K content in stover at harvest stage. Maximum K content

(1.099%) was found in crop provided 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and which


increase K content over control.

4.2.6 Potassium content in grain

The data (Table 4.4) indicates that addition of plant nutrients in balanced or

integrated forms proved significantly superior in increasing K content in maize grain over

no fertilization. Maximum K content (0.444%) of maize grain at harvest was recorded in

100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 applied treatment and which was followed by 100%

RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 19 and 16 per cent increase K content over

control.

4.2.7 Zinc content in stover


nutrient application treatments gave significantly higher Zn content in stover of maize


give maximum Zn content (24.52 mg kg-1) than all other treatments and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 41 and 40 per cent increase Zn


4.2.8 Zinc content in grain


significantly increased Zn content in grain at harvest. Maximum Zn content (63.19 mg kg-

1) was recorded by use of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 application and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 35 per cent increase Zn content

over control.

4.2.9 Iron content in stover

The data (Table 4.6) explicate that application of balanced and integrated nutrient

supply tended to increase the Fe content over control. Application of integrated use of

100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in maximum Fe content (130.83 mg kg-1)

and which was followed by 100% RDF+FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 18 per cent

increase Fe content over control. the extent of increase in Fe content under various

treatments applications varied from 110.70 ppm in control to 130.83 mg kg-1 in 100%

RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 .

4.2.10 Iron content in grain

In comparison to control, enrichment of soil by various combinations and sources

of plant nutrients resulted in significantly higher Fe content in grain. the maximum Fe

content (74.43 mg kg-1) was accounted in soil fortification with 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (Table 4.6) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-

1 which represents 15 and 13 per cent increase Fe content over control.

4.2.11 Manganese content in stover

A reference to data (Table 4.7) reveal that application of plant nutrients

significantly improved Mn content in stover at harvest stage. Maximum Mn content

(44.64 mg kg-1) was found in crop provided 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and

which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 21 and 19 per cent

increase Mn content over control.

4.2.12 Manganese content in grain

The data (Table 4.7) indicates that addition of plant nutrients in balanced or

integrated forms proved significantly superior in increasing Mn content in maize grain

over no fertilization. Maximum Mn content (15.06 mg kg-1) of maize grain at harvest was

recorded in 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 applied treatment and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 28 and 27 per cent increase

Mn content over control.

4.2.13 Copper content in stover


nutrient application treatments gave significantly higher Cu content in stover of maize


give maximum Cu content (8.43 mg kg-1) than all other treatments and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 31 and 26 per cent increase Cu


4.2.14 Copper content in grain


significantly increased Cu content in grain at harvest. Maximum cu content (24.27 mg

kg-1) was recorded by use of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 application and which

was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 17 per cent increase Cu


4.3 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMMENT ON

NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MAIZE

4.3.1 Nitrogen uptake at harvest

4.3.1.1 By stover

The data (Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2) clearly indicate superiority of balanced and

integrated supply of nutrients with respect to N uptake by leaves of maize at harvest.

Maximum N uptake (56.66 kg ha-1) by leaves was obtained by conjugant application of

100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t

ha-1 which represents 150 and 137 per cent increase N uptake over control. The minimum

N uptake (22.30 kg ha-1) by leaves was recorded in control.

4.3.1.2 By grain

The N uptake by maize grain at harvest ranged from 19.46 kg ha-1 (control) to

53.10 kg ha-1 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1). The data (Table 4.2 and Fig.4.2)

reveal that the effect of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 was significantly superior

over rest of the treatments which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which

represents 173 and 148 per cent increase N uptake over control.

Total: A perusal of data shows that N uptake by maize plants by applying nutrients in

various forms and combination increased from 41.76 to 109.75 kg ha-1 over

control (Table 4.2 and Fig.4.2). The maximum uptake was recorded by INM in the form

of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (109.75 kg ha-1) which was followed by 100%

RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 (101.21 kg ha-1) which represents 163 and 142 per sent increase N

uptake over control.

4.3.2 Phosphorus uptake at harvest

4.3.2.1 By stover

An assessment of data (Table 4.3) reveal that application of plant nutrients

through chemical fertilizers, organic manures and integrated sources brought about a

significant response in P uptake by leaves of maize at harvest in comparison to control.

The conjoint application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 brought about maximum

enhancement in P uptake (12.87 kg ha-1) which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t

ha-1 which represents 151 and 141 per cent increase P uptake over control. P uptake by

leaves of maize crop at harvest ranged from 5.12 to 12.87 kg ha-1 in response to

application of nutrients.

4.3.2.2 By grain

The data clearly reflect that the application of plant nutrients significantly increase

to P uptake by grains of maize during experimentation (Table 4.3). Soil fortification with

100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in highest P uptake (10.52 kg ha-1) by maize

grain at harvest. which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents

136 and 121 per cent increase P uptake over control. The overall range of increase in P

uptake by grain due to application of various treatments was 4.46 to 10.52 kg ha-1.

Total: A perusal of data shows in Table 4.3 and depicted in Fig.4.2 that P uptake

by maize plants at harvest by applying nutrients in various forms and combination

increased from 9.58 to 23.38 kg ha-1 over control. The maximum uptake was recorded by

balanced fertilization in the form of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (23.38 kg ha-1)

and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 144 and 133

per cent increase P uptake over control.

4.3.3 Potassium uptake at harvest

4.3.3.1 By stover

The crop under influence of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 accumulated

highest uptake of K (85.66 kg ha-1) by leaves of maize at harvest. which was followed by

100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 114 and 104 per cent increase K uptake

over control. The data show that K uptake by leaves of maize plants by applying nutrients

in various forms and combination increased from 40.09 to 85.66 kg ha-1 over control

(Table 4.4).

4.3.3.2 By grain

A perusal of data (Table 4.4) reveal that the K uptake by grain of maize varied

significantly by applying various treatments. Applications of all the treatments were

significantly superior over unfertilized control. The maximum K uptake was recorded by

enriching the soil with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (12.29 kg ha-1) and which


increase K uptake over control.

Total: The K uptake by maize at harvest ranged from 45.60 kg ha-1 (control) to

97.95 kg ha-1 (100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1). The data (Table 4.4 and Fig.4.2)

reveal that the effect of 100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 was significantly superior

over rest of the treatments and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which

represents 115 and 105 per cent increase K uptake over control.

4.3.4 Zinc uptake at harvest

4.3.4.1 By stover

Maximum Zn uptake (1914.68 g ha-1) by leaves was obtained by conjugant

application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 which was significantly superior over

other treatments. which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents

167 and 156 per cent increase Zn uptake over control. The minimum Zn uptake (717.68 g

ha-1) by leaves was recorded in unfertilized plots.

4.3.4.2 By grain

The Zn uptake by maize grain at harvest ranged from 691.41 g ha-1 (control) to

1751.86 kg ha-1 (100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1). The data (Table 4.5 ) reveal that

the effect of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 was significantly superior over rest of

the treatments and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents

153 and 100 per cent increase Zn uptake over control.

Total: A perusal of data shows that Zn uptake by maize plants by applying nutrients in

various forms and combination increased from 1409.09 to 3666.53 g ha-1 over control

(Table 4.5 & Fig.4.3). The maximum uptake was recorded by INM in the form of 100%

RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (3666.53 g ha-1) and which was followed by 100% RDF +

FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 160 and 149 per cent increase Zn uptake over control.

4.3.5 Iron uptake at harvest

4.3.5.1 By stover



significant response in Fe uptake by leaves of maize at harvest in comparison to control.


enhancement in Fe uptake (10202.08 g ha-1) which was significantly superior over rest of


123 and 114 per cent increase Fe uptake over control. Fe uptake by leaves of maize crop

at harvest ranged from 4573.56 to 10202.08 g ha-1 in response to application of nutrients.

4.3.5.2 By grain


to Fe uptake by grains of maize during experimentation (Table 4.6). Soil fortification

with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in highest Fe uptake (2059.75 g ha-1)

by maize grain at harvest and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which

represents 115 and 103 per cent increase Fe uptake over control. The overall range of

increase in Fe uptake by grain due to application of various treatments was 956.60 to

2059.75 g ha-1.

Total: A perusal of data shows in Table 4.6 and depicted in Fig.4.3 that Fe uptake by

maize plants at harvest by applying nutrients in various forms and combination increased

from 5530.17 to 12261.83 g ha-1 over control. The maximum uptake was recorded by

balanced fertilization in the form of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (12261.83 g ha-

1) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 122 and 112

per cent increase Fe uptake over control.

4.3.6 Manganese uptake at harvest

4.3.6.1 By stover

The crop under influence of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 accumulated

highest uptake of Mn (3476.42 g ha-1) by leaves of maize at harvest and which was

followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 128 and 116 per cent increase

Mn uptake over control. The data show that Mn uptake by leaves of maize plants by

applying nutrients in various forms and combination increased from 1527.95 to 3476.42 g

ha-1 over control (Table 4.7).

4.3.6.2 By grain

A perusal of data (Table 4.7) reveal that the Mn uptake by grain of maize varied

significantly by applying various treatments. Applications of all the treatments were

significantly superior over unfertilized control. The maximum Mn uptake was recorded

by enriching the soil with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (416.80 g ha-1) and which


increase Mn uptake over control.

Total: The Mn uptake by maize at harvest ranged from 1701.28 g ha-1 (control) to

3759.35 g ha-1 (100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1). The data (Table 4.7 & Fig.4.3)

reveal that the effect of 100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 was significantly superior

over rest of the treatments and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1

which represents 129 and 117 per cent increase Mn uptake over control.

4.3.7 Copper uptake at harvest

4.3.7.1 By stover



significant response in Cu uptake by leaves of maize at harvest in comparison to control.


enhancement in Cu uptake (653.30 g ha-1) which was significantly superior over rest of


146 and 118 per cent increase Cu uptake over control. Cu uptake by leaves of maize crop

at harvest ranged from 265.25 to 653.30 g ha-1 in response to application of nutrients.

4.3.7.2 By grain


to Cu uptake by grains of maize during experimentation (Table 4.8). Soil fortification

with 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in highest Cu uptake (671.91 g ha-1) by

maize grain at harvest and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which

represents 119 and 108 per cent increase Cu uptake over control. the overall range of

increase in CU uptake by grain due to application of various treatments was 307.15 to

671.91 g ha-1.

Total: A perusal of data shows in Table 4.8 and depicted in Fig.4.3 that Cu uptake by

maize plants at harvest by applying nutrients in various forms and combination increased

from 572.40 to 1325.22 g ha-1 over control. The maximum uptake was recorded by

balanced fertilization in the form of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (1325.22 g ha-1)

and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 132 and 112

per cent increase Cu uptake over control.

4.4 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS OF SOIL

4.4.1 Effect of integrated nutrient management on Available Nutrient of Soil

4.4.1.1 Available nitrogen

The data presented in the Table 4.9 indicate that all the treatments improved the

available N status of soil over control after harvest of maize crop. Maximum available

nitrogen (275.67 kg ha-1) content was observed under the treatment 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and which was followed by 100% RDF which represents 24 and

20 per cent increase available N over control.

4.4.1.2 Available phosphorus


available P status of soil over control after harvest of maize crop. Maximum available

phosphorus (27.33 kg ha-1) content was observed under the treatment 100% RDF +


represents 45 and 41 per cent increase available P over control.

4.4.1.3 Available potassium

It is apparent from the data (Table 4.9) that at the harvest of maize crop maximum

available potassium content of soil was found when soil fortified with 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (376.66 kg ha-1) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM

10 t ha-1 which represents 33 and 28 per cent increase available K over control. there was

significant increase in potassium status of the soil on application of either potassic

fertilizer or organic manure over no K application.

4.4.1.4 Available Zinc


available Zn status of soil over control after harvest of maize crop. Maximum available

nitrogen (1.719 mg kg-1) content was observed under the treatment 100% RDF +


represents 19 and 18 per cent increase available Zn over control.

4.4.1.5 Available Iron


available Fe status of soil over control after harvest of maize crop. Maximum available Fe

(3.37 mg kg-1) content was observed under the treatment 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t

ha-1 and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 83 and 82

per cent increase available Fe over control.

4.4.1.6 Available Manganese

It is apparent from the data (Table 4.9) that at the harvest of maize crop maximum

available Mn content of soil was found when soil fortified with 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 (2.35 mg kg-1) and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t

ha-1 which represents 29 and 28 per cent increase available Mn over control.

4.4.1.7Available Copper


available Cu status of soil over control after harvest of maize crop. Maximum available

Cu (2.48 mg kg-1) content was observed under the treatment 100% RDF + Vermicompost

4 t ha-1 and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 26 and

24 per cent increase available Cu over control.

4.4.2 Effect of integrated nutrient management on physico-chemical properties of

soil

4.4.2.1 Soil pH:

Data presented in Table 4.10 reveals that there was no significant difference

among different treatments of nutrient management in soil pH. The control treatment did

not change the initial status of pH which was 8.1.

4.4.2.2 Electrical conductivity:


among different treatments of nutrient management in electrical conductivity. The EC

ranged from 0.81 to 0.87 (dSm-1) among different treatments.

4.4.2.3 Aggregates:

Data presented in Table 4.11 and depicted in Fig.4.4 reveals that aggregates

significantly varied from 48.75 to 54.28 per cent among different treatments of nutrient

management. The highest aggregates (54.28 per cent) found under 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 treatment and which was followed by Vermicompost 8 t ha-1

which represents 11 and 10 per cent increase aggregates over control.

4.4.2.4 Bulk Density:


among different treatments of nutrient management in bulk density. The bulk density

ranged from 1.360 to 1.520 (Mg m-3) among different treatments.

4.4.2.5 Porosity:

Data presented in Table 4.11 and depicted in Fig.4.4 reveals that porosity

significantly varied from 52.10 to 56.74 per cent among different treatments of nutrient

management. the highest porosity (56.74 per cent) found under 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 treatment and which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1

which represents 9 and 8 per cent increase porosity over control.

4.4.2.6 Hydarulic conductivity:

Data presented in Table 4.11 and depicted in Fig.4.5 reveals that hydarulic

conductivity significantly varied from 0.271 to 0.299 cm/hr among different treatments of

nutrient management. The hydarulic conductivity (0.299 cm/hr) found under 100% RDF

+ Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 treatment and which was followed by 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1.

4.5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

4.5.1 Net return

Economic evaluation of treatments indicates (Table 4.12 & Fig.4.6) that

application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 gave highest net return (` 29999) and

which was followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 which represents 122 and 104 per

cent increase net return over control.

4.5.2 Benefit cost ratio

It is evident from data (Table 4.12 & Fig.4.7) that highest B C ratio (1.18) was

obtained by applying 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and which was followed by

100% RDF.

5. DISCUSSION

While presenting the results of the present investigation entitled “Effect of

Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” in the preceding chapter,

significant variations were noted in number of crop parameters due to effects of different

treatments. An attempt has been made hitherto to discuss the significant effects of these

assuming a pattern in respect of growth, dry matter accumulation, yield and concentration

of nutrients with their uptake by maize plant parts, so as to establish cause and effect

relationship in the light of available evidences and literature.

5.1 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

5.1.1 Effect on yield

The results showed that balanced fertilization of maize crop involving nutrient

combinations of N, P and K, with vermicompost and FYM most effectively enhanced

various yield components in maize viz. grain, stover, biological yield were maximized

when crop was fertilized with balanced and increased levels of nutrient combinations.

The highest grain yield realized with application of balanced and higher level of

plant nutrition could be ascribed due to its profound influence on vegetative and

reproductive growth of the crop.

Hence, marked increase in grain yield with balanced and higher level of

fertilization seems to be due to exploitation of crop genetic potential for vegetative and

reproductive growth. The best result on grain yield was obtained with application of 100

% NPK + vermicompost 4 t ha-1 which was 88 per sent higher over control. This indicates

that maize responds well to integrated nutrient management. The results of the present

investigation indicating positive response of maize crop to balanced fertilization are alike

to findings of several researchers (Kumpawat, 2004; Kumar, 2008; Singh and Choudhary,

2008 and Mehta et al., 2011).

Application of integrated nutrient as 100 % NPK + vermicompost 4 t ha-1

increased yield components of maize crop significantly over control and at par with 100

% NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1(Table 4.1). The significant interactive effect as a consequence of

Vermicompost and fertilizer application is attributed to the favorable nutritional status of

the soil resulting into increased biomass production of the crop. This may also be

attributed to favorable effect of Vermicompost on microbial and root proliferation on soil

which caused solubilizing effect on native phosphorus and other nutrients. Integrative

chemical fertilizers and organic manures was, however, found to be quite promising not

only in maintaining higher productivity but also in providing greater stability in crop

production by synergistic effect of Vermicompost on improving efficiency of optimum

dose of NPK. The results of the present study that Combined use of organic manure and

chemical fertilizer has been found to be providing higher productivity with those reported

by Ramesh et al. (2008), Singh et al. (2009), Dadarwal et al. (2009), Kannan et al.

(2013), Singh et al. (2010), Behera and Singh, (2009), Paradkar et al. (2010), Qiang et al.

(2010), Sharma and Banik (2011).

Data presented in Table 4.1 show that significant increase in stover yield due to

higher fertility levels and balanced fertilization (100 % NPK + vermicompost 4 t ha-1)

could be ascribed to their direct influence on dry matter production in leaf and stem at

successive stages by virtue of increased photosynthetic efficiency. The profound

influence of nutrient application on biological yield seems to be on account of its

influence on vegetative (stover) and reproductive growth (grain) with those reported by

Singh et al., 2006; Kar et al., 2006; Choudhary et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2012.

5.1.2 Effect on nutrient content and uptake

Data presented in Table 4.2 show that integration of 100 % NPK with

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 brought about significant improvement in N, P,K and micro

nutrient ( Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) content and uptake over unfertilized control and 100 %

NPK. However, accumulation of N, P, K and micro nutrient ( Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were at

par with the results obtained by 100 % NPK + FYM 10 t ha-1. This indicated a favourable

soil micro climate régime induced by the incorporation of Vermicompost.

Application of FYM reduces P fixation by releasing considerable aborints and

variety of organic acids during deposition and as well as inducing chelating effects on

micronutrients which probably enhanced the availability of phosphorus (Behera and

Singh, (2009). Applications of Vermicompost not only solubilize the availability of

micronutrients but also contains significant amount of N, P and K. Thus application of

Vermicompost has resulted in an overall significant increase in uptake of nutrients at

lesser cost but longer in durability or duration.

Combined use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer has been found to be

providing not only in maintaining higher productivity but also in providing stable crop

yields for sustainable crop production through organic manure and balanced use of

chemical fertilizers. These are in confirmation with findings of Sujata et al. (2008),

Behera and Singh, (2009), Dadarwal et al. (2009) and Das et al. (2010) Sharma and

Banik (2012) Kalhapure et al.(2013).

5.1.3 Effect on available nutrients

Combined application of various plant nutrients N, P, K, with vermicompost and

FYM significantly increased their status in soil at harvest of maize crop over control

(Table 4.9). The increase in available nutrient status of soil might be due to microbial as

well as chemical activity in soil.

Results presented in Table 4.9 showed that enhanced application 100 % NPK with

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 of increased the available nitrogen content in soil at harvest of

maize crop during the year of experimentation. The increase in available nitrogen status

of soil could be ascribed to higher dose N, P, K with organic manure and increased

organic content of the soil. INM considers the integrated nutrient supply of the soil and

productivity targated capable of sustaining higher yields on one hand, and assured

restoration of soil fertility on other (Aulakh et al., 2008). An improvement in available

nutrient status of the soil with the incorporation of chemical fertilizer and organic manure

could be attributed to conserved soil nitrogen and increased availability of other nutrients

as being its constituent as well as mineralize from the native source in soil. The results of

present investigation are in line with the finding of Chandrapala et al. 2010, Tetarwal et

al., 2011, Ahmad at el. (2013), Maitra et al. (2014).

The application of phosphorus @ 50 % RDF, 75 % RDF, 100 % RDF with

vermicompost and FYM resulted in appreciable build up of available P status of soil in

comparison to control (Table 4.9). As the level of phosphorus increased, its content in soil

also increased, probably due to mobilization of native soil phosphorus resulting in

increased P availability. Similar results were reported by Yadav and Kumar (2009), Singh

et al. (2010b), Tetarwal et al. (2011).

The availability of potassium was influenced by various nutrient combination and

maximum was obtained under INM (100 % NPK with Vermicompost 4 t ha-1) at harvest

of maize crop, Similar results were reported by Tiwari et al. (2002), Dadarwal et al.

(2009), Singh et al. (2010b), Tetarwal et al., 2011.

The data presented in table 4.9 reveals that available micronutrients status of soil

at harvest was increased significantly in treatment receiving 100 % NPK with

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 and conserved soil fertility. The results of present study are in

agreement with those reported by Dadarwal et al. (2009), Singh et al. (2010b),

5.1.4 Effect on properties of soil

The data presented in table 4.10 and 4.11 reveals that no significant variation was

observed in pH, EC, and bulk density of soil after harvest of maize crop due to

application of various nutrients during the year of investigation.

Combined application of various plant nutrients N, P, K, with vermicompost and

FYM significantly increased porosity, aggregates and hydraulic conductivity in soil at

harvest of maize crop over control (Table 4.11). The favorable effects of organic manure

with N, P, K, on soil properties may also be due to increased microbial activities which in

turn release organic acids to bring down to soil pH to a range where the activities of plant

nutrients are maximum. The increase in microbial activity due to the addition of organic

manure , which enhance activity of enzymes that play a key role in transformation,

recycling and availability of plant nutrients in soil (Subba Rao, 1999). Thus, improvement

in nutritional status of plant might have resulted in greater synthesis of amino acids and

protein and other growth promoting substances. Similar results were reported Rassol et

al. (2008), Dadarwal et al. (2009), Singh et al. (2010b), kannan et al, (2013).

5.1.5 Net Returns:

The data presented in table 4.12 showed that application of integrated nutrient

management gave highest net returns as compared to control and other treatments. It is

obvious that B : C as well as net returns increased with increased in grain and stover yield

in maize crop. The integrated nutrient management treatment increased the expenditure

on chemical fertilizer with organic manure over the farmers practice but generated

additional produce excluding the extra cost of treatment resulting in a benefit cost ratio.

The higher net returns in integrated nutrient management have also been stated by Swati

et al., 2014.

Table 4.1: Effect of treatments on yield and harvest index of maize

Treatment Yield (kg ha-1) Harvest

Grain Stover Biological Index (%)

T1 - Control 1475 4127 5603 26.34

T2 - 50% RDF 1676 4705 6381 26.38

T3 - 75% RDF 1840 5131 6971 26.58

T4 - 100% RDF 1918 5202 7120 30.79

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 1845 5140 6985 26.42

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 1795 5062 6857 26.18

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 1801 4980 6781 26.67

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 1964 5406 7370 26.77

T9 - 100% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 2766 7796 10562 26.21

T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 1750 4830 6580 26.59

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 1920 5294 7214 26.62

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 2643 7510 10153 26.02

SEm± 67.031 233.196 253.904 1.022

CD (p=0.05) 194.181 675.542 735.531 2.961

C.V.% 5.81 7.38 5.88 6.61

Table 4.2: Effect of INM treatments on nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake by maize

Treatment

Nitrogen content (per cent)

Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1)

Grain Stover Grain Stover Total

T1 - Control 1.319 0.541 19.46 22.30 41.76

T2 - 50% RDF 1.331 0.545 22.33 25.59 47.92

T3 - 75% RDF 1.526 0.576 28.07 29.51 57.58

T4 - 100% RDF 1.824 0.701 45.93 39.95 85.88

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 1.820 0.690 33.59 35.48 69.07

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 1.625 0.621 29.17 31.41 60.58

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 1.556 0.587 28.01 29.23 57.25

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 1.824 0.657 35.82 35.56 71.38


T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 1.535 0.534 26.86 25.79 52.66

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 1.657 0.587 31.82 31.08 62.89

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 1.826 0.704 48.34 52.87 101.21

SEm± 0.018 0.011 1.291 1.842 2.530

CD (p=0.05) 0.051 0.031 3.741 5.337 7.330

C.V.% 1.86 2.99 6.67 9.22 6.43

Table 4.3 Effect of INM treatments on phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake by maize

Treatment Phosphorus content

(per cent)

Phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1)


T1 - Control 0.302 0.124 4.46 5.13 9.59

T2 - 50% RDF 0.352 0.145 5.91 6.83 12.74

T3 - 75% RDF 0.364 0.159 6.70 8.18 14.88

T4 - 100% RDF 0.371 0.164 9.36 9.36 18.73


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 0.363 0.152 6.52 7.73 14.25




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.359 0.148 6.28 7.15 13.43

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.369 0.159 7.10 8.44 15.54

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.372 0.164 9.84 12.36 22.20

SEm± 0.004 0.002 0.256 0.396 0.498

CD (p=0.05) 0.010 0.007 0.741 1.147 1.443

C.V. % 1.70 2.58 6.09 8.03 5.45

Table 4.4 Effect of INM treatments on potassium content and potassium uptake by maize

Treatment Potassium content (per cent)

Potassium uptake (kg ha-1)


T1 - Control 0.374 0.971 5.51 40.09 45.60

T2 - 50% RDF 0.419 1.056 7.03 49.75 56.78

T3 - 75% RDF 0.422 1.061 7.76 54.44 62.21

T4 - 100% RDF 0.434 1.089 10.92 62.20 73.12


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 0.415 1.057 7.45 53.50 60.95




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.425 1.064 7.44 51.40 58.83

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.428 1.068 8.21 56.54 64.75

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 0.435 1.090 11.49 81.86 93.34

SEm± 0.006 0.006 0.301 2.649 2.712

CD (p=0.05) 0.016 0.018 0.873 7.674 7.855

C.V.% 2.29 1.00 6.13 7.84 7.00

Table 4.5: Effect of INM treatments on Zinc content and Zinc uptake by maize

Treatment Zinc content (mg kg-1)

Zinc uptake (g ha-1)


T1 - Control 46.86 17.39 691.41 717.68 1409.09

T2 - 50% RDF 47.83 18.18 802.87 856.37 1659.24

T3 - 75% RDF 49.26 18.21 906.29 934.52 1840.81

T4 - 100% RDF 49.64 18.60 1251.07 1058.77 2309.84


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 55.73 18.22 1000.42 922.32 1922.75




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 59.90 22.47 1048.34 1085.56 2133.90

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 61.75 23.15 1204.90 1225.46 2430.36

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 63.08 24.43 1667.52 1834.97 3502.48

SEm± 0.915 0.361 50.451 55.787 87.035

CD (p=0.05) 2.651 1.045 146.150 161.609 252.129

C.V.% 2.82 3.04 7.70 8.44 6.61

Table 4.6: Effect of INM treatments on iron content and uptake by maize

Treatment Fe content (mg kg-1)

Fe uptake (g ha-1)


T1 - Control 64.83 110.70 956.60 4573.56 5530.17

T2 - 50% RDF 68.67 116.60 1151.58 5494.31 6645.89

T3 - 75% RDF 68.69 122.67 1263.98 6301.70 7565.68

T4 - 100% RDF 70.19 124.23 1767.57 7087.94 8855.50


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 72.02 129.11 1292.83 6535.72 7828.55




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 70.78 128.67 1238.71 6215.14 7453.85

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 73.00 128.93 1401.73 6825.81 8227.55

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 73.50 130.28 1942.85 9784.60 11727.45

SEm± 0.543 2.053 49.005 335.717 348.381

CD (p=0.05) 1.572 5.947 141.963 972.533 1009.220

C.V.% 1.32 2.84 5.94 8.43 7.25

Table 4.7: Effect of INM treatments on Manganese content and uptake by maize

Treatment Mn content (mg kg-1)

Mn uptake (g ha-1)


T1 - Control 11.75 37.00 173.33 1527.95 1701.28

T2 - 50% RDF 12.52 38.54 211.76 1812.92 2024.68

T3 - 75% RDF 12.68 39.22 233.30 2011.92 2245.22

T4 - 100% RDF 14.03 42.35 353.32 2413.39 2766.72


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 14.38 42.23 258.18 2137.57 2395.75




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 14.12 40.58 247.04 1960.19 2207.23

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 14.37 40.76 275.84 2157.92 2433.76

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 14.98 43.90 395.61 3297.28 3692.89

SEm± 0.294 0.429 11.950 95.766 98.091

CD (p=0.05) 0.853 1.244 34.619 277.423 284.159

C.V.% 3.66 1.80 7.36 7.30 6.65

Table 4.8: Effect of INM treatments on Copper content and uptake by maize

Treatment

Cu content (mg kg-1)

Cu uptake (g ha-1)


T1 - Control 20.82 6.42 307.15 265.25 572.40

T2 - 50% RDF 23.13 6.93 388.21 325.59 713.80

T3 - 75% RDF 23.36 7.08 429.89 363.30 793.19

T4 - 100% RDF 23.56 7.15 593.61 406.80 1000.41


T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 23.48 7.20 421.41 364.30 785.72




T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 23.43 7.30 410.07 352.76 762.84

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 23.82 7.41 457.37 392.48 849.85

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 24.17 7.68 638.27 577.03 1215.30

SEm± 0.449 0.200 17.769 18.312 24.925

CD (p=0.05) 1.299 0.579 51.475 53.048 72.206

C.V.% 3.31 4.70 6.54 7.81 4.92

Table 4.9: Effect of INM treatment on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil after harvest of maize

Treatment Available nitrogen (kg ha-1)

Available phosphorus

(kg ha-1)

Available potassium (kg ha-1)

Available Zn

(mg kg-1)

Available Fe

(mg kg1)

Available Mn

(mg kg-1)

Available Cu

(mg kg-1)

T1 - Control 242.00 18.88 308.33 1.443 1.84 1.82 1.97

T2 - 50% RDF 270.33 24.69 365.88 1.445 2.64 2.02 2.16

T3 - 75% RDF 278.00 25.33 376.55 1.500 2.69 2.03 2.17

T4 - 100% RDF 284.67 25.75 382.00 1.562 2.87 2.04 2.18

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 265.42 24.67 350.15 1.687 3.08 2.07 2.32

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 262.41 23.88 348.67 1.543 3.00 2.01 2.30

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 275.33 24.91 370.00 1.523 2.92 2.07 2.20

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 286.00 26.02 384.08 1.623 2.98 2.09 2.23

T9 - 100% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 300.00 27.33 409.10 1.719 3.37 2.35 2.48

T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 269.08 24.80 369.10 1.520 2.89 2.03 2.15

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 285.00 25.33 381.28 1.609 2.93 2.08 2.20

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 290.00 26.62 395.14 1.710 3.35 2.33 2.45

SEm± 4.452 0.504 1.996 0.031 0.030 0.046 0.062

CD (p=0.05) 12.898 1.460 5.782 0.089 0.086 0.134 0.180

C.V.% 2.80 3.51 0.93 3.39 1.78 3.91 4.81

Table 4.10: Effect of INM treatment on pH and Ec of soil

Treatments pH(1:2) Ec(1:2)

T1 - Control 8.14 0.66

T2 - 50% RDF 8.19 0.87

T3 - 75% RDF 8.23 0.87

T4 - 100% RDF 8.25 0.87

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 8.11 0.86

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 8.10 0.85

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 8.12 0.84

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 8.17 0.84

T9 - 100% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 8.21 0.80

T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 8.13 0.83

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 8.14 0.82

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 8.16 0.81

SEm± 0.041 0.074

CD (p=0.05) NS 0.213

C.V.% 0.86 15.87

Table 4.11 Effect of INM treatments on aggregates, bulk density, porosity and hydraulic conductivity of soil

Treatment Aggregates (%)

Bulk density(Mg

m-3)

Porosity (%)

Hydarulic conductivity (cm /hr)

T1 - Control 48.75 1.402 52.10 0.271

T2 - 50% RDF 48.98 1.460 52.29 0.275

T3 - 75% RDF 49.12 1.490 52.32 0.276

T4 - 100% RDF 49.20 1.520 52.36 0.277

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 52.06 1.360 54.56 0.285

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 53.20 1.390 53.89 0.283

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 52.90 1.398 56.47 0.297

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 53.05 1.382 56.51 0.298

T9 - 100% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 54.28 1.423 56.74 0.299

T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 51.33 1.398 54.80 0.288

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 51.48 1.392 54.83 0.289

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 53.81 1.395 56.56 0.290

SEm± 1.098 0.022 0.753 0.004

CD (p=0.05) 3.180 NS 2.182 0.013

C.V.% 3.68 2.63 2.40 2.62

Table 4.12: Effect of Integrated nutrient management on net return and B/C ratio of maize

Treatment Net return (` ha-

1) B/C ratio

T1 - Control 13523 0.84

T2 - 50% RDF 15483 0.86

T3 - 75% RDF 17648 0.92

T4 - 100% RDF 25627 1.09

T5 - Vermicompost at 8 tha-1 18635 0.65

T6 - FYM at 20 tha-1 19948 0.74

T7 - 50% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 20123 0.96

T8 - 75% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 22463 1.02

T9 - 100% RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 29999 1.18

T10 - 50% RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 20107 0.99

T11 - 75% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 22267 1.06

T12 -100% RDF+ FYM at 10 t ha-1 27563 1.10

SEm± 1803.468 0.076

CD (p=0.05) 5224.438 0.220

C.V.% 14.83 14.22

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Results of the field experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient

Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)” presented and discussed in preceding chapter

are summarized and concluded in this chapter.

6.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON YIELD

The productivity of the crop in terms of grain, stover and biological yields

happened to increase with application of balanced fertilizer under integrated nutrient

management. The maximum grain, stover and biological yield (2766, 7796, and

10562 kg ha-1, respectively) was obtained under 100 % RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1

treatment.

6.3 NUTRIENT CONTENT

6.3.1 Nitrogen content in grain and stover

The highest N content in grain and stover (1.919 and 0.724 per cent) was

recorded under 100 % RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 treatment and found

significantly superior over rest of nutrient management treatments.

6.3.2 Phosphorus content in grain and stover

Application of phosphorus in different treatment increased P2O5 content as

compared to control . The maximum content (0.380 and 0.164 per cent) of phosphorus

in grain and stover of maize was obtained with the application of 100 % RDF+

vermicompost at 4t ha-1treatment, which was higher over control.

6.3.3 Potassium content in grain and stover

Application of potassium in different treatment increased K2O content as

compare to control. The maximum content (0.444 and 1.099 per cent) of potassium in

grain and stover of maize was obtained with the application of 100 % RDF +

vermicompost at 4t ha-1 treatment,

6.3.4 Zinc content in grain and stover

Application of balanced fertilizer under integrated nutrient management in

different treatment increased Zn content as compared to control. The maximum

content (63.19 and 24.52 mg kg-1) of Zinc in grain and stover of maize was obtained

with the application of 100 % RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 treatment.

6.3.5 Iron content in grain and stover


different treatment increased Fe content as compared to control. The maximum

content (74.43 and 130.83 mg kg-1) of Iron in grain and stover of maize was obtained


6.3.6 Manganese content in grain and stover


different treatment increased Mn content as compared to control. The maximum

content (15.06 and 44.64 mg kg-1) of manganese in grain and stover of maize was

obtained with the application of 100 % RDF+ vermicompost at 4t ha-1 treatment.

6.3.7 Copper content in grain and stover


different treatment increased Cu content as compared to control. The maximum

content (24.27 and 8.43 mg kg-1) of Copper in grain and stover of maize was obtained


6.4 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT COMBINATION ON TOTAL

UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS

6.4.1 Effect on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium uptake

Total uptake of N, P and K by maize plant significantly increased with the

application of different nutrient management and balanced fertilization treatments.

The maximum total uptake i.e. 109.75, 23.38 and 97.95 kg ha-1 of N, P and K

respectively at harvest was recorded under 100 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1

treatment which was higher than over rest of treatment.

6.4.1 Effect on Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper uptake

Total uptake of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by maize plant significantly increased with

the application of different nutrient management and balanced fertilization treatments.

The maximum total uptake i.e. 3666, 12261, 3893 and 1325 g ha-1 of Zn, Fe, Mn and

Cu respectively at harvest was recorded under 100 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1

treatment which was higher than rest of treatment.

6.5 AVAILABLE SOIL NUTRIENTS

6.5.1 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

The highest available Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 275.67, 27.33,

348.67 kg ha-1 respectively was observed under 100 % RDF + vermicompost at 4 t

ha-1 treatments which was higher than rest of treatment.

6.5.2 Effect of Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper

The highest available Zinc, Iron, Manganese and Copper 1.719, 6.74, 11.74,

2.48 mg kg-1 respectively was observed under 100 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1

treatments which was higher than rest of treatment.

6.6 EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES:

The highest aggregates, porosity and hydraulic conductivity was observed

under 100 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 treatments which was higher than rest of

treatment. In pH, Ec, and bulk density no significant difference was observed under

all the treatments

6.6 ECONOMICS:

Economic evaluation of nutrient treatments indicates that maize gave highest

net return (` 29999 ha-1). Best B : C of 1.18 were observed with application of 100%

RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1.

6.7 CONCLUSION:

From the results of present investigation, it may be concluded that

application of 100 % RDF + Vermicompost at 4 t ha-1 was significantly effective

in enhancing growth and yield in maize crop with grain yield of 2766 kg ha-1,

net returns of ` 29999 ha-1 and B/C of 1.18 and which was followed by 100%

RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 with grain yield 2643 kg ha-1, net returns ` 27563 ha-1 and

B/C ratio of 1.10. The nutrient content and uptake was also significantly

increased with application of 100% RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1 which was

also followed by 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1. In the present investigation, the

physico-chemical properties of soil markedly improved by addition of organic

manure along with recommended fertilizers dose of NPK.

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Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize (Zea mays L.)

Mahendra Kumar Yadav* Dr. H.S. Purohit** M.Sc. Scholar Major Advisor

ABSTRACT

A field study entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Maize

(Zea mays L.)” was conducted during kharif, 2014 at the Instructional Farm of the

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The soil of the experimental site was

sandy clay loam in texture slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in available nitrogen

and phosphorus and high in potassium, sulphur and zinc.

The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of application of plant

nutrients through organic and inorganic sources and their combination on yield and

nutrient partitioning and accumulation in plant parts productivity, along with

economics of maize production.

The experiment consisted of 12 treatments comprising chemical fertilizers,

organic manure, and their combinations, viz., , 100 % RDF + FYM at 10t ha-1, 75 %

RDF + FYM at 10t ha-1, 50 % RDF + FYM at 10t ha-1, 100 % RDF + vermicompost

at 4t ha-1, 75 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1, 50 % RDF + vermicompost at 4t ha-1

, FYM at 20t ha-1, vermicompost at 8t ha-1, 100 % RDF, 75 % RDF, 50 % RDF, and

control These treatments were evaluated under randomized block design (RBD) with

three replications. Maize cultivar (pratap makka- 5) was taken as test crop.

The results of the present investigation revealed that the yield of maize crop in

terms of grain, stover and biological yield ( 2766, 7796, 10562 kg ha-1) were

maximum by applying 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 though the results were at

par with those obtained by applying 100% RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper content

and uptake in grain and stover highest with the application of 100% RDF +

Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 with statistically equivalent result with application of 100%

RDF + FYM 10 t ha-1 .

* Research Scholar, Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science R.C.A., Udaipur. ** Professor & Head , Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science R.C.A., Udaipur.

Integrated use of chemical fertilizers and manure increased available N, P, K,

Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu status of the soil.

The application of 100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 contributed

significantly to the soil properties under investigation vis., aggregates, porosity and

hydraulic conductivity and balanced as well as higher level of plant nutrition

significantly enhanced the fertility status of soil. The study revealed that soil

enrichment with 100% NPK + Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 resulted in highest monetary

returns of 29999 ha-1 and maximum B/C ratio (1.18).

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vuq{ksi.k

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*'kks/k Nk=] df"kjlk;u ,oae`nkfoKkufoHkkx] jktLFkkudf"kegkfo|ky;] mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½

**vkpk;Z ,oafoHkkxk/;{k] df"kjlk;u ,oae`nkfoKkufoHkkx] jktLFkkudf"kegkfo|ky;] mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½

ijh{k.k ds ifj.kken'kkZrsgSfdmoZjdvuq'kalk dh ek=k dk 100 izfr'kr $ 4 Vu dspq, dh [kknizfrgSDVj ds iz;ksxlseDdkdhQlyesavf/kdrenkuk] dMch

,oatSfodmit ¼2766] 7796] 10562 fdyksxzkeizfr gSDVj½ ik;hx;htkslkaf[;dh; :ilsmoZjdvuq'kalk dh ek=k dk 100izfr'kr$ 10 Vu xkscj dh [kknizfrgSDVj ds cjkcjFkh A

nkukvkSjHkwlsesaukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl] ikSVsf'k;eftad]yksgk] eSxuhtvkSjdkWijdhek=k rFkkbudkvf/kxzg.kmoZjdvuq'kalk dh ek=k dk 100 izfr'kr $ 4 Vu dspq, dh [kknizfrgSDVj ds mipkjesavf/kdreik;kx;ktkslkaf[;dh; :ilsmoZjdvuq'kalk dh ek=k dk100izfr'kr$ 10 Vu xkscj dh [kknizfrgSDVj ds cjkcjFkhA

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APPENDIX-I Analysis of variance (MSS) for seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index

Source of variation d. f Seed yield Stover yield Biological yield Harvest index

Replication 2 59211,37 642946.25 1073655.00 5.86 Treatments 11 504718* 3569735.92* 6599573* 4.894*

Error 22 13479 1631141.26 193402 3.134

*Significant at 5% level of significance APPENDIX-II

Analysis of variance (MSS) for nitrogen content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Nitrogen content Nitrogen uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover

Replication 2 0.000 0.0003 24.0874 50.106 109.8161

Treatments 11 0.120* 0.0148* 330.3591* 337.585* 1311.9854*

Error 22 0.001 0.0003 5.0038 10.181 19.2050 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Significant at 5% level of significance

APPENDIX--III Analysis of variance (MSS) Phosphorus content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Phosphorus content Phosphorus content Total Grain Stover Grain Stover

Replication 2 0.00011 0.00000 1.1174 2.3069 5.1301 Treatments 11 0.00121* 0.00042* 9.2486* 14.2745* 45.62071*

Error 22 0.00004 0.00002 0.1960 0.4705 0.74408 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


APPENDIX-- IV Analysis of variance (MSS) for potassium content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Potassium content Potassium uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover


Error 22 0.00009 0.00011 0.272 21.05246 22.05879

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APPENDIX--V Analysis of variance (MSS) for zinc content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Zinc content Zinc uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover Replication 2 3.9956 0.7331 20196.55 47645.05 103593.61

Treatments 11 1337.7753* 22.6823* 299173.624* 416027.686* 1398912.75* Error 22 2.5127 0. 3900 7635.869 9336.632 22725.087

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APPENDIX--VI Analysis of variance (MSS) for iron content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Iron content Iron uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover


Error 22 0.88320 12.644 7204.562 338117.17 364108.18

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APPENDIX--VII Analysis of variance (MSS) for manganese content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Manganese content Manganese uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover Replication 2 0.1405 0.279 1457.12 104447.28 153673.09

Treatments 11 3.2153* 14.311* 15801.43* 964722.18* 1218396.35* Error 22 0.2600 0.553 428.35 27513.23 28865.70

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APPENDIX--VIII Analysis of variance (MSS) for copper content and uptake by grain and stover of maize

Source of variation d. f Copper content Copper uptake Total Grain Stover Grain Stover

Replication 2 0.7872 0.2137 5445.98 4115.88 11127.66

Treatments 11 2.3797* 0.7507* 94966.4* 34022.3* 132824.6* Error 22 0.6035 0.1196 947.2 1006.0 1863.8

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APPENDIX- IX

Analysis of variance (MSS) for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil at harvest of maize

Source of variation d. f Available nitrogen Available phosphorus Available potassium

Replication 2 19.380 0.0305 44.9791

Treatments 11 699.266* 13.2370* 2002.64815* Error 22 59.470 0.76206 11.95300


APPENDIX- X Analysis of variance (MSS) for available zinc, iron, maaganese and copper in soil at harvest of maize

Source of variation d. f Available zinc Available iron Available manganese Available copper

Replication 3 0.0072 0.003 0.0021 0.0349

Treatments 11 0.0278* 0.467* 0.03831* 0.0579* Error 22 0.0028 0.003 0.0644 0.0115


APPENDIX- XI Analysis of variance (MSS) for pH and EC of soil

Source of variation d. f pH EC

Replication 2 0.00542 0.01847

Treatments 11 0.00681* 0.03157* Error 22 0.00495 0.01629 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Significant at 5% level of significance

APPENDIX- XII Analysis of variance (MSS) for available aggregates, bulk density, porosity and hydraulic conductivity in soil at harvest of maize

Source of variation d. f aggregates bulk density porosity hydraulic conductivity

Replication 3 10.3917 0.0002 1.0273 0.000003 Treatments 11 14.0175* 0.0068* 10.2813* 0.000274*

Error 22 3.6146 0.0014 1.7020 0.000056


APPENDIX- XIII Analysis of variance (MSS) for net returns and B:C ratio of maize

Source of variation d. f Net returns B : C ratio

Replication 2 33079308 0.05

Treatments 11 161944112* 0.315* Error 22 3901197 0.008 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Significant at 5% level of significance

Documents

Master of Science in Agriculture - Semantic Scholar€¦ · Yadav to the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirement